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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Secular decline in death rates due to ischemic heart disease in Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites in Texas, 1970-1980.

Although the decline in ischemic heart disease mortality is now entering its third decade, there has been no definitive information on the experience of Mexican Americans, the nation's second largest minority group. Earlier studies carried out in the 1970s were hampered by the unavailability of satisfactory population data beyond 1970. In the present study we have used 1970 and 1980 census data to compute death rates in Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites from Texas for the periods 1969-1971 and 1979-1981. All four sex-ethnic groups showed statistically significant declines in death rates due to all causes, due to total ischemic heart disease, and due to acute myocardial infarction between 1969-1971 and 1979-1981. Declines in the latter two causes of death were least marked in Mexican American men. This sex-ethnic group was also the only one that failed to show a decline in death rates due to chronic ischemic heart diseases. The fact that Mexican Americans have been shown to be less well informed about and less likely to adopt lifestyle changes aimed at reducing heart disease risk than non-Hispanic whites may account for the less striking mortality decline observed in Mexican American men, but is harder to reconcile with the apparent equal decline in Mexican American women compared with non-Hispanic whites.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Secular trends in Q wave and non-Q wave acute myocardial infarction. The Minnesota Heart Survey.

The Minnesota Heart Survey examined trends of Q wave and non-Q wave acute myocardial infarction (AMI) using a 50% random sample of all hospital discharges of patients with AMI or another acute coronary disease from 35 of 36 hospitals in 1970 and 30 of 31 hospitals in 1980 in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. A total of 1,901 and 1,864 potential AMI cases were abstracted in 1970 and 1980, respectively. Electrocardiograms were coded according to the Minnesota code. AMIs were validated by computerized algorithm based on chest pain, enzymes, electrocardiograms, and autopsy. This study shows that with the use of a consistent, standard diagnostic algorithm, attack rates for Q wave AMI did not change significantly between 1970 and 1980 and that attack rates for non-Q wave AMI decreased significantly during the same decade. However, when the more sensitive cardiac enzymes creatine phosphokinase and creatine phosphokinase-MB were considered, attack rates of both Q wave and non-Q wave AMIs increased. This research documents four important trends for community AMI rates that are at variance with those reported by others. There was a decline in non-Q wave AMI attack rates from 1970 to 1980; women had outcomes equal to or worse than those for men for both case-fatality and 7-year survival rates; patients with non-Q wave AMIs had worse in-hospital prognoses than those with Q wave AMIs; and 7-year survival rates were worse for Q wave AMI in 1980. These findings demonstrate the need for standard diagnostic criteria for Q wave and non-Q wave AMI if trends are to be monitored. In the future, as new trials of operative and nonoperative therapies of AMI are undertaken, these considerations will increase in importance.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Secular trends in long-term sustained hypertension, long-term treatment, and cardiovascular mortality. The Framingham Heart Study 1950 to 1990.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality result from the chronic processes involved in hypertension. However, long-term sustained (LTS) hypertension has received little attention. METHODS AND RESULTS: Trends in the prevalence of LTS hypertension and its treatment were assessed in 1950, 1960, and 1970 among three cohorts of men and women in the Framingham Heart Study (Mantel-Haenszel test). Cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and mortality were compared between patients with LTS hypertension with and without long-term treatment by use of the chi 2 test. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to estimate 10-year risk of death as a function of risk factor levels and treatment. Prevalence of LTS hypertension rose from 138 to 208 per 1000 between the 1950 and 1970 male cohorts (P < .01), while prevalence fell from 253 to 198 per 1000 between the female cohorts (P < .02). Long-term treatment increased 51% between the male cohorts and 45% between the female cohorts (both P < .001). While CVD incidence was similar (26% versus 25%), all-cause mortality was significantly lower among men with long-term treatment (31% versus 43%; P < .05), and CVD mortality was less than half (13% versus 28%; P < .01). Among treated women, all-cause mortality was 21% (versus 34%; P < .01), and CVD mortality was 9% (versus 19%; P < .01). Ten-year risk of CVD death for patients with LTS hypertension with long-term treatment compared with those without was 0.40 (95% CI, 0.27 to 0.60). CONCLUSIONS: This investigation of LTS hypertension, its treatment, and its sequelae in a free-living general population confirms the reduction in CVD mortality demonstrated in more short-term clinical trials of hypertension therapy in select patient groups.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Secular trends in mortality for cerebrovascular diseases in Japan, 1960 to 1979.

In Japan the age-adjusted death rate from cerebrovascular diseases has decreased for both males and females since 1965. This downward trend accelerated in 1971. This is not due to artifacts such as changes in diagnostic methods of stroke and in rules for coding cause of death on death certificates. The progress and spread of detection, treatment and control of hypertension appears to have been the greatest contributing factor. Furthermore, improvement in the dietary habits, that is, a decrease in salt intake and an appropriate increase in the amount of animal fat and protein taken are also considered to have contributed to the decline in stroke mortality. The regional difference in the standardized mortality ratio for stroke markedly observed in 1960 was still seen even in the 1970's, but the difference became smaller. Mechanization of farming works may be partly accountable for the decrease in the regional difference.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed2006

Secular trends in deaths from cardiovascular diseases: a 25-year community study.

BACKGROUND: Although age-adjusted cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality has declined over the past decades, controversies remain about whether this trend was similar across locations of death and disease categories and about the existence of age and sex disparities. METHODS AND RESULTS: We examined CVD mortality trends in Olmsted County, Minnesota, between 1979 and 2003 using the categories defined by the American Heart Association, including coronary heart disease (CHD), non-CHD diseases of the heart, and noncardiac circulatory diseases. Data on demographics, cause, and location of death of all 6378 residents who died of CVD were analyzed. Although decreases in the age-adjusted rates occurred in all groups, the magnitude of the decline varied widely. Lesser annual declines were noted in out-of-hospital than in-hospital deaths (1.8% versus 4.8%; P<0.001), in older than in younger persons (1.5% at age > or =85 years versus 3.9% for those < or =74 years of age; P<0.001), and in women relative to men (2.5% versus 3.3%; P=0.007). Furthermore, although CHD showed a marked annual decrease (3.3%), more modest decrements were found for non-CHD diseases of the heart (2.1%) and noncardiac circulatory diseases (2.4%) (P=0.02 and P=0.04 for the comparison with CHD decline, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Over the past 25 years, CVD mortality declined markedly in the community, but there were large disparities in the magnitude of the decline, resulting in a shift in the distribution toward out-of-hospital and non-CHD deaths. Further reduction in CVD mortality will require strategies directed at elderly persons and women, in whom out-of-hospital rates have improved only minimally.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Secular trends in incidence of atrial fibrillation in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1980 to 2000, and implications on the projections for future prevalence.

BACKGROUND: Limited data exist on trends in incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF). We assessed the community-based trends in AF incidence for 1980 to 2000 and provided prevalence projections to 2050. METHODS AND RESULTS: The adult residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, who had ECG-confirmed first AF in the period 1980 to 2000 (n=4618) were identified. Trends in age-adjusted incidence were determined and used to construct model-based prevalence estimates. The age- and sex-adjusted incidence of AF per 1000 person-years was 3.04 (95% CI, 2.78 to 3.31) in 1980 and 3.68 (95% CI, 3.42 to 3.95) in 2000. According to Poisson regression with adjustment for age and sex, incidence of AF increased significantly (P=0.014), with a relative increase of 12.6% (95% CI, 2.1 to 23.1) over 21 years. The increase in age-adjusted AF incidence did not differ between men and women (P=0.84). According to the US population projections by the US Census Bureau, the number of persons with AF is projected to be 12.1 million by 2050, assuming no further increase in age-adjusted incidence of AF, but 15.9 million if the increase in incidence continues. CONCLUSIONS: The age-adjusted incidence of AF increased significantly in Olmsted County during 1980 to 2000. Whether or not this rate of increase continues, the projected number of persons with AF for the United States will exceed 10 million by 2050, underscoring the urgent need for primary prevention strategies against AF development.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Secular trends in the effect of socio-economic factors on birth weight and infant survival in Sweden.

Time trends in the effect of socio-economic factors on low birth weight, stillbirth, perinatal deaths and deaths up to the age of one were studied using a medical birth registry linked to census information from 1975, 1980, and 1985. For each census year, delivery outcome the following year was studied. Two socio-economically different groups of women were studied, defined by occupation/education, cohabitation, and citizenship--one privileged and one under-privileged group. A difference in birth weight distribution was found between the two groups which is only partly explainable by different smoking habits in early pregnancy and did not substantially change during the ten year observation period. In 1976, there was virtually no difference in infant mortality between the two groups. In 1981 and 1986, infant mortality had decreased in both groups but more strongly so in the privileged group, and a difference between the groups therefore appeared.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The one fixed point in a changing age. An analysis of half-secular trends among original papers published in The Lancet 1945-95.

We performed a systematic survey of original papers published in The Lancet throughout the years 1945, 1946, 1970 and 1995. The Lancet was chosen due to a conservative layout through these years, and the year 1946 added to the analysis to ponder for any war-induced bias. The general layout and structure of the journal were indeed maintained throughout these years. The number of authors per paper increased steadily (from 1.7 +/- 1.3 in 1945 to 6.4 +/- 3.4 in 1995), as well as the number of papers written on behalf of investigation groups (from 1 in 1945 to 37 in 1995). Major changes were observed in the area of origin of the papers, from an overwhelming British Isles' preponderance (87% of papers published in 1945) to a partake with Continental Europe, America and international groups (27, 33, 15 and 12%, respectively of the 1995 papers). The most often addressed fields of medicine shifted from war-, surgery- and microbiology-related subjects in 1945 towards cardiology-, oncology-, and virus-related works in 1995. The most impressive and enduring change was the increase in the use of statistical tools for data analysis and presentation (0.3% of papers in 1945 vs. 60% in 1995).

Authorship↗
PubMed2006

Relationship between antidepressant sales and secular trends in suicide rates in the Nordic countries.

BACKGROUND: The effect of recent increases in antidepressant prescribing on population suicide rates is uncertain. AIMS: To investigate the relationship between antidepressant sales and trends in suicide rates. METHOD: Graphical and quantitative assessment of trends in suicide and antidepressant sales in Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Finland. RESULTS: Suicide rates declined in all four countries during the 1990 s, whereas antidepressant sales increased by 3- to 4-fold. Decreasing suicide rates in Sweden and Denmark preceded the rise in antidepressant sales by over 10 years, although the reductions accelerated between 1988 and 1990. In Norway, a modest but short-lived decline in suicide rates began around the time of the increase in antidepressant sales. In Finland, decreases in male suicide rates and to a lesser extent in female suicide rates began around the time of increased antidepressant sales. In all four countries decreases in suicide rates appeared to precede the widespread use of SSRIs. CONCLUSIONS: We found mixed evidence that increases in antidepressant sales have coincided with a reduction in the number of suicides in Nordic countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

The incidence, causes, and secular trends of head trauma in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1935-1974.

Records in the Mayo Clinic linkage system were reviewed to determine the incidence of head trauma in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1935-1974. Minimum criteria for inclusion--loss of consciousness, posttraumatic amnesia, or skull fracture--were met by 3587 cases. During the decade from 1965-1974, the age-adjusted incidence rates per 100,000 population were 270 in males and 116 in females. The rate was highest--658--in males aged 15 to 24, but it was at least 50 in all age and sex groups. Major causes of head injury were automobile accidents (37%) and falls (29%). The incidence of head injuries related to automobiles and recreation has been increasing, whereas most other categories have remained stable or have declined. Of all cases, 446 were fatal, the average annual incidence being 32 per 100,000 in males and 9 per 100,000 in females. Among the groups at high risk of head trauma are those who have had head trauma previously.

Adolescent↗