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PubMed1983

Pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) with trisomy X manifest physical and mental retardation.

Three pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) from a nursery population were predicted to be genetically abnormal based on observations of anatomical and behavioral development. All three exhibited delays in skeletal, visual, intellectual, and social development, suggesting a chromosomal syndrome. Karyotypes showed that two animals were XXX females, and the third was a mosaic XX/XXX female.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1997

The effects of social support and education interventions on health care costs.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether experimentally developed social support and education about appropriate use of the health care system decrease health care costs without negatively affecting health status. METHOD: Three hundred sixty-three health maintenance organization members with osteoarthritis were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 intervention groups or to a control group. Health status and health care use were assessed upon entering the study, and after 1 year and 2 years. RESULTS: A savings of $1,156/participant/year was obtained when health care costs of the experimental groups were compared with those of the control group. Production or implementation costs were least for the social support intervention. The nearly equal effects of the 3 interventions on health care costs make implementation costs the primary focus when deciding which intervention to use. CONCLUSION: We believe that the social support treatment is the most cost-effective intervention.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

The environment of the malnourished child.

The study of the relation of man to his environment in developing countries emphasizes the inevitable need for societies to recognize the true causes of infection, malnutrition, and poverty. The need is for improvement in the quality of human life in less developed nations, a recommendation easy to prescribe but difficult to accomplish. Although our pool of knowledge is incomplete, it is adequate to suggest ways to diminish infection, increase food production, utilize food more efficiently, improve education, and provide systems of justice to protect the classes most in need. The physical environment in tropical and subtropical regions, and the socioeconomic characteristics of the population inhabiting such regions, favor maintenance and transmission of a variety of viruses, bacteria, and parasites that make agricultural progress and social development difficult, and that contribute to poor fetal growth, nutrient wastage, and deficient postnatal physical growth, accounting for most of the childhood morbidity and mortality. In this regard, infections contribute indirectly to the overall food problem in a similar fashion as pests do in terms of food losses and spoilage. The overall effect could be comparable or greater than that resulting from an inadequate capacity to produce or to purchase the food needed. Thus, my objective has been to stress, within the whole environment, the importance of infection and the need to diminish it. Ways to control and prevent infection are readily known. They have to do with education of the population to improve personal and environmental hygiene. Economic investment is necessary to improve housing and water supply systems, waste disposal, and such preventive measures as immunization programs. Although such measures may appear expensive when first implemented, they have long-lasting effects and many require minimal expenditure once they are established. Large segments of the population stand to benefit, and other development interventions can then be introduced. However, these measures should not be implemented singly. They should be accompanied by community development, family planning, social legislation--in other words, the holistic approach to health and welfare. To do otherwise may aggravate the problem by stimulating demographic growth, perpetuating malnutrition and infection, and maintaining underdevelopment.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1993

Sex differences in higher functioning people with autism.

Though a sex difference in the incidence of autism has frequently been reported, few studies have considered sex differences in the severity of features associated with autism. The Autism Diagnostic Interview was used to assess the difference between a group of 21 females and 21 males with autism with equivalent chronological nonverbal IQ greater than 60. Males were rated to be more severely autistic than females on several measures of early social development, but not in any other areas. Results are discussed in relationship to hypotheses based on sex differences in other populations.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1979

Separation experiences: a new look at an old topic.

Research findings on the effects of separation are reviewed. Children of working mothers develop as well as those whose mothers remain at home. The effects of day care for very young children depend very much on the quality of care provided. Admission to hospital is stressful for preschool children through separation from the family, lack of opportunity to form new attachments, a strange environment, and disturbed parent-child relationships on return home; recurrent hospital admissions may have long-term sequelae, especially in children under chronic stress. An institutional upbringing need not impair cognitive development, but multiple rotating caretakers are likely to interfere with social development. Broken homes are associated with psychiatric disorder only in so far as they reflect family discord and disharmony. Bereavement is most likely to lead to prolonged grief reactions in older children and adolescents. Forced separations of mother and infant in the neonatal period may damage parent-child relationships. Many mechanisms are involved in these different experiences, and in only a few is the separation itself the main stress.

Anxiety, Separation↗
PubMed1989

[Value consciousness in the integrity of the personality].

Personality as intact functional integrity, a set of individual conditions of practical relationships generated by natural and social development, implies a system of information items and their mental traces specific for man which in its controlled function is termed value consciousness. Its identification substance is primarily conceptual and its reality is mass-individual, of different levels, yet with an overall orientation on the development of its biological species, society, and itself, on the process whose dynamics and specific orientation has determined its development and maintenance. As the principle of a person, consciousness is a substantial manifestation of the endowment of active sociability and intelligence. Therefore its highest quality of cognizance and conscientiousness requires effective operation with key concepts of rational, internal, sufficiently reflected aspects of practice. Following the primordial basic trend of the development of human life to full selfrealization of mankind, i. e. unity of the species, society, and the principle of the individual, it eventually overcomes the emotional consumer attitude to the sense of life and makes a correct handling of life, relations, functions, and values possible. Its developed form has a decisive, quality providing value for interpersonal, social and historical relationships, cultural and control functions, with a marked everyday impact particularly on human medicine.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

Becoming modern after all these years: social change and mental health in Latin America.

This paper takes a critical standpoint, both theoretical and methodological, to revisit Inkeles and Smith's hypothesis on the association between modernization and mental health. First it is proposed a critical evaluation of the premises of the conceptual treatment of the relationships between social change and mental health prevailing during the past two decades. Secondly, results from epidemiologic research on the psychological outcomes of social development in Latin America are reviewed, emphasizing the methodological improvements which occurred during the past two decades. Selected findings of an epidemiological survey recently conducted in urban Brazil are then presented, focusing on a case-control analysis of the socio-economic correlates of individual mental health. Finally, some of the implications of the new evidence concerning the social change and mental health hypothesis are discussed, as an attempt to interpret these findings in the light of recent developments of theories on social change and health in the contemporary world.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1997

Psychosocial outcome of young adults with epilepsy in childhood.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate social maturation and psychiatric morbidity in young adults treated for epilepsy during their childhood. METHODS: Eighty one young adults (43 women, 38 men, mean age 22.3 years) with epilepsy during their childhood were interviewed about their social development and psychiatric symptoms. The results were compared with those from 211 randomly selected controls (106 women, 105 men, mean age 23.2 years). RESULTS: Compared with the controls the patients had more often not succeeded in passing the normal comprehensive school (20% v 2%) or had left school at the secondary level (53% v 46%) and remained without any vocational education (27% v 11%). There was no significant difference in the employment status of those with work between the patients and the controls. The patients were significantly more often labelled with poor social maturation and dependent lifestyle factors such as living with their parents. However, risk analysis showed that neither the disease itself nor antiepileptic medication were significant predisposing factors for poor social adjustment but low or borderline mental capacity or learning disabilities relating to epilepsy were. Psychiatric morbidity was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The social handicap found in a certain group of young adults with epilepsy during childhood is largely associated with neurological and cognitive impairments other than epilepsy itself. With the present mode of treatment epilepsy itself does not seem to disturb adolescent social and psychological development.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

The treatment of autistic children.

The goals of treatment need to be decided on the basis of knowledge on the nature of autism. As with any developmental disorder, the first goal must be to foster normal development; with autistic children this involves a focus on intellectual, language and social development. The further goals include: the reduction of rigidity/stereotypy; the elimination of non-specific maladaptive behaviours; and alleviation of family distress. Research findings are used to translate these goals into a practical overall therapeutic programme with three main elements: a full diagnostic appraisal, special educational provision and a home-based programme for the family. Finally, the research findings are drawn together to derive inferences on the lessons to be learned and the questions that remain to be answered.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2003

Work adjustment and readjustment of persons with mid-career onset traumatic brain injury.

This study investigated the effects of mid-career onset traumatic brain injury on work adjustment, as well as examining the utility of Hershenson's model of work adjustment. Ten clients in a head injury rehabilitation programme were intensively interviewed and completed questionnaires concerning the effect of their mid-career onset disability on their work adjustment. Information about post-traumatic work adjustment and coping was identified, collated and summarized. Results indicated that for this population work adjustment assumes a special meaning and career development becomes are development and planning process, rather than an unbroken, linear process. Results also suggested the utility of the Hershenson model for structuring studies on this specific topic and further emphasized that work adjustment development must be studied in the context of personal, family and social development.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

13. Children in Australian society.

Although children in Australia generally have good health, some alarming indicators of poor health and wellbeing exist, which are related to major socioeconomic discrepancies. The pathways connecting socioeconomic disadvantage to child health outcomes are complex and poorly understood. Reducing social disadvantage requires strategies beyond the health arena, involving political, moral, cultural and economic initiatives. Developing "social capital"--cohesion in communities, a sense of belonging and involvement in community affairs--may be a key strategy in improving health indicators. Overseas studies of early intervention and home visiting programs in early childhood have shown improvements in child health and development outcomes. Similar programs have been introduced in Australia and face considerable challenges in their widespread roll-out and evaluation. Health professionals need to develop practical ways to interact with community programs and thus improve social capital.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[[A treatise on the change in age structure and its determinants: an appraisal of the World Population Plan of Action]].

"The purpose of the present paper is to review...recent...trends in population age structure in the world and its major regions, to assess the determinants of those trends, and to explore [issues] relating to recent and projected changes in the age structure of population and relationships of those changes to economic and social developments." Comparisons are made between developed and developing countries concerning age structure, life expectancy, birth and mortality rates, and demographic aging. (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2004

Regional trends in Portuguese gastric cancer mortality (1984-1999).

The international decline in gastric cancer is mainly attributed to improved socio-economic conditions. However, some southern and eastern European countries showed slower and later decline, reflecting a less favourable general environment The same probably applies to regional differences within countries, making national indicators potentially misleading. Fitting log-linear Poisson models we compared trends in gastric cancer mortality (1984-1999) across 18 Portuguese regions. Pearson correlation coefficients were computed to assess the regional association between decline in cancer mortality and baseline cancer mortality and variation in indices of social development and medical care. National gastric cancer mortality changed -2.0% year in men and -2.2% year in women. The regional yearly variation in mortality ranged from -3.5% [95% confidence interval (CI) -4.5 to -2.5] to -0.6% (95% CI -1.4 to 0.2) in men, and from -3.7% (95% CI -4.8 to -2.7) to -0.8% (95% CI -1.6 to 0.0) in women. Regional variation was not significantly associated with baseline gastric cancer mortality (r = 0.18, P = 0.47), but with the variation in post-neonatal mortality (r = 0.59, P = 0.01). In Portugal, gastric cancer shows a wide regional variation in frequency trends. The correlation with known indicators of social and economic development indicates that future improvement in gastric cancer rates is expected in parallel with a more widespread development.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Three challenges of China's population in the 1990s.

China will encounter 3 challenges of its population problem in the 1990s. The 1st is the huge number of people born or population increase each year. The 3rd baby boom, which started at the mid-1980s, will last until abound 1997. The women entering into the age of peak childbearing (23 years old) exceed 11 million each year with an upper range of about 13 million. IN 1992, the number of women of fecund ages (22-29) in the whole country will reach 124 million, the largest number of fertile women in history. The net increase of population will be from 15.5 to 17.0 million for each hear. What is more serious is that the momentum of population increase will continue, instead of being checked by the year 2000. The next are the continuous increase of the aged population of 65 and over and the growing tendency of population aging ahead of economic development. China is a developing socialist country, huge in population, weak in economic development, with less-developed science, culture, and education. However, as a result of the decline in the proportion of children to the total population due to the decline in the birth rate in the 1970s, China's population has become an adult population from a young one in terms of the age structure, and will be an aged one very soon. China is facing the challenge of aging under economically less developed conditions. For developed countries, it took 80 years for the proportion of the aged population of 65 and over to increase from 7% to 17%; for China, it has taken only 40 years. It will certainly bring about a series of problems and difficulties upon the society to cope with such a huge number of elderly in an underdeveloped economy. The 3rd challenge is the increasing pressure on employment due to the continuous growth of working-age population (15-64). It is estimated that the working-age population will increase to 858 million by 2000, 20 million more than the sum of working-age population in all of the developed countries; and to 977 million by 2020. Since in a short period of time it is difficult to change the situation of labor supply greater than demand, the pressure on employment will continue to increase, with more than 15 million people entering the labor force or waiting for jobs each year. In particular, the rural surplus labor force will reach 233 million by 2000. This is signaled by the huge number of farmers who have rushed into big cities for work in recent years. It is far beyond the capability of the government to employ such a huge number of laborers because it would require an investment of at least 3600 billion yuan for fixed assets. It seems to me that the 3 population challenges stated above are not isolated but interact to restrict the process of China's economic and social development. The way out lies in developing production and doing a better job of economic construction, while also adopting comprehensive measures to make further efforts in practicing family planning to better control the overrapid growth of population and improve the quality of human resources.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Alice in Wonderland and cognitive development: teaching with examples.

Alice in Wonderland can be used to give interesting examples of many of the basic concepts of adolescent psychology. Alice's experiences can be seen as symbolic depictions of important aspects of adolescent development, such as initiation, identity formation, and physical, cognitive, moral, and social development. The psychology instructor may choose a part of the story, then point out the parallels between it and particular aspects of adolescent development. This approach enables the instructor to create and maintain a high level of student interest in the course material.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Women offenders and reentry issues.

Women parallel men in their profile of physical disease, psychosocial configuration, addictive patterns, and criminal deviance. For women offenders in particular, the prison environment reinforces a victim role that originated in childhood and adolescence. In addition, such settings discourage both emotional expression (except for aggression) and responsibility, since basic needs such as food, lodging, and clothing are provided. Incarcerated women have significant treatment issues, including the lack of social and vocational role definition, psychological dependence and psychic craving, poorly developed social skills, and conflicts in social, family, and intimate relationships. This article describes the unique psychoeducational and skills-training needs of women offenders as they adjust to community living, and outlines specific treatment interventions that have proven to effect successful patient outcomes. Case studies are used to illustrate the reentry experiences of three women offenders with distinct backgrounds. One example illustrates how a woman who had been involved in the criminal justice system for 24 years overcame her addiction and self-confidence issues. A second case study profiles an offender with three children who had experienced sexual trauma during her childhood and adult years. A third case reports on an African-American woman whose crack-cocaine addiction resulted in the birth of a drug-exposed son. The treatment model tested in all three cases emphasized the practical and often overlooked treatment issues of incarcerated women.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Psychosocial integration of adolescents and young adults with thalassemia major.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to explore the effect of thalassemia major on the psychosocial adjustment of adolescents and young adults. DESIGN: unmarried adolescent and young adult patients were asked to fill in an ad hoc questionnaire; a semi-structured interview exploring marriage and family life was done with married patients. SAMPLE: group A: 90 unmarried patients, 50% females and 50% males, aged 14-22 years. The control group was formed by 100 matched subjects; group B: 19 thalassemic married subjects, 6 males and 13 females, aged 28-45 years, 7 patients had children and 12 did not. RESULTS: group A: subjects with thalassemia had normal psychological and social development and scored better than their normal peers in tests investigating social adjustment, self-esteem and self-description. Moreover the family relationships of adolescents with thalassemia appeared to be stronger than those reported by normal controls; group B: the behavior of thalassemic couples did not differ from the one observed in non-thalassemic couples in the course of previous investigations. CONCLUSIONS: Our data shows that neither thalassemic adolescents nor thalassemic married, well-treated, young adults differ significantly from the healthy young people in their ability to cope with life's difficulties both in adolescence and marital life.

Adaptation, Psychological↗