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PubMed1991

[Not Available].

There have always been crisis in medicine since the existence of an independent healing art. Today the rise of new ideas as the holistic medicine, alternative healing procedures and social conditioned diseases doctrines seem to suggest a new crisis. The relation of health and illness and its valuation is always the focus of attention. Individual therapy and social caused health prophylaxis are the two antithesis. But too the opinion of the medical assessment and the mental attitude towards medical technology plays an important part. The two historical models of health police movements and the so-called "Medical Reform" are discussed in detail and discussions on social induced or fateful morbid symptoms are mentioned.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2002

[Social theory of aging in the USA: development and current status].

Social theories of aging provide the basis of all relevant practice interventions, policies, programs and research. They evolve and change over time, based upon new knowledge gleaned from additional experience and research, as well as a more enlightened understanding of populations-at-risk and the psychological and social conditions that affect the well-being of such older adults. It is important to assess theories critically in order to use them judiciously. This abstract develops social theories that have evolved in the United States since the early 20th century to the present. They are presented in three main categories: Social Theories, Psychological Theories, and a combination of the two that recognizes the interaction between people and their social environments. Attention is also given to Spirituality and Aging, and to Biological considerations, particularly in regard to Sexuality and Aging. The authors contends that most theories are worthy of consideration, and none are necessarily applicable to everyone. The authors thank Prof. of social work Adelphi University Janice Wood Wetzel for the materials and help in writing this abstract.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The sociology of coping with disease--questions, prerequisites, research approach and general practice significance].

Coping is reflected on a social scientific view. Starting points: 1. the knowledge, that alone the kind and grade of disease not predistine the reactions, loads and quality of life of the patient and 2. the unknowledge about the fact, why patients "better" than other cope this critical living situation. Our position is, that social conditions and individual competences are important facts which determine the experience of chronic disease. The attention of sociological research is directed to a classical problem: What does social competences and social support mean for coping of disease? The article discuss theoretical foundations and it's empirical and practical transformation. It is a contribution of interdisciplinary cooperation between sociologists, psychologists and physicians to the problem of coping of chronical disease.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

[The current aspects of the social and biological adaptation of epilepsy patients in Russia].

The influence of social alterations on the treatment effectivity and social adaptation of 1350 epileptic patients was followed up in 1981-1993. It is shown that during the period of social stability clinical observation of such patients was quite satisfactory. Therapeutic response reached 98.2% at invalidity rate 0.2% in 1989. On the contrary, during period of social instability 10.8% of patients did not resolve any treatment, the effectiveness of the treatment lowered to 76.6%, remission failure occurred in 6%, and the percent of the invalids increased to 5.6% of patients. The recommendations are given concerning adaptation of epileptics to new social conditions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1976

[The care of the senior citizen from a social-hygienic viewpoint].

From the point of view of social hygiene is shown, in what way social conditions are given and sued in the GDR to take influence on the state of health up to old age. As main factors of work dwelling and social or cultural care are considered. Resuming his treatise the author confirms that not yet all sources are used to solve the problems regarded. References to law-materials and other principles are given to support physicians in treating and guiding older people and to enable authorities not belonging to health service to fulfill the adequate tasks.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

[The role of exogenous factors in the etiology of congenital hip dislocation: a socio-epidemiologic study].

The authors present in their work the results of the analysis of the relation between congenital dislocation of vertebral joints and social factors which they have found out in 120 children singled out of 9516 live-born children in the Martin district (Slovakia) in the period 1979-1983. The investigation of social factors has been based on the analysis of socioeconomic and social conditions of the Martin district which has no regional particularities. According to their results the share of exogenous factors in the origin and development of this disease is manifested more frequently in the first-borns (having the highest representation in the examined group). On the top of the list of social indices, which they have examined in primiparae and multiparae respectively, there are unsuitable housing conditions (living in discord with mother-in-law in the same house-hold), high percentage of impregnation before marriage which can be considered a strain and longterm conflicting situation and can have together with other factors a sociopathogenetic effect.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Sudden infant death in Copenhagen 1956--1971. II. Social factors and morbidity.

131 cases of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) among infants born in the Municipality of Copenhagen during 1956--1971 were analysed on the basis of data collected prospectively by the infant health visitors and abstracted from police reports. Compared with controls, a significantly larger number of SIDS infants had been born out of wedlock, were living only with their mother, had parents in a less secure occupation, lived in more crowded, poor-quality dwellings and districts. The "home standard" was lower among the SIDS families, including a lower standard of infant care, a higher percentage of not keeping the appointments with the infant health visitors and a lower mental capacity in the mothers; there was no difference with respect to the mother's physical capacity. More congenital malformations and more cases of asphyxia were found among the SIDS infants, and a significantly larger number of the SIDS infants had been admitted to hospital, with a tendency to being kept there longer. It is concluded that a relationships exists between poor social conditions, increased morbidity, and SIDS. At the same time, it is pointed out that during recent years the differences between cases and controls as regards certain of the social parameters studied have decreased.

Congenital Abnormalities↗
PubMed1977

[A healthy and active ageing by preparation and complex care (author's transl)].

Today it is possible and necessary to show the way for a healthy and active ageing under our social conditions. This way means the preparation for the age and the pension. This is only possible by the unit of positive personal attitudes, motivations and behaviour with adequate social planning. There are many examples of the macrobiotic, gerohygiene, geropsychology and sports medicine. There are also results and experiences of the whole life and the effects of extreme situations of the life to take into consideration for the indication for the preparation and complex care. Some methodical theses and postulates for training-programmes for the preparation on age and pension are worked out. Such programmes should be carried out for groups, which are especially endangered by their work: workers and leading works.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

[Prophylaxis of suicide in old age (author's transl)].

The author reports on sociopsychiatric care of old alone living peoples during Christmas-time and the end of year. This help of living was given under the primary aspects of suicide prevention. Nevertheless the conception of the arrangement is important for geropsychiatric prevention at all. The author gives informations about effects of this type of care. After the two weeks living in the hospital and getting special care the most of the old people looks from an active point of view to their biological and social conditions of aging, and better than before they can manage their life.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Postnatal maturation of cortical serotonin lateral asymmetry in gerbils is vulnerable to both environmental and pharmacological epigenetic challenges.

Long-term effects of postnatal differential rearing conditions and/or early methamphetamine (MA) application on serotonin (5-HT) fibre density were investigated in several cortical areas of both hemispheres of gerbils. The aim of this study was twofold: (1) Is the 5-HT fibre innervation of the cerebral cortex lateralised, and (2) if so, do postnatal environmental conditions and/or an early drug challenge interfere with development of 5-HT cerebral asymmetries? For that purpose, male gerbils were reared either under semi-natural or restricted environmental and social conditions, under both conditions once (on postnatal day 14) being treated with either a single dose of MA (50 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline. On postnatal day 110, 5-HT fibres were immunohistochemically stained and innervation densities quantified in prefrontal cortex, insular cortex, frontal cortex, parietal cortex, and entorhinal cortex. It was found that (1) 5-HT innervation in the cerebral cortex was clearly lateralised; (2) direction and extent of this asymmetry were not uniformly distributed over the different areas investigated; (3) both early methamphetamine challenge and rearing condition differentially interfered with adult 5-HT cerebral asymmetry; (4) combining MA challenge with subsequent restricted rearing tended to reverse the effects of MA on 5-HT cerebral asymmetry in some of the cortical areas investigated; and (5) significant responses in 5-HT cerebral asymmetry only occurred in prefrontal and entorhinal association cortices. The present findings suggest that the ontogenesis of cortical laterality is influenced by epigenetic factors and that disturbances of the postnatal maturation of lateralised functions may be associated with certain psychopathological behaviours.

Adrenergic Agents↗
PubMed1986

Postnatal social environment affects morphine analgesia in male mice.

Seventy-eight male mice of the Swiss CD-1 strain were maintained from birth to weaning either in litters containing only male pups (MM), or in litters containing both male and female pups (MF). Body weight gain and neurobehavioral development were assessed, and no differences between MM and MF males were found. On postnatal day 40 one male from each litter (N = 13 per group) was injected either with vehicle (saline solution, 8%) or with morphine (5 or 10 mg/kg). Fifteen min after the injection, forepaw licking latencies were measured in a hot plate test (55 +/- 1 degree C). MF males showed longer latencies than MM males, and this difference was statistically significant after both morphine doses. These results indicate that the function of systems mediating response to painful stimulation and opiate analgesia can be affected by variations in early social conditions.

Aging↗
PubMed1998

Social inequalities in morbidity from diabetes mellitus in public primary care clinics in Trinidad and Tobago.

Associations between socio-economic status and non-communicable diseases in middle income countries have received little study. We conducted an interview survey to evaluate the associations of morbidity with social conditions among people attending government primary care health centres with diabetes mellitus in Trinidad. Data collected included morbidity from hyperglycaemia, foot problems, visual problems and cardiovascular disease, as well as social and demographic variables. Of 622 subjects, 35% were aged > or = 65 years, 54% were Indo-Trinidadian, 13% had no schooling, only 11% were in full-time employment, and 33% had no piped drinking water supply in the home. Prevalent symptoms included itching, reported by 215 (35%), nocturia in 315 (51%), burning or numbness in the feet in 350 (56%), and difficulty with eyesight in 363 (58%). A morbidity summary score was used as dependent variable in regression analyses. Comparing those with no schooling with those with secondary education, the mean difference in morbidity score was 1.77 (95% CI 1.15-2.39), attenuated to 0.71 (0.06-1.37) after adjusting for age, gender, ethnic group and diabetes duration. The equivalent differences for those with no piped water supply in the house, compared with those with, were 0.53 (0.17-0.88) and 0.57 (0.24-0.89). For the unemployed, compared with those in full-time jobs, at ages 15-59 years the differences were 0.85 (0.14-1.56) and 0.58 (-0.11-1.27). We conclude that morbidity in persons with diabetes is associated with indicators of lower socio-economic status and that this association is partly explained by confounding with older age, female gender, longer duration of diabetes and Indo-Trinidadian ethnic group. A negative association between socio-economic status and morbidity from diabetes contributes to a justification for investment of public health resources in the control of diabetes and other non-communicable diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Outcomes of critically ill elderly patients: is high-dependency care for geriatric patients worthwhile?

OBJECTIVES: To study the outcomes of elderly patients in a high-dependency care unit and to evaluate the costs and benefits of a geriatric high-dependency unit (GHDU). DESIGN: Prospective data collection and analysis. SETTING: Geriatric high-dependency unit. PATIENTS: One hundred fifty patients > or =70 yrs of age who had been admitted to the GHDU over a 10-month period were investigated during their treatment and rehabilitation. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS: The patients' Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scores and Simplified Acute Physiology Scores (SAPS) were recorded. The APACHE II scores and SAPSs provided a close correlation with the patients' mortality (correlation coefficients were 0.97 and 0.92, respectively). The SAPS proved to have a better linear relationship with the elderly patients' mortality in comparison with APACHE II scores. Most of the elderly patients included in the study were suffering from multiple premorbid medical problems. Overall, the mortality rate up to 1 month after discharge from the hospital was 48%. For patients ranging in age from 70 to 84 yrs, the 1-month mortality was 39.6%; however, for patients > or =85 yrs of age, the 1-month mortality was 68.1%. The mortality ratio was 0.96 (for all patients), 0.88 (for those ages 70-84 yrs), and 1.05 (for those age 85 yrs and above). For patients with nil organ system failure, the mortality rate was 32%. For patients with one organ system failure, the mortality increased to 48%. For patients with two organ system failures, the mortality rate was 86%. Survival for patients with three or more organ system failures was unprecedented. Survivors and nonsurvivors were compared. Three poor-prognosis groups were identified: group 1, patients who had received preadmission cardiopulmonary resuscitation; group 2, patients with a recent history of malignant diseases; and group 3, patients who had been mechanically ventilated. All three groups had a significantly higher mortality than those without these factors (p<.05). Patients in the 85 yrs and above group had a significantly higher mortality rate than those in the 70- to 84-yr age group (p<.05). Patients with SAPS and APACHE II scores >20 and >30, respectively, had a poor prognosis. The geriatric outcome scoring system (GOSS) was used as the functional outcome test for the survivors. The GOSS has three components: activities of daily living, mobility status, and social condition. At 1 month after discharge, 66.7% of the survivors returned to their premorbid activities of daily living abilities, 79.5% maintained their mobility status, and 91.7% remained at the same social environment. No survivors deteriorated more than one grade in any of the three components measured by the GOSS. The severity-of-illness scores, percentage of mechanical ventilation utilization, mortality rate, length of GHDU stay, and total hospital stay were comparable with those of other intensive care units (ICUs). The cost of 1 GHDU bed-day was equivalent to 24% of 1 ICU bed-day. CONCLUSION: The prognostic information that we gathered from an unselected group of critically ill elderly patients is useful. The GHDU achieved treatment results similar to those achieved by an ICU and is therefore seen as an innovative way of treating critically ill elderly patients. High-dependency care for the elderly patient is worthwhile.

APACHE↗
PubMed1997

Home environment and cognitive abilities in infants born small-for-gestational-age.

BACKGROUND: In the present study we analyzed the relationship between home environment and cognitive abilities in small-for-gestational-age infants. METHOD: A group of 142 small-for-gestational-age infants and a control group of 172 appropriate-for-gestational-age infants were tested on the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence at 7 months. The Home Screening Questionnaire was completed by the mothers when their infants were 13 months. RESULTS: The group of small-for-gestational age infants had significantly lower scores on both the Fagan test (p < 0.05) and on the Home Screening Questionnaire (p < 0.01). A significant relation between the Fagan test score and the home score was found for the small-for-gestational-age group (p < 0.05). When the home score was controlled for, the difference in mean Fagan score between the two groups of infants disappeared. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that small-for-gestational-age infants may be more vulnerable to adverse social conditions that infants born with a normal birthweight for gestational age. Results also suggest that cognitive impairments among small-for-gestational-age infants may be an effect of their social environments and their parents' general intelligence. Possible physical and neurological effects of intrauterine growth retardation may be less important for cognitive functioning.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2004

[Female depression viewed from women's subjectivity].

The aim of the study was to explore the way in which depression in women is conceptualized, experienced, and given meaning from the perspective of the women themselves, based on a review of text material on the subject. The focus group technique was used to present the text, which deals with depression, its causes, and coping strategies. Twenty-seven women, divided into four groups, participated in the study. Analyses of the transcriptions of self-recordings led to the identification of four categories: the experience of depression, childhood experiences, the female social condition, and coping strategies. The majority mentioned having had bouts of depression in their lives, although they had not recognized them as such. They were aware of the role played by socialization of the female role and certain childhood events in the emergence of depression and used various strategies to cope with this. The women found similarities between the ways they perceived depression and the descriptions in the text, and shared their own experiences. Depression was reported as a central theme in their lives, and they were eager to talk about it.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Social stress in laboratory rats: hormonal responses and immune cell distribution.

Previous experiments with chronically coexisting groups of Long-Evans rats indicated differences in many aspects of blood cellular immunity between winner and loser rats. The present study investigated the specific hormonal response patterns of winners and losers in relation to changes in numbers of blood immune cells. At the beginning of a 7 day period of chronic confrontation, a partition wall was removed between two neighboring rat groups, each containing a male-female pair. Fights for dominance between the males resulted in fast establishment of stable dominance relationships. At day 7 of the confrontation, winner males showed stable concentrations of CBG (corticosteroid-binding globulin) and even reduced titers of total CORT (corticosterone). In contrast, a marked decrease in CBG and unaffected total CORT concentrations were determined in loser males. Increased norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) titers were evident only in losers. In addition, reduced testosterone titers were observed in the bitten loser male subgroup. All male subgroups lost body mass with most pronounced reductions in loser males. Confrontation caused a marked granulocytosis, especially in loser males. NE concentrations in loser males correlated with the percentage of granulocytes. Numbers of CD4 T-cells were lowered in all loser males and in non-biting winners. In not-bitten losers also a reduced number of CD8 T-cells was determined. Interestingly, higher pre-confrontational NE titers were detected in future bitten loser and future biting winner males relatively to not-bitten losers and non-biting winners. The present report indicates that differential hormonal response patterns may play an important role in some of the immunological differences observed between winner and loser males under stressful social conditions.

Aggression↗
PubMed2002

Factor structure of the School Well-being Model.

The aim of this study was to confirm empirically the factor structure of the School Well-being Model. In this Model well-being was divided into school conditions, social relationships, means for self-fulfillment and health status. Data for this study were collected by the School Health Promotion Survey in Finland with 40147 respondents from Grades 8 and 9. The 43 variables from the Survey were fitted into the School Well-being Model using confirmatory factor analysis. The Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) for the four-factor model was 0.93 and GFI Adjusted for Degrees of Freedom was 0.93. The correlations between factors varied from 0.30 to 0.78 and internal consistencies (Cronbach's alphas) from 0.62 to 0.84. The categories school conditions and health status had a good variety of variables. However, the social relationships and the means for self-fulfillment categories would have benefited from additional questions. The School Well-being Model can be utilized to construct school well-being profiles both for groups of pupils and for schools as a whole. The school well-being profile could highlight the area or areas in which schools could make improvements in order to promote the well-being of its pupils.

Adolescent↗