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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Sensation seeking, risky driving and behavioral adaptation.

A study on the relationship between sensation seeking (SS) and risky driving, aggressive driving and behavioral adaptation is reported on. College students completed a questionnaire concerning their driving behavior and level of sensation seeking. Results indicated that high SS's were significantly more likely than low SS's to speed, not wear belts, drink frequently, drive after drinking, perceive a low risk of detection for impaired driving, and perceive that they could drink more beer before being impaired. High SS's were also more likely to report aggressive driving habits. High SS's were significantly more likely than low SS's to say that they would drive faster on highways and on wet roads and drive after drinking, if operating a vehicle equipped with anti-lock brakes. The results are consistent with previous research.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1986

Delayed rectal sensation with fecal incontinence. Successful treatment using anorectal manometry.

Retraining of the external sphincter response to rectal distention and improving the sensory threshold to balloon distention is documented as effective treatment for fecal incontinence in selected patients. Using anorectal manometric techniques, delayed conscious rectal sensation was demonstrated in 28% of 46 consecutive patients referred for fecal incontinence. In patients with delayed recognition of balloon distention, conscious rectal sensation seemed to correlate with a consistent level of internal sphincter relaxation rather than the primary stimulus of balloon distention of the rectum. Anorectal retraining techniques resulted in correction of sensory delay of 2-22 s, elimination of fecal incontinence, and improved sensory threshold in 10 of 13 patients. This previously unreported sensory abnormality represents a treatable manometric abnormality identified by anorectal motility in patients with fecal incontinence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The character and consequences of disturbing sound sensations in retraction type middle ear disease.

OBJECTIVE: Transient sound disturbances are common but neglected symptoms in retraction type middle ear disease (R-MED). The aim of this study was to explore and describe their character, their individual consequences, and their role in the development of tympanic membrane retractions. METHODS: Fifty-three subjects with manifest retractions and experiences of disturbing sound and ear sensations were interviewed. A qualitative method was used for analysis of the transcribed interviews. RESULTS: Two different patterns emerged from the interviews. 1. Too weak sound was the least common and most tolerable disturbance. It occurred in 45% and was eliminated by Valsalva's inflation. 2. Sudden and transient sensations of too loud and piercing sound, and intermittent autophony frequently caused intense and intolerable discomfort, which might in turn cause loss of control of speech and conversation. These types occurred in 74% and 60%, respectively, and were eliminated by evacuating the middle ear, for example by sniffing. Subjects who described too loud sound or intermittent autophony commonly preferred a retracted tympanic membrane position. This may explain why pressure equalization by swallowing, and inflation by Valsalva's manoeuvre often elicited discomfort. CONCLUSIONS: Transient experiences of too loud sound or intermittent autophony may indicate a shift of sound preference towards the sound experienced at negative middle ear pressure, and an unreliable tubal function in the sense that it fails to stay closed to protect the ear from sounds and pressure variations in the nasopharynx. Such experiences of altered sound may trigger evacuation of the middle ear, which eliminates the sound disturbance. It is crucial to identify, interpret, and explain the disturbances correctly in the therapy and prevention of retractions, since habitual evacuation exposes the tympanic membrane to strong negative pressure loads and a subsequent risk of developing retraction.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Evoked potentials and pain. II. Comparative study of subjective sensations, late components of the cortical potentials and afferent volleys].

The subjective sensations and late components of the cortical somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) have been correlatively studied when elicited by stimulation parameters which were selected in order to activate selectively, either the largest afferent fibers (train of shocks of 10 mA, with a 0.05-0.2 msec duration for each shock) or the several groups of fibers (A alpha beta; A delta and C) of the cutaneous branches of the median nerve (single shock, 1 msec duration; 20 mA). In both cases, a good correlation was found between the quality and intensity of sensations and the amplitude of the late component N150-P220-N400 of the SEP. However, it was also found that this relationship was not linear and suggested that it is possible to saturate the cortical integrative system responsible for the SEP. A selective blockage of the largest fibers (compression) or of the finest ones (lidocaine) have shown that there is no specific involvement of a particular type of peripheral fiber in the genesis of the N150-P220-N400 components. Moreover, these late components could also be recorded with similar latencies when cutaneous stimulations were applied in any part of the body.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

In vitro percutaneous penetration of topically applied capsaicin in relation to in vivo sensation responses.

Capsaicin, the primary pungent element in several spices, elicits a variety of physiological effects which are due to neurogenic responses. The aim of the study was to explore the in vivo sensation responses of capsaicin and to compare the results with the in vitro percutaneous absorption of the substance. The overall objectives were to determining an in vitro-in vivo correlation for capsaicin. Capsaicin was applied in a chamber on the volar forearm of twelve volunteers and in a flow-through diffusion chamber on excised human epidermal membranes. Topical administration of capsaicin produced a complex cutaneous sensation that changed in intensity and quality as a function of time and was characterized by sting, prick, burn and pain. Percutaneous steady-state penetrations of capsaicin with a receptor fluid consisting either of 4% bovine serum albumin in phosphate buffered saline or 50% ethanol in water were 28.2+/-2.7 and 29.6+/-2.9 microg/cm(2) per h, respectively. The corresponding cumulative penetrated amounts of capsaicin after 30 min were 14. 7+/-1.7 and 19.2+/-2.1 microg/cm(2), respectively. The present investigation indicates that there is a good correlation between in vivo physiological responses and in vitro percutaneous penetration of topically applied capsaicin.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1987

[Sensitivity: physiology, examination, principles of rehabilitation of sensation].

This is the text of a lecture devoted to the physiology of sensibility studied in the recent publications. The author describes successively the role of the peripheral receptors, clinical and electrophysiological assessment of sensibility, central mechanism of sensation, sequential recovery or sensibility after peripheral nerve lesion, rational basis for reeducation of sensation.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Corneal sensation after small incision, sutureless, one-handed phacoemulsification.

Corneal sensitivity was measured in 60 eyes preoperatively and at one day, one week, and one month after small incision, sutureless, one-handed phacoemulsification performed by the same surgeon using the same technique. Corneal sensation remained normal at the center and the 3, 6, and 9 o'clock positions. Decreased corneal sensation was found over the width of the scleral tunnel incision at the limbus, extending in a wedge-shaped sector not encompassing the central cornea.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of wrist position on testing light touch sensation using the Semmes-Weinstein pressure aesthesiometer: a preliminary study.

The objective of the study was to determine the normative values for light touch sensation measured by the Semmes-Weinstein pressure aesthesiometer when the wrist is held in the maximal flexed position and when the wrist is held in the maximal extended position. Currently, normative values exist only for measurements taken when the wrist is held in a neutral position. Thirty-one subjects with no previous hand injury or pathology participated in this preliminary study. Each subject served as his or her own control; i.e., each finger with the wrist in a neutral position served as the control for the same finger when the wrist was positioned in maximal flexion and then in maximal extension. The neutral position was used as the control, because normative values already exist for that position. The results revealed no consistent differences between measurements taken when the wrist was held in a neutral position and those taken with the wrist held in the maximal, or complete, flexed or extended position. This suggests that any difference in sensation found when hands are placed in a provocative position--i.e., when wrists are flexed or extended rather than placed in a neutral resting position--may be due to pathology and not to position.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Cardiorespiratory variables and sensation during stimulation of the left vagus in patients with epilepsy.

We studied physiological and sensory effects of left cervical vagal stimulation in six adult patients receiving this stimulation as adjunctive therapy for intractable epilepsy. Stimulus strength varied among subjects from 0.1 to 2.1 microCoulomb (microC) per pulse, delivered in trains of 30-45 s at frequencies from 20 to 30 Hz; these stimulation parameters were standard in a North American study. The stimulation produced no systematic changes in ECG, arterial pressure, breathing frequency tidal volume or end-expiratory volume. Five subjects experienced hoarseness during stimulation. Three subjects with high stimulus strength (0.9-2.1 microC) recalled shortness of breath during stimulation when exercising; these sensations were seldom present during stimulation at rest. No subjects reported the thoracic burning sensation or cough previously reported with chemical stimulation of pulmonary C fibers. Four of six subjects (all those receiving stimuli at or above 0.6 microC) experienced a substantial reduction in monthly seizure occurrence at the settings used in our studies. Although animal models of epilepsy suggest that C fibers are the most important fibers mediating the anti-seizure effect of vagal stimulation, our present findings suggest that the therapeutic stimulus activated A fibers (evidenced by laryngeal effects) but was not strong enough to activate B or C fibers.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Dizziness and panic in China: associated sensations of zang fu organ disequilibrium.

In China, distress is commonly experienced as dizziness that can develop into acute episodes resembling Western panic attacks. These distressing sensations occur in a unique cultural context with a distinctive set of associated symptoms, beliefs and purported etiologies. The experience of illness is informed by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), an indigenous theory that elaborates a system of organ functioning called zang fi. Depending on the implicated zang fi organ disequilibrium, dizziness and panic present with a specific constellation of associated physical and mental symptoms. This paper presents a clinical survey of psychiatric disorders that demonstrates dizziness to be characteristic of Chinese anxiety states, most particularly panic. Three specific cases of dizziness-focused panic ascribed to different states of zangfu disequilibrium are described. In a typical pattern, initial dizziness and associated symptoms intensify until they generalize into panic attacks. The degree of dizziness and panic corresponds to the state of disequilibrium of the zang fu organ system as well as instability of the social, interpersonal and environmental context of the patient. This paper elucidates the dynamic interpretants of dizziness in the Chinese context to contribute to a medical anthropology of this sensation.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Globus sensation is associated with hypertensive upper esophageal sphincter but not with gastroesophageal reflux.

Globus sensation (globus) is best described as a constant feeling of a lump or fullness in the throat. Although the etiology of globus remains unclear, it has been attributed to a hypertensive upper esophageal sphincter (UES) resting pressure and to gastroesophageal reflux (GER). The aim of this study was, therefore, to determine if significant associations existed among globus, UES resting pressure, and GER. We reviewed the records of all patients who had stationary esophageal manometry over a 21/2-year interval with specific attention to symptoms of globus, UES pressures, and ambulatory pH studies. Patients with hypotensive UES (<30 mm Hg) were excluded. Chi square (chi2) test was used to determine significant associations. Six hundred fifty patients had normal UES resting pressures and 101 patients had hypertensive UES (>118 mm Hg). Seventeen of the 650 (3%) (16 women/1 man; mean age: 48, range 32-81 years) with normal UES described globus. Conversely, 28 of the 101 (28%) (15 women/13 men; mean age: 43, range 23-61 years) patients with hypertensive UES described globus. There was a significant association between hypertonicity of the UES and globus (chi2=93.42, P < 0.0001). In patients with normal UES, globus occurred predominantly in females (chi2=6.33, P < 0.01). Twenty-three (16 women/7 men; mean age: 43, range 23-60 years) of the 45 patients with globus had prior ambulatory pH studies. Six of 23 (26%) had GER. Compared to an age-, sex-, and UES-pressure-matched group of 23 patients (16 women/7 men; mean age: 44, range 22-75 years) without globus, nine (39%) had GER, thus showing no significant association of globus with GER (P=0.35). There also was no significant association of GER with normal UES or with hypertensive UES in these patients. In conclusion, there is a significant association between hypertensive UES and globus. The data suggest two possible etiologies: female patients with normal UES pressure potentially having increased afferent sensation and a group with equal sex distribution but abnormally elevated UES resting pressure. This study does not support GER as an etiology of globus.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Spatio-temporal properties of the pattern of evoked phantom sensations in a left index amputee patient.

In a left index finger amputee, appropriate stimulation of skin areas of the remnant left fingers or left lower face evoked veridical sensations as well as sensations localized to the phantom finger. Five months after the amputation, there was a systematic correspondence between positions of digital and facial stimuli and positions of stimuli felt on the phantom. More than 3 years after the amputation, orderly maps of the phantom index on the ipsilateral fingers were still detected. By contrast, poorly organized facial maps were present only contralaterally to the amputation. The maps on the remnant fingers are likely to acquire stability because they are systematically activated during manipulations performed with the mutilated hand. The disorganization of facial maps may be related to their irrelevance for behavioral control in everyday life conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Physiological variations in blood glucose concentration affect oesophageal motility and sensation in normal subjects.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: A marked elevation in the blood glucose concentration (approximately 15 mmol L-1) slows oesophageal peristalsis. Recent studies indicate that changes in blood glucose within the normal postprandial range affect gastric motility and emptying. The aim of this study was to investigate whether such alterations in blood glucose also affect oesophageal motility. METHODS: In eight healthy subjects oesophageal motility and sensation to balloon distension were measured on two separate days while blood glucose concentrations were stabilized with an insulin-glucose clamp at 4 mmol L-1 and 8 mmol L-1. RESULTS: Peristaltic velocity in the proximal oesophagus and over the oesophagus as a whole was faster at a plasma glucose concentration of 8 mmol L-1 compared with those at 4 mmol L-1 (proximal 3.3 +/- 0.3 cm s-1 vs 2.6 +/- 0.2 cm s-1, P < 0.05, total 3.1 +/- 0.2 cm s-1 vs 2.7 +/- 0.2 cm s-1, P < 0.005) but there were no differences in wave amplitude or duration, or basal lower oesophageal sphincter pressure (LOSP). The threshold for initial perception of oesophageal distension was lower at a plasma glucose of 8 mmol L-1 (2.9 +/- 0.5 mL vs 4.9 +/- 1.0 mL, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: physiological variations in plasma glucose concentration influence oesophageal motility and sensation. These observations suggest that in order to minimize effects of varying plasma glucose levels on oesophageal motility, manometry should be performed under the same fasting or fed conditions when oesophageal motor function is evaluated.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Clinical examination for the detection of protective sensation in the feet of diabetic patients. International Cooperative Group for Clinical Examination Research.

OBJECTIVE: We compared the reproducibility and accuracy of conventional clinical examination of the diabetic foot to monofilament examination. We also sought to simplify the monofilament examination by reducing it to fewer touch points. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study at 10 centers in the United States, Canada, and Switzerland, general internists and residents performed a structured history and physical examination for neuropathy on the feet of diabetic patients. Independent examination by two observers included monofilament sensation, pinprick, vibration, position sense, and ankle reflexes. MAIN RESULTS: A total of 304 patients were examined by at least one practitioner, and 200 received duplicate examinations. Monofilament examination and ankle reflexes had the best reproducibility, with moderate agreement (kappa = 0.59); pinprick, position, and vibration sense had fair agreement (kappa = 0.28-0.36). No component of the history or physical examination, singly or in aggregate, was both sensitive and specific for identifying a patient with an abnormal monofilament examination. A simplified monofilament examination using only 4 sites per foot (total 8 sites) detected 90% of patients with an abnormal 16-site monofilament evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Conventional clinical examination had low reproducibility and correlated poorly with monofilament examination for the identification of the at-risk patient. The Semmes-Weinstein monofilament examination, a reproducible, valid, and generalizable test of foot sensation, is recommended as the screening procedure of choice for examining diabetic feet.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Breast sensation after superior pedicle versus inferior pedicle mammaplasty: anatomical and histological evaluation.

Despite contradictory information about the course and distribution of the nerves supplying the breast, surgical techniques using an inferior pedicle have been recommended over those using a superior pedicle for preserving the nipple-areolar sensation after surgery. This anatomical study was designed to quantify the nerve branches preserved in inferior and superior pedicles after reduction mammaplasty performed on cadavers. Reduction mammaplasty was done on four fresh cadavers (within 48h of death) using a superior pedicle on the right and an inferior pedicle on the left in a standard way. The pedicle was cut at its base and then fixed in formalin. The base was divided in biopsy specimens and embedded in paraffin. The nerves were quantified and located in each pedicle with haematoxylin-eosin stain and light-microscopic evaluation. Histological evaluation of the pedicles showed the presence of a variable number of nerves (between one and seven) within two superior pedicles and three inferior pedicles. The nerves were located in fibrous tissue and accompanied by vessels in most cases. The nerves were always found superficially and were most likely to be located in the central part of the pedicle. Our results showed that including the nerves within the pedicle is technically uncertain regardless of the mammaplasty technique used. The final recovery of sensation in the breast after mammaplasty seems to result from the regeneration of severed cutaneous nerve branches or the remaining cutaneous innervation rather than the preserved adjacent cutaneous branches.

Biopsy↗
PubMed2000

Sensory reconstruction in sensate radial forearm flap transfer.

The authors treated 14 patients (13 men and one woman), using a sensate radial forearm flap. Their ages at operation ranged from 27 to 67 years (mean: 52 years). Preoperative conditions were amputations in 10 cases, degloving injury in three, and crush injury in one. Reconstructive sites involved the thumb in nine cases, the mitten-like hand in two, the index finger in one, the ring and small finger in one, and the palm in one. In all cases, the radial forearm flap, including the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve, was harvested. Sensory evaluation was performed using the moving two-point discrimination test (m-2PD). Sensation in the mid-palmar area of 50 forearms was examined in 25 healthy adult volunteers as a control group. Follow-up periods ranged from 12 to 87 months (mean: 39.6 months). The mean m-2PD of the 14 sensory flaps was 13.2 mm, and the mean of 50 forearms in the control group was 18.08 mm. A statistically significant difference was demonstrated between the sensory flaps and the 50 forearms of the control group. The mean m-2PD was much more sensitive in the innervated radial forearm flaps than in the donor forearm. The results suggested that sensory return in the innervated flaps is influenced not by the donor nerve in the flaps, but by the recipient digital nerve.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Sensate myocutaneous latissimus dorsi flap.

A case using a sensate myocutaneous latissimus dorsi flap for oral defect reconstruction is reported. Preparation of the cutaneous branches of a latissimus dorsi autologous transfer and their subsequent anastomoses with sensitive nerves at the recipient site resulted in superficial and deep sensibility of the transfer, following a short rehabilitation period. As early as 4 months postoperatively, pain and pressure sensations could be evoked in the flap. Sharp and blunt discrimination and sense of vibration were found 6 months postoperatively. Nine months postoperatively, caloric differentiation could be elicited.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Impaired pressure sensation in mice lacking TRPV4.

The sensation of pressure, mechanosensation, in vertebrates remains poorly understood on the molecular level. The ion channel TRPV4 is in the TRP family and is a candidate for a mechanosensitive calcium-permeable channel. It is located in dorsal root ganglia. In the present study, we show that disrupting the Trpv4 gene in mice markedly reduced the sensitivity of the tail to pressure and acidic nociception. The threshold to noxious stimuli and the conduction velocity of myelinated nerve responding to stimuli were also impaired. Activation of unmyelinated nerve was undetected. However, the mouse still retained olfaction, taste sensation, and heat avoidance. The TRPV4 channel expressed in vitro in Chinese hamster ovary cells was opened by low pH, citrate, and inflation but not by heat or capsaicin. These data identify the TRPV4 channel as essential for the normal detection of pressure and as a receptor of the high-threshold mechanosensory complex.

Animals↗