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PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical effects of short-term oral budesonide on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease.

Six dogs were entered into a 30-day, prospective, nonrandomized, uncontrolled clinical trial evaluating the effects of an oral preparation of budesonide on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during therapeutic management of active inflammatory bowel disease. Oral budesonide, at a dose of 3 mg/m(2), was administered once daily. Upon entry and completion of the trial, serum basal cortisol, adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)-stimulated cortisol, endogenous ACTH concentration, serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) activity, and urine specific gravity were evaluated, as well as owner assessment of glucocorticoid-associated side effects. Significant suppression of the HPA axis occurred. No significant differences in SAP activity, urine specific gravity, or owner-subjective assessments were detected.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1999

Perfluorohexyloctane as a long-term vitreous tamponade in the experimental animal. Experimental perfluorohexyloctane substitution.

BACKGROUND: Perfluorocarbon liquids are established tools for intraoperative hydrokinetic retinal manipulation. Because of their high specific gravity, however, they may well cause mechanical damage to the retina when applied as a long-term vitreous substitute. Perfluorohexyloctane, a semi-fluorinated liquid fluorocarbon of low specific gravity (1.35 g/cm3), was developed as a long-term vitreous substitute. The current study was performed to investigate intraocular tolerance to perfluorohexyloctane as a long-term vitreous substitute in the experimental animal. METHODS: 34 vitrectomised eyes of pigmented rabbits underwent intravitreal injection of 1.0-1.2 ml perfluorohexyloctane or balanced salt solution. In 5 eyes the anterior chamber was filled. During the follow-up period of 3 months, the eyes were examined by slit lamp biomicroscopy, by fluorescein angiography and by electroretinography. The eyes were then enucleated and processed for light- and electron microscopy. RESULTS: Perfluorohexyloctane depicted dispersion beginning between the first and third week. Over a period of 9 weeks no toxic effect on retina, lens and cornea was noticed. At 14 weeks ERG showed a slight decrease in amplitude and early morphological changes in the retina. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that perfluorohexyloctane is tolerated in the rabbit eye for 9 weeks. Since avascular rabbit retina is more susceptible to mechanical and toxic damage than vascularized primate retina, we suggest proceeding from here, and investigating tolerance and quality of tamponade of perfluorohexyl octane in man for up to 9 weeks.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Some parameters of water-electrolyte metabolism and acid-base balance of dairy cows during pasture and winter season.

The seasonal variations of some components of blood plasma and urine of 150 clinically healthy dairy cows of black-and-white lowland breed aged 3-12 years were investigated. At the end of winter season the increase of bicarbonate, sodium and potassium levels in blood plasma was found. The excretion of sodium and potassium by kidney was several times lower at the end of pasture season than before. The specific gravity of night urine did not change significantly in annual cycle. However significant differences between groups breeding in various regions of the country were stated. The correlation between the specific gravity of urine and the amount of sodium excreted by kidney was the highest and is showed high coincidence in both seasons.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1999

Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies of ethylenediamine dihydrochloride by dietary incorporation in Fischer 344 rats.

Ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (EDA.2HCl) was incorporated into the diet and fed to Fischer 344 rats for 2 years at target doses of 0, 0.02, 0.10 or 0.35 g/kg/day (equivalent to 0.009, 0.045 and 0.158 g free EDA/kg/day). Two separate untreated control groups were used. Interim sacrifices were at 6, 12 and 18 months and the terminal sacrifice was at 24 months. Under the conditions of this study, EDA.2HCl was not carcinogenic in the Fischer 344 rat. Most toxic responses were observed at the 12-month sacrifice and thereafter. Reductions in mean body weight gain were observed in high dose group male rats throughout most of the study and in the high dose group of female rats after approximately 18 months. Conversely, there was a slight increase in the mean body weight gain for the medium level female rats from about day 21 until 21 months that was of equivocal biological significance. Increased mortality was observed in the high dose group of both sexes and the mid dose group of female rats. The cause of the decreased survival was unclear, but may have been related to the enhancement of background degenerative lesions such as chronic nephropathy. Throughout the study, male rats from the high dose group had decreased erythrocyte counts, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit. The cause and biological significance of the haematological changes were unknown. Increased water consumption was observed in the high dose group of both sexes during the latter half of the study. Increased urine volume with concurrent decreased urine specific gravity was generally observed in the high dose group of both sexes in the last half of the study and suggested a possible alteration in kidney function. Altered urine volume and specific gravity persisted to termination in female rats only. Slight increases in absolute and relative kidney weights were also observed in the high dose group of female rats during the latter half of the study. Hepatocellular pleomorphism was observed in the high dose group of both sexes, especially the female rats, and may have contributed to increased mean liver weights observed primarily in female rats from the high dose group. Hepatocellular pleomorphism was first observed in female rats at 12 months but was not observed in male rats until the final sacrifice. Rhinitis and tracheitis were observed with greater frequency in the high dose group of male rats at 12, 18 and 24 months and in high dose group female rats at 18 months. At 24 months, rhinitis, but not tracheitis, persisted at a significantly greater frequency in high dose group female rats. The apparent no-observable-effect level (NOEL) of this study was at the lowest dose level, 0.02 g/kg/day (equivalent to 9 mg EDA/kg/day).

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Protective effect of the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor AA-861 on cerebral edema after transient ischemia.

This study examined the effect of AA-861, a specific 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, on brain levels of leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and correlated any changes with changes in edema formation and cerebral blood flow (CBF) after transient ischemia in gerbils. Brain levels of LTC4 were observed to be increased at 1, 2, and 6 hours of reperfusion following 20 minutes of occlusion. At 2 hours of reperfusion, a pretreatment dose of 1000 mg/kg of AA-861 was required to inhibit more than 90% of the reperfusion-induced increases in brain LTC4. At this dose, inhibition of LTC4 production was observed at 2 and 6 hours of reperfusion. The specific gravity of both the cortex and subcortex was decreased at 6 hours of reperfusion after 20 minutes of occlusion. At 2 hours of reperfusion, no significant difference was observed in the specific gravity of the cortex and subcortex regions of gerbils pretreated with AA-861 or with vehicle, but at 6 hours of reperfusion significant positive differences were observed. Cerebral blood flow decreased to approximately 10% of preocclusion values during occlusion and returned to near-preocclusion values after 10 minutes of reperfusion. No significant differences were observed in regional CBF in the AA-861- and vehicle-pretreated gerbils during reperfusion. These findings indicate that LTC4 production after transient cerebral ischemia may be an important contributor to the development of cerebral edema and that CBF does not mediate the LTC4-involved development of edema.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effects of general anesthesia and surgery on renal function in healthy dogs.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate renal function in healthy dogs undergoing general anesthesia and ovariohysterectomy without concurrent IV administration of fluids. ANIMALS: 35 healthy client-owned dogs. PROCEDURE: Dogs were medicated with promazine hydrochloride (0.05 mg/kg of body weight, SC) approximately 45 minutes before induction of anesthesia with thiopental sodium (10 to 15 mg/kg, IV). Anesthesia was maintained with 2% halothane in oxygen. Ovariohysterectomies were performed by senior veterinary students under the direct supervision of a veterinary surgeon. Renal function was assessed (serum urea and creatinine concentrations, fractional clearance of sodium, urine alkaline phosphatase [ALP] and gamma-glutamyltransferase [GGT] activities, urine specific gravity, and enumeration of renal tubular epithelial cells in urine sediment) prior to and 24 and 48 hours after surgery. RESULTS: Duration of general anesthesia ranged from 80 to 310 minutes. Urine specific gravity and ALP activity and serum urea and creatinine concentrations did not change over time. Fractional clearance of sodium decreased 24 and 48 hours after surgery, whereas urine GGT activity and the ratio of urine GGT activity to urine creatinine concentration increased 24 hours after surgery, compared with presurgery values. Renal tubular epithelial cells increased in number in urine sediment from 11 of 35 (31.4%) dogs and 5 of 35 (14.3%) dogs 24 and 48 hours after surgery, respectively. However, this increase was not clinically relevant. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Intravenous administration of fluids to healthy dogs undergoing general anesthesia and elective surgery may not be necessary for maintenance of renal homeostasis.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1994

Rapid isotonic fluid resuscitation in pediatric thermal injury.

Intravenous fluid resuscitation within the first 24 hours after a burn is critical to prevent shock and maintain organ function. The Parkland burn resuscitation formula suggests that one half of the first 24-hour fluid requirement be given in the first 8 hours. Results of recent studies in animals suggest that compression of the first half of the initial resuscitation from 8 to 4 hours may have a physiological benefit. We reviewed the medical records of 44 children under 12 years of age who had burns of greater than 29% of total body surface. Twenty-two children received a standard resuscitation of one-half volume given over the first 8 hours, followed by one-half volume over the next 16 hours. Twenty-two children received a rapid isotonic fluid resuscitation of one-half volume over 4 hours or less, followed by the remainder given over 20 hours. Vital signs, urine output, urine specific gravity, blood gases (acidosis), ventilator need, morbidity, and mortality were compared between the two groups. The rapid group had increased normalization of vital signs (P < .001), increased urine output and normalization of urine specific gravity (P < .01), and decreased requirement for ventilator support (P < .05). The authors conclude that rapid isotonic fluid resuscitation is well tolerated by pediatric patients and may be better than the standard burn resuscitation technique.

Burns↗
PubMed1999

Comparison of physical quality and composition of eggs from historic strains of single comb White Leghorn chickens.

The effect of long-term genetic selection on physical quality and composition of eggs was determined by analyzing eggs acquired from Agriculture Canada: Ottawa Control Strain 5 (CS5) from a 1950 base population, 7 (CS7) from a 1958 population and 10 (CS10) from a 1972 population. Eggs from the H&N "Nick Chick" current commercial strain (CCS) were also included. Eggs were collected monthly over a 62-wk laying period and analyzed for egg, albumen, shell and yolk weight; albumen protein, solids and pH; percentage yolk solids and fat; Haugh units; and specific gravity. Significant (P < 0.05) differences found between strains included a progressive increase in weight of eggs from the CS5 to CCS. Although the eggs increased in size, no significant differences were found between strains for specific gravity or percentage shell weight. Yolk weights of eggs from the strains examined did not differ. However, the percentage of yolk found in current strain eggs was significantly lower (P < 0.05), with a subsequent higher percentage albumen due to the increase in egg size of the CCS. Haugh units were significantly higher in the CS10 and CCS strains than in the other strains. No significant differences between strains were seen in albumen protein, solids, pH, or yolk solids. Mean percentage yolk fat assay values for eggs from the CS5, CS7, CS10, and CCS strains were 33.08, 32.68, 32.84, and 32.40, respectively. Percentage yolk fat values obtained from CCS were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those obtained from the other strains. The results from this study indicate that genetic selection has produced larger eggs containing a lower percentage of yolk while overall egg quality has been maintained or improved.

Aging↗
PubMed2003

Effects of phytase supplementation on the performance, egg quality, and phosphorous excretion of laying hens fed different levels of dietary calcium and nonphytate phosphorous.

An experiment employing a factorial arrangement of two levels (3.0 and 4.0%) of Ca, two levels (0.15 and 0.25%) of nonphytate phosphorus (NPP), and two levels (0 and 300 U/kg diet) of microbial phytase was carried out with 960 ISA-brown layers from 21 to 41 wk of age. There was a significant interaction between NPP level and phytase for egg production. High NPP level and phytase supplementation increased egg production only in the second 10-wk period (31 to 41 wk). High NPP and low Ca increased feed intake, and a significant interaction between levels of NPP and Ca was observed in the first 10 wk. High NPP improved feed efficiency only in the second 10-wk period. Low NPP improved egg specific gravity and eggshell thickness but decreased Haugh units in the first 10-wk period; high NPP decreased the percentage of broken and soft-shell eggs in the second period. Low Ca decreased egg specific gravity, eggshell strength, and eggshell thickness in both periods and increased Haugh units in the second 10-wk period. Phytase supplementation decreased the percentage of broken and soft-shell eggs. High NPP increased fiber availability but decreased Ca availability. High Ca decreased Ca availability, whereas phytase increased availability of dry matter, fiber, and P. High NPP increased retention of P and Fe but also increased excretion of P. High Ca decreased retention of Zn and Fe. Phytase supplementation increased P retention, resulting in decrease of P excretion. In conclusion, supplementation of microbial phytase at a level of 300 U per kg diet of laying hens can improve egg production, decrease broken and soft egg production rate, and P excretion. The effects of phytase supplementation are significantly modified by the level of Ca and NPP.

6-Phytase↗
PubMed1985

Clinical and laboratory effects of discontinuation of lithium prophylaxis.

Twelve patients who met Research Diagnostic Criteria for a history of bipolar affective disorder gave informed consent for open discontinuation of lithium therapy for 3 weeks. There was no significant change after lithium discontinuation in the number of depressive or manic symptoms, in mood score, in total Zung Depression score, or in any of the 20 items found in the Zung Depression scale. There were significant reductions in total severity of side effects, and improvement in the three side effects reflecting renal function: polydipsia, polyuria, and nocturia. These changes were reflected in the significant increase in urine specific gravity. Significant changes in side effects did not take place until at least 2 weeks after lithium was discontinued. Other significant relationships were found between increases in serum thyroid hormone levels and in urine specific gravity, and decreases in Vmax of platelet serotonin uptake and increases in degree of clonidine-induced hypotension.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

A longitudinal study of the kidney function of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) in comparison with humans.

A prospective study of the kidney function of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) kept at the Hans Popper Primate Centre has been performed within the last 10 years. The aim of the study was to analyse urine samples for specific gravity, to determine serum creatinine, serum urea, and urinary creatinine, and to calculate creatinine clearance and reference values for healthy chimpanzees. From 1750 urine specimens of adolescent and 568 of infant chimpanzees a mean specific gravity value of 1.013 +/- 0.006 (standard deviation) kg/l and 1.007 +/- 0.003 (standard deviation) kg/l, respectively, was calculated. Serum creatinine was determined in 1864 single samples from 52 chimpanzees; a median value of 101.8 mumol/l (P (5%) 79.6 mumol/l, P (95%) 139.7 mumol/l) was calculated, which is higher than that in humans. Serum urea tests (n = 1831) in the same 52 chimpanzees resulted in a median value of 2.01 mmol/l (P (5%) 0.86 mmol/l, P (95%) 4.78 mmol/l). The calculated median creatinine clearance value of 23.9 ml/min (P (5%) 4.4 ml/min, P (95%) 65.3 ml/min) is lower in chimpanzees than in man. A correction of the creatinine clearance values to the body surface area of 1.73 m2, as routinely performed in humans, gave unusually high results, as there was no proper equation to calculate the surface area of chimpanzees. The use of estimation equations for creatinine clearance values of chimpanzees as developed for humans is therefore not recommended.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

A case of transient diabetes insipidus associated with poisoning by a herbicide containing glufosinate.

BACKGROUND: The herbicide BASTA (AgrEvo, Germany), containing glufosinate ammonium (20%) and an anionic surfactant, polyoxyethylene alkylether sulfate (33%), is widely used. In acute oral BASTA poisoning, patients develop a variety of clinical signs, including disturbed consciousness, convulsions, and apnea. These effects are suspected to be due to the effects of glufosinate on the central nervous system. CASE REPORT: A 60-year-old man ingested 500 mL of BASTA herbicide in a suicide attempt. He developed not only unconsciousness, respiratory distress, and convulsions but also an increase in urine output (7885 mL/d), elevated serum sodium (167 mEq/L), elevated plasma osmolality (332 mOsm/kg), and a decrease in both urine osmolality (200 mOsm/kg) and urine specific gravity (1.003), which suggested the development of diabetes insipidus. The plasma level of antidiuretic hormone remained within the normal range (1.3 pg/mL), despite high plasma osmolality. The administration of desmopressin was successful in normalizing urine volume, specific gravity, and osmolality. Serum sodium corrected gradually within 48 hours. The possible mechanisms causing the diabetes insipidus are discussed.

Aminobutyrates↗
PubMed1976

Radiological examination of the colon.

In view of the diagnostic limitations of Welin's double-contrast method, which provides no total filling images or mucosal images, a description is given of a so-called universal method of investigation by which a diversity of diseases can be demonstrated. An essential feature of this method is the use of a barium sulphate suspension with experimentally established specific gravity and viscosity. This particular contrast medium has the advantage of permitting of total-filling exposures for assessment of contours and mucosal exposures for the diagnosis of inflammatory diseases and double-contrast method. The specific gravity at a given tube voltage also makes it possible to diagnose polyps after total filling.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Restricting fluid intake during a single meal did not affect food intake in older adults.

Restricting fluid intake has been shown to decrease ad libitum food intake in animals and young adult humans. The purpose of this study was to determine if restricting fluid intake during a meal affects food intake in older adults. In a crossover counterbalanced design, 24 subjects (11 m, 13 f), 61-95 years, received lunch at a congregate meal site. Identical meals were accompanied by a volume of water equal to either 40% (restricted) or 100% (control) of each subject's usual lunch fluid intake. Pre-meal urine osmolality and specific gravity were used as indicators of hydration status. Weighed food intake was not different between the restricted and control conditions (400 g/2875 kJ and 408 g/2971 kJ, respectively). No significant correlations were found between urine osmolality or specific gravity and food intake, either in response to fluid restriction or per kg body weight. These results suggest that the appetite of healthy free-living older adults is not affected by fluid restriction during a single eating episode.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Monitoring of exposure to cyclohexanone through the analysis of breath and urine.

Occupational exposure to cyclohexanone was studied for 59 workers through the analysis of environmental air, alveolar air, and urinary cyclohexanol. Environmental cyclohexanone exposure was measured by personal sampling with a carbon-felt passive dosimeter. Cyclohexanone in alveolar air and cyclohexanol in urine were determined with gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. The end-of-shift urinary cyclohexanol levels correlated well with the time-weighted average environmental cyclohexanone values (r = 0.66). Urinary cyclohexanol corrected for creatinine correlated best with cyclohexanone in air (r = 0.77); when corrected for specific gravity, it gave a similar correlation coefficient (r = 0.73). When the time-weighted average of the exposure was 25 ppm, the corresponding calculated concentration for urinary cyclohexanol was 54.5 mg/1, 23.3 mg/g of creatinine, or 43.5 mg/l at a specific gravity of 1.018. The relationship between cyclohexanone exposure and its concentration in exhaled breath was found to be poorer than that for cyclohexanone exposure and the urinary metabolite (r = 0.51).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Evaluation of a colonic lavage solution to prepare the colon of the dog for colonoscopy.

Ten dogs were given 3 different doses (60, 80, and 100 ml/kg of body weight) of a commercial colonic lavage solution in 2 equally divided doses, 2 to 4 hours apart. The degree of colonic cleanliness was evaluated subjectively, using a numbered scoring system (1 = clean to 4 = excessive fecal material). Systemic and metabolic effects were assessed by comparing body weight, PCV, total protein concentration, serum osmolality, and urine specific gravity before and 24 hours after administration of the high-dose solution. The lowest mean cleanliness score (1.6) was obtained with the 80 ml/kg dose (P less than 0.001). The solution had no effect on any measurement except urine specific gravity (P = 0.036). Oral administration of a colonic lavage solution in a divided total dose of 80 ml/kg is a safe and effective method of large-intestine preparation in the dog.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1997

[Pretarsal platinum-iridium implants for therapy of lagophthalmos in facial paralysis. Preliminary results].

UNLABELLED: Upper lid closure in facial nerve paresis induced lagophthalmos is often improved by implantation of gold weights. However, the tolerability of gold implants has not always met expectations. We therefore investigated whether results could be improved by implantation of well-tolerated platinum implants. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three patients with lagophthalmos received pretarsal platinum-iridium implants in the upper lid. The implants were primary in two patients and secondary in one. In this patient, the previous gold implant had led to marked swelling and redness of the upper lid 6 weeks after surgery. The platinum implants were prefabricated with a radius of 20 mm and weighed between 1.3 and 1.4 g. During implantation, they were individually contoured to fit lidcurvature and attached pretarsally with nonresorbable thread. RESULTS: Postoperatively, the upper lid of all three patients could be closed completely. The implants healed without irritation. No lid swelling occurred during 2-to 6-month follow-up. Because platinum-iridium alloys have a higher specific gravity (Ptlr 90/10 = 21.65 g/cm3) than gold (18.43 g/cm3), they can attain equal weight at smaller size. CONCLUSIONS: Our first results show that platinum implants are a feasible alternative to gold implants in treating lagophthalmos due to better biocompatibility and higher specific gravity.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Calcium and its relationship to excess feed consumption, body weight, egg size, fat deposition, shell quality, and fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome.

In Experiment 1, Hyline W36 caged hens were fed diets containing 1.7, 2.9, 3.5, and 4.1% calcium for 10 and 16 weeks. In Experiments 2 and 4, Dekalb XL and Hyline W36 pullets were fed diets containing 1.0, 1.7, and 3.75% calcium for 3 weeks (Exp. 2) or until 25 pullets from each group laid 7 eggs (Exp. 4). In Experiment 3 and 5, Dekalb and Hyline hens were fed diets containing 1.5 (Dekalb only), 1.75, 2.25, 2.75, and 3.75% calcium for 8 weeks. Criteria were liver, fat pad, egg and shell weights, egg specific gravity, production, feed consumption, liver fat and fatty acid composition, liver hemorrhage score, and body weight. As percent dietary calcium decreased, Hyline birds (Exp. 1, 4, and 5) had increased liver fat, body weight (except Exp. 4), and feed consumption, but egg specific gravity and shell weight decreased. Reduced dietary calcium levels had no effect on egg production in Experiment 1 but significantly reduced production in Experiment 5. Liver hemorrhage score significantly increased as percent dietary calcium decreased (Exp. 1). As dietary calcium decreased, Dekalb pullets (Exp. 2) had increased feed consumption, fat pad weight, and liver hemorrhage score. There was no increase in liver fat. However, in Dekalb hens (Exp. 3), feed consumption and egg production were significantly decreased as dietary calcium decreased. It is concluded that overconsumption caused by feeding pullets or hens inadequate calcium had no beneficial effect on egg size or egg production and, depending on strain, increased liver fat, liver hemorrhage score, body weight, and fat pad weight.

Adipose Tissue↗