Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “SPECIES SPECIFICITY”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Occurrence of a species-specific nuclear antigen in the germ line of Xenopus and its expression from paternal genes in hybrid frogs.

An abundant acidic germinal vesicle protein of 100,000 Da has been previously described in Xenopus laevis and termed N1. It is supposed to bind stored histones in the oocyte. Species-specific monoclonal antibodies (mABs) have been raised against the oocyte nuclear protein of X. borealis B3, that is equivalent to protein N1 of X. laevis. These mABs have been used to monitor paternal gene expression of B3 in hybrids between X. laevis and X. borealis. Protein B3 is accumulated in oocyte nuclei, shed into the cytoplasm of the egg upon germinal vesicle breakdown, and reaccumulated by the nuclei of the embryo. During development it appears to be gradually diluted in all cells of the embryo, its levels falling below the limits of detection after stage 50. In interspecies hybrids, the paternal antigen is not found in somatic cells, as judged by immunohistological criteria. Therefore it has been concluded that protein B3 is not expressed from the genes of the embryo and that the maternal store of B3 is sufficient to endow the nuclei of the embryo with this protein up to the feeding tadpole stage. This deduction is corroborated by radiolabeling experiments. The paternal antigen B3 is, however, specifically expressed in the germ line. In hybrids and in X. borealis it is first detected in the nuclei of oogonia and spermatogonia, but, in both sexes, it is undetectable during early meiotic prophase. In female germ cells, accumulation of B3 is resumed at the beginning of diplotene, concomitant with the onset of oocyte growth. The significance of the observed cell specificity of B3 during germ cell differentiation is discussed in relation to its postulated function as a histone storage factor.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Species-specific variations in the molecular heterogeneity of the platelet-activating factor.

The molecular heterogeneity of platelet-activating factor (PAF) synthesized by unstimulated and Ca2+ ionophore (A23187)-stimulated PMN from rat, mouse, and guinea pig and by rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells was investigated by gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Several molecular species of PAF ranging from C14:0 to C19:0 were detected in all of the cells studied. PAF produced by each cell type exhibited a unique pattern of molecular species distribution. Although C16:0 was the major PAF molecular species of rat PMN and RBL cells representing 96% and 85% of the total PAF, respectively, PAF from mice PMN contained 81% of C16:0, 10% of C18:1, and 6% of C18:0. Alternatively, A23187-stimulated guinea pig PMN yielded PAF molecular species 35% in C16:0, 35% in C17:0, 8% in C18:1, and 3% in C18:0. Small but significant differences in the PAF molecular species distribution of resting and ionophore stimulated cells were also observed. In contrast to the PAF molecular species composition, the precursor 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine of all the cell types was predominantly hexadecyl (C16:0) alkyl chain in the sn-1 position, representing 60 to 80% of the total 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine. Thus, these results not only indicate a high degree of selectivity for utilization of precursor substrates for PAF biosynthesis, but also demonstrate that the selectivity is species specific.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The combination of Gilbert/Maxam chemical sequencing and the dideoxynucleotide chain termination approach facilitates the construction of species specific PCR-primers based on diagnostic RAPD bands.

The randomly amplified polymorphic DNA technique (RAPD) is a modification of PCR that uses short, arbitrarily generated single primers to amplify genomic DNA. Amplified DNA-fragments are often polymorphic and can be used as individual, population- or species-specific markers. Because the RAPD technique requires a very high degree of reproducibility at the instrumentation level and with regard to buffer conditions, we propose to synthesize highly specific conventional PCR primers, the sequence of which is based on the primary diagnostic RAPD bands. In this communication we present a fast and convenient experimental strategy for converting the non-stringent RAPD conditions with their low annealing temperatures to stringent PCR conditions. Diagnostic RAPD bands were sequenced by a combination of chemical (Gilbert/Maxam) and chain termination (Sanger) techniques. Based on this sequence information, highly specific oligonucleotide primers were synthesized. The value of this approach was demonstrated for the molecular diagnosis of the important rape seed (Brassica napus) pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans.

Ascomycota↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Species-specific antigenicity of xenogeneic bone treated with glutaraldehyde].

Present results showed that an extract of xenogeneic bone may inhibit the complement activity of some human sera, while an extract of xenogeneic bone treated with glutaraldehyde may show a lower inhibiting effect. This finding suggested that a preventive treatment in vitro with glutaraldehyde significantly decreases species-specific antigenicity of bone tissue.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed1992

Campylobacter helveticus sp. nov., a new thermophilic species from domestic animals: characterization, and cloning of a species-specific DNA probe.

An atypical group of thermophilic catalase-negative Campylobacter strains, the 'CH' (Swiss) group, can be recovered from faeces of domestic cats and dogs after selection by filtration, or with the antibiotic cefoperazone. This group of strains shows no relative DNA homology with any species in rRNA superfamily VI (Vandamme et al., 1991, International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 41, 88-103) except with four thermophilic Campylobacter species, notably C. upsaliensis. The group is homogeneous and possesses a DNA base composition, cellular morphology at the electron microscope level and phenotypic properties characteristic of Campylobacter. Nonetheless it is distinct from known species of Campylobacter in terms of conventional bacteriological tests, total cellular protein profile, rRNA gene profile, and genomic DNA homology. On the basis of an integrated study of phenotype and genotype, we conclude that these bacteria constitute a previously undescribed species for which we propose the name Campylobacter helveticus sp. nov. A species-specific recombinant DNA probe was cloned from the designated type strain (NCTC 12470) for use in identification and further analysis of the epidemiology, pathogenicity and transmission of C. helveticus.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Growth hormone: species-specific stimulation of erythropoiesis in vitro.

The effects of purifed bovine and human growth hormone were tested in vitro with murine and human bone marrow by means of granulocyte-monocyte and erythroid progenitor cloning techniques. Nanogram concentrations of the growth hormones potentiated erythropoietin-stimulated erythropoiesis, but not granulopoiesis, in a species-specific manner.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Mercury-induced autoimmune glomerulonephritis in inbred rats. I. Kinetics and species specificity of autoimmune responses.

The nephropathy observed in rats after administration of mercuric chloride can be used to clarify the mechanisms underlying renal autoimmunity induced by chemicals. As a necessary preliminary step in the study of this animal model, we have investigated the kinetics and species-specificity of autoimmune responses to renal antigens. By a recently developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), circulating autoantibodies to the glomerular basement membrane of the kidney (anti-GBM) have been detected within 8 days after the initiation of mercuric chloride treatment. Anti-GBM antibodies reach a peak by 15 days and then decrease rapidly in the following 2 weeks. Extensive cross-reactions between rat and human GBM antigens have been detected by ELISA, indicating a high degree of conservation of some renal autoantigens and suggesting certain similarities between the autoimmune response induced in rats by mercuric chloride and that observed in human glomerulonephritis caused by anti-GBM. Dose-response studies have been performed to ascertain whether anti-GBM responses are correlated with massive kidney damage and release of renal antigens. We have noted that a wide range of levels of mercuric chloride are capable of stimulating the production of anti-GBM and that animals receiving this chemical in as low a concentration as 0.02 mg/100 g body weight (i.e. a dose ten times lower than those causing massive nephrotoxic effects) still have anti-GBM specifically bound to their kidneys. Thus, it is possible that the administration of mercury compounds to BN rats results in kidney autoimmunity not only because of the release of renal autoantigens, but also through the activation of specific lymphocytes and/or disruption of regulatory networks. Finally, we have observed that both BN and MAXX rats produce anti-GBM after mercuric chloride treatment, while M520 rats do not. Since the MAXX strain was initially obtained from a cross of BN and Lewis rats and shares antigens of the major histocompatibility complex with the BN strain, our findings stress the importance of genetic factors in chemical-induced autoimmunity and suggest that a similar situation may occur in human subjects exposed to environmental chemicals.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Using viral species specificity to define a critical protein/RNA interaction surface.

The Tap protein mediates the sequence-specific nuclear export of mRNAs bearing the retroviral constitutive transport element (CTE) and also plays a critical role in the sequence nonspecific export of cellular mRNAs. Previously, we have demonstrated that CTE function displays species specificity, that is, the CTE functions in human but not quail cells. Here, we demonstrate that quail Tap fails to support CTE function because it cannot bind the CTE. However, changing a single residue in quail Tap, glutamine 246, to arginine, the residue found in human Tap, rescues both CTE function and CTE binding. This residue, which is located on the exterior of a recently reported molecular structure of Tap, defines a surface on Tap that is critical for CTE binding. These data emphasize the potential importance of cross-species genetic complementation in the identification and characterization of cellular factors that are critical for different aspects of viral replication.

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Mem↗
PubMed1998

Structural determination of N-linked carbohydrates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry following enzymatic release within sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels: application to species-specific glycosylation of alpha1-acid glycoprotein.

This paper describes a sensitive method for analysis of N-linked carbohydrates released enzymatically from within the gel following separation of glycoproteins (50-100 pmols) by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The separated bands containing the glycoproteins were cut from the gel, destained, reduced and alkylated. N-linked glycans were then released by in-gel incubation with peptide N-glycosidase-F (PNGase-F) and extracted with water and acetonitrile. Sialic acid-containing glycans were converted into methyl esters by reaction with methyl iodide, salts and reagents were removed by passage through a mixed-bed column of ion-exchange resins and the glycans were examined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-mass spectrometry. Structural determination of the released glycans was performed by exoglycosidase digestion. Following glycan release and extraction, the protein could be digested within the gel with trypsin, and the masses of the tryptic peptides could be compared with those generated from a sequence database for protein identification. The method is applied to the analysis of N-linked glycans from alpha1-acid glycoprotein from man, cow, sheep and dog. Major species-specific differences in glycosylation were found. Thus, although all four species used N-acetyl-neuraminic acid, only cow and sheep additionally used N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid. Biantennary glycans were the predominant carbohydrates in cow, sheep and dog but man produced more triantennary glycans and a substantial amount of tetraantennary sugars. Fucosylation was only found in glycans from man and cow and both cow and sheep glycans were found to have beta1-3- and well as beta1-4-linked galactose residues in the antennae.

Amidohydrolases↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of the OptiMAL rapid antigen test and species-specific PCR to detect placental Plasmodium falciparum infection at delivery.

During pregnancy, Plasmodium falciparum infection of the placenta frequently occurs in the absence of parasites in peripheral blood. We investigated the abilities of the OptiMAL rapid immunochromatographic strip test for P. falciparum lactate dehydrogenase and species-specific PCR performed on peripheral blood to detect placental infection or malaria-associated low birth weight. Of 509 Malawian women screened by microscopy, 76 had malaria infection. Among these 509 women, the frequency of peripheral blood parasitemia was low. The OptiMAL test gave positive results in 37 of 171 women tested (one of whom had placental but not peripheral blood parasitemia) and had sensitivities of 71% for peripheral parasitemia and 38% for placental parasitemia compared to the microscopy values. The specificity for peripheral parasitemia was 94%. In 135 women, PCR had sensitivities of 94% for peripheral blood malaria detected by microscopy and 72% for placental infection. In samples examined by PCR, the prevalence of malaria in peripheral blood increased from 26.7% by microscopy to 51.9%. Women with placental malaria and women with malaria in peripheral blood samples by microscopy or OptiMAL testing, but not women with malaria detected only by PCR, had lower-birth-weight babies than did women without malaria by these criteria. Positive results by PCR in the absence of microscopic parasitemia were not associated with low birth weight. Neither OptiMAL nor PCR testing of peripheral blood is adequately sensitive to detect all placental malaria infection, but a positive result by OptiMAL testing identifies women with a high proportion of low-birth-weight babies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Studies on the anopheline fauna of Kheda district and species specific breeding habitats.

Information on anopheline fauna of Kheda district in Gujarat dates back to 1950. Since then there have been vast ecological changes due to development projects and intensive irrigation. To study the anopheline fauna of Kheda district collections from 164 villages representing 7 talukas of the district were made. Sixteen anopheline species were recorded, of these 8 species were recorded for the first time. Maximum number of anopheline species (16) were recorded from canal irrigated area followed by 11 species from riverine area and 10 species from non-canal irrigated area. Four anopheline species namely An. subpictus, An. culicifacies, An. annularis and An. stephensi were predominant and constituted 99.9% of the total anophelines and rest of the 12 species accounted for 0.1%. In this paper, results of the study on mosquito ecology with particular emphasis on species specific breeding preferences, associations and frequency of distribution in various types of aquatic habitats have been reported.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha as a proliferative signal for an IL-2-dependent T cell line: strict species specificity of action.

The ability of TNF-alpha to stimulate T cell proliferation was examined. We demonstrate that murine rTNF-alpha induces the proliferation of CT6, a murine T cell line previously thought to be responsive only to IL-2. This activity appears to be the result of the direct action of murine rTNF-alpha on the CT6 cells because neither 1) murine IL-2 or murine IL-4, lymphokines also capable of inducing CT6 proliferation, were detected in culture supernatants from murine rTNF-alpha-treated CT6 cells nor 2) did antibodies specific for IL-2 or IL-4 inhibit murine rTNF-alpha-induced CT6 proliferation. Unlike many of the activities displayed by TNF-alpha, its ability to induce CT6 cell proliferation shows strict species specificity as indicated by the failure of human rTNF-alpha to stimulate these cells. Flow cytometric analysis and binding of radiolabeled TNF-alpha have indicated that receptors for TNF-alpha on these cells are specific for murine TNF-alpha. The ability of murine rTNF-alpha to induce the proliferation of certain T cell lines further indicates that this molecule plays an important role in regulation of T cell-mediated immune responses.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Species specificity and reaction of bacteria to a 50 GHz magnetic field].

The growth of cultures of bacteria with different lipid content of cell membranes in response to a 40 min exposure to alternating magnetic field of 50 Hz, 18 mT was studied. Three important phenomena were revealed. A species specificity of responses of bacteria to the magnetic field, including both inhibition and activation, was observed. The changes in the kinetics of growth of bacterial culture correlate with the type of membrane lipid complex. The information on the exposure to magnetic field is memorized by the previously exposed distilled water, which makes itself evident in responses much more intensive than the responses of the same cultures exposed immediately in the culture medium.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2005

Emergence of species-specific transporters during evolution of the hemiascomycete phylum.

We have traced the evolution patterns of 2480 transmembrane transporters from five complete genome sequences spanning the entire Hemiascomycete phylum: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida glabrata, Kluyveromyces lactis, Debaryomyces hansenii, and Yarrowia lipolytica. The use of nonambiguous functional and phylogenetic criteria derived from the TCDB classification system has allowed the identification within the Hemiascomycete phylum of 97 small phylogenetic transporter subfamilies comprising a total of 355 transporters submitted to four distinct evolution patterns named "ubiquitous," "species specific," "phylum gains and losses," or "homoplasic." This analysis identifies the transporters that contribute to the emergence of species during the evolution of the Hemiascomycete phylum and may aid in establishing novel phylogenetic criteria for species classification.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed2002

Molecular basis for species-specific sensitivity to "hot" chili peppers.

Chili peppers produce the pungent vanilloid compound capsaicin, which offers protection from predatory mammals. Birds are indifferent to the pain-producing effects of capsaicin and therefore serve as vectors for seed dispersal. Here, we determine the molecular basis for this species-specific behavioral response by identifying a domain of the rat vanilloid receptor that confers sensitivity to capsaicin to the normally insensitive chicken ortholog. Like its mammalian counterpart, the chicken receptor is activated by heat or protons, consistent with the fact that both mammals and birds detect noxious heat and experience thermal hypersensitivity. Our findings provide a molecular basis for the ecological phenomenon of directed deterence and suggest that the capacity to detect capsaicin-like inflammatory substances is a recent acquisition of mammalian vanilloid receptors.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Species specificity in the chemical mechanisms of organophosphorus anticholinesterase activity.

Structure-activity relationships reveal that the two principal determinants of anticholinesterase activity for various organophosphorus insecticides are steric hindrance and the electrophilic strength of the phosphorus atom. The objective of the present investigation was to distinguish between the molecular properties governing species-related differences in organophosphorus sensitivity by comparing the physical-chemical relationships for the inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase isolated from rats, chickens, or rainbow trout. A homologous series of five dialkyl p-nitrophenyl phosphates consisting of methyl through n-butyl and isopropyl were synthesized and characterized both chemically and biologically. Structure-activity correlations revealed that whereas steric hindrance is the principal factor governing inhibitory potency for rats and hens, the electrophilicity of the phosphorus atom is the principal determinant of anticholinesterase activity in trout. The inductive effect of successive methylene substitutions on the phosphoryl group is reflected by 13C and 31P NMR spectroscopy which correlates with anticholinesterase activity in trout, but not in rats or hens. The results provide the first indication for species-related differences in the molecular regulation of anticholinesterase activity, suggesting that the trout enzyme possesses a relatively weak nucleophilic center within a dimensionally restricted esteratic subsite. Species-specific distinctions in the molecular properties governing anticholinesterase activity provide novel design strategies for improving the selectivity of toxic organophosphorus insecticides.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1998

Rapid and quantitative detection of Streptococcus mutans with species-specific monoclonal antibodies.

Streptococcus mutans is known to be a prime etiologic agent for the initiation and progression of human dental caries. Rapid, accurate, and quantitative detection of S. mutans will help us better understand the pathogenic mechanisms of dental caries and will help to develop methods for caries diagnosis and risk assessment. This study describes the development of three highly species-specific monoclonal IgG antibodies against S. mutans. The antibodies were used to develop a number of methods that quantitatively detect S. mutans in less <1 min and are sensitive enough to detect a single bacterial cell. These methods could be widely used in basic and clinical studies related to S. mutans and in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of caries in humans.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1993

[Design of a chromosomal DNA probe species specific for Yersinia pestis].

A 14.8 kb DNA fragment from the chromosome of Yersinia pestis TWJ was cloned and the restriction map constructed. The fragment designated as T16 and its subfragments were tested in dot-hybridization with strains of Yersinia genus and other members of Enterobacteriaceae. A species-specific DNA probe (designated MK) was constructed on the basis of the T16 fragment. As judged from restriction analysis, blot-hybridization experiments and, partially, sequencing, significant homology exists between the MK DNA probe and this one developed by Bardarov et. al. (1990). A repeated sequence in two copies was discovered in the MK fragment.

Base Sequence↗