Rejected asylum seekers: the problem of return.
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Demography↗
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Causes of physician migration: responses of Iranian physicians in the United States.
Each of the 2,270 Iranian physicians listed by the American Medical Association as residing in the United States in 1973 was sent a questionnaire in which he was asked whether or not he intended to return to Iran, his reasons for not returning if he did not intend to return and other questions concerning his history and present status. A total 760 questionnaires were returned. The results indicated that age, level of training, martial status, and previous practice in Iran were all related to intention to return, although whether or not the physician had returned to Iran on a visit was not an important factor. The most frequently cited reasons for not returning were professional reasons, particularly lack of medical facilities and equipment in Iran.
Age Factors↗
Repair and healing of established gastric mucosal injury.
Superficial injury of the gastric mucosa, such as occurs after ethanol or aspirin ingestion, is usually resurfaced in 1 or 2 h. This is accomplished by rapid migration of surface mucous cells to cover the defect, followed by a later increase in cellular proliferation to restore the pits to their original length. This rapid restitution has been documented with electron microscopy, and is also reflected in the speedy return to baseline of the transmucosal potential difference and ionic barrier function after superficial injury. Deeper mucosal injury--which occurs focally after injury by aspirin, other NSAIDs, and restraint stress--is evident as macroscopically visible erosions. These heal more slowly, and are resurfaced after several hours with apparently undifferentiated cells. These are probably derived from surviving surface mucous cells that rapidly dedifferentiate. Cell proliferation peaks after about 12 h, but too late to contribute to the resurfacing process. Specialized cells reappear 1 or 2 days later, and glandular remodeling is needed in the deeper lesions. Ulcers heal by processes analogous to the deeper erosions, but the time needed is much longer (weeks). Additional tasks are the re-formation of the muscularis mucosae, and the creation of pits and glands from the initially single sheet of migrating cells.
Animals↗
Binding of urokinase-type plasminogen activator to its receptor in MCF-7 cells activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 which is required for increased cellular motility.
Binding of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) to its receptor, uPAR, regulates cellular adhesion, migration, and tumor cell invasion. Some of these activities may reflect the ability of uPAR to initiate signal transduction even though this receptor is linked to the plasma membrane only by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. In this study, we demonstrated that single-chain uPA activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and ERK2 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Phosphorylation of ERK1 and ERK2 was increased 1 min after adding uPA and returned to baseline levels by 5 min. The amino-terminal fragment (ATF) of uPA, which binds to uPAR but lacks proteinase activity, also activated ERK1 and ERK2. Responses to uPA and ATF were eliminated when the cells were pretreated with PD098059, an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase. uPA and ATF promoted the migration of MCF-7 cells across serum-coated Transwell membranes in vitro. Migration was increased 2.1 +/- 0.4-fold when uPA was added to the top chamber, 4. 8 +/- 0.8-fold when uPA was added to the bottom chamber, and 7.7 +/- 1.0-fold when uPA was added to both chambers. MCF-7 cells that were pulse-exposed to uPA for 30 min, and then washed to remove unbound ligand, demonstrated increased motility even though migration was allowed to occur for 24 h. PD098059 completely neutralized the effects of uPA on MCF-7 cellular motility, irrespective of whether the uPA was present for the entire motility assay or administered by pulse-exposure. These results demonstrate a novel, receptor-dependent signaling activity which is required for uPA-stimulated breast cancer cell migration.
Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases↗
Scrotal migration of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt: report of a case.
A seven-month-old male infant developed a hydrocele four weeks after the surgical insertion of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt. The shunt tip in the scrotum was palpable, visible on transillumination, and evident on abdominal X ray. The hydrocele persisted after the surgical repositioning of the shunt tip via a reopening of the abdominal wound. The shunt tip returned to the scrotum one week later, supporting the theory that a flow of cerebrospinal fluid into the patent processus vaginalis creates a trough effect, thus drawing the mobile shunt tip into the center of the trough. After an inguinal herniotomy and the reduction of the shunt tip, the hydrocele subsided.
Catheters, Indwelling↗
The effects of complement activation by cobra venom factor on the migration of T and B lymphocytes into rat thoracic duct lymph.
Experiments were done to see whether C3 or C3-split products are involved in lymphocyte recirculation, with particular reference to B lymphocytes which have C3b receptors. Rats were injected with cobra venom factor (CVF), and the output of subclasses of lymphocytes was measured in thoracic duct lymph in hourly collections during the subsequent 24 h. During the period of acute C3 activation which lasted for 2-8 h, the output of lymphocytes decreased by 47%, but returned to normal at later times, when C3 levels were reduced to less than 20% normal. There was no effect on the output of C3b receptor lymphocytes, and this receptor was not blocked probably because initial C3 levels in lymph were only 13% of blood levels, so that only small amounts of C3b were generated in lymph. When these lymphocytes were labelled and injected i.v. they migrated with the slow rate which is characteristic of normal B lymphocytes. The main effect of CVF was to reduce the output of T lymphocytes by 58% during the phase of acute C3 activation. When normal thoracic duct lymphocytes were labelled and injected, their rate of reappearance in thoracic duct lymph was only reduced during this phase. It was concluded that recirculation of lymphocytes is not C3 dependent, and that insufficient C3b is generated in lymphoid tissues to block C3b receptors on B lymphocytes during periods of rapid C3 activation. However the migratory rate of T lymphocytes through these tissues is reduced during this period, and it is suggested that this may be due to an effect of C3 split products on macrophages which lie along T-lymphocyte traffic routes.
Animals↗
Temporal relationships between leukocytes, IL-5 and IL-8 in guinea pig lungs, plasma cortisol and airway function after antigen challenge.
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: The aim was to determine the time courses for the changes in airway function, airway reactivity, influx of inflammatory cells and levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-8 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and the plasma levels of cortisol and ACTH after antigen challenge to determine whether a temporal link could be established between these events. METHODS: Airway function was measured as specific airway conductance (sGsw) in conscious ovalbumin (OvA)-sensitized guinea pigs using whole body plethysmography at intervals after an inhalation challenge with ovalbumin (0.5% for 10 min). Airway responses to the inhaled spasmogen, U46619 (30 ng/ml, 60 s), were measured at 3, 6 and 24 h after challenge. In separate animals, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained after anaesthetic overdose either before challenge or at 1, 3, 6, 12, or 24 h after OvA challenge. Total and differential cell counts of eosinophils and neutrophils were performed on BALF and levels of IL-5 and IL-8 determined by scintillation proximity assays and ELISA, respectively. Plasma cortisol and ACTH levels were determined by RIA kits in blood removed by cardiac puncture at intervals after challenge. RESULTS: An early phase bronchoconstriction occurred which resolved by 3 h and was followed by a late phase between 17 and 24 h. Airway hyperresponsiveness to inhaled U46619, was evident at 3, 6 and 24 h after antigen challenge. Increased IL-5[BALF] was observed by 60 min post challenge implicating a performed storage site. In contrast, IL-8[BALF] was not raised until 3 h post challenge. There was a significant infiltration of neutrophils and eosinophils by 3 and 6 h, respectively. IL-5[BALF] further increased up to 24 h, during the appearance of the late phase of bronchoconstriction and whilst eosinophilia was maximal. Plasma cortisol levels were increased 1 and 3 hours after antigen challenge, thereafter returning to baseline levels. CONCLUSIONS: The hyperresponsiveness appears to be dissociated from the appearance of eosinophils in lavage fluid. The early appearance of IL-5, however, could be a trigger for the migration of eosinophils and development of hyper-responsiveness. The increased plasma cortisol levels occurring after antigen challenge were presumably due to the stress involved and these would be expected to exert an endogenous anti-inflammatory effect.
15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5↗
Migration and maternal health services utilization in rural Guatemala.
This article examines the relationship between migration and the use of formal maternal health-care services among rural women in Guatemala. We identify assimilation, diffusion, and remittances as three potential pathways through which migration can affect health-care service utilization in rural areas. Using data from the 1995 Guatemalan Survey of Family Health and multi-level regression models, we estimate the impact of migration experience at the individual, household, and community level on the use of formal prenatal care and delivery assistance. We find that urban migration experience and having relatives abroad are associated with a greater likelihood of formal prenatal care utilization, after taking account of background characteristics and enabling resources. Migration experience at all levels is also strongly associated with formal delivery assistance; however, this association operates primarily through the positive association between migration and enabling resources. The differential effects of out-migration on maternal health-care service utilization reflect the different barriers to service use that exist for formal prenatal care and delivery assistance. Financial cost and geographic access are the most important barriers to formal delivery assistance, whereas awareness and acceptance remain as important barriers to the use of formal prenatal care in rural Guatemala. Urban migration experience and social ties to urban and international migrants lower the barriers to formal maternal health-care utilization through the acquisition and diffusion of new ideas and practices, and the return flow of financial resources.
Adolescent↗
Expression of endogenous transforming growth factor-beta and its type I and type II receptors in rat burn wounds.
Transforming growth factor-beta is a potent regulator of numerous processes in wound healing. These biological activities require the interaction of the growth factor with two classes of cell surface receptors, namely the type I and type II receptors. To understand the role of transforming growth factor-beta in burn wound healing, we undertook a study to localize this growth factor and its cell surface receptors within dermal burn wounds. Partial-thickness burn injuries were made on the backs of Wistar rats. At 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, and 20 days after burning, samples of wounded and control skin were removed for the isolation of total RNA and immunohistochemistry. Thermal injury induced the expression of mRNA for transforming growth factor-beta and both type I and type II receptors. The expression of transforming growth factor-beta peaked 5 to 7 days after injury, then gradually declined. Of note, the expression of the transforming growth factor-beta receptors returned to normal before the expression of the growth factor. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that transforming growth factor-beta protein levels paralleled mRNA expression, and the protein was primarily localized to the migrating epidermal cells and dermal fibroblasts. The differences between the expression of transforming growth factor-beta and its receptors in the later stages of healing thermal injuries suggests the presence of a well-controlled mechanism to limit the effect of the growth factor on repair cells.
Journal Article↗
Hybrid approaches to thoracic aortic aneurysms: the role of endovascular elephant trunk completion.
BACKGROUND: Thoracic aortic aneurysm affecting the arch and proximal descending thoracic aorta requires 2-stage repairs that include proximal elephant trunk graft placement and completion of thoracic or thoracoabdominal repair. The application of endovascular grafting to complete the proximal procedure avoids a thoracotomy and may improve the morbidity and mortality of the patient population at risk. METHODS AND RESULTS: A retrospective review of 399 thoracic endovascular grafts at our institution between 2000 and 2004 identified 22 patients who required elephant trunk and endovascular completion. Three patients underwent mesenteric bypass in addition to their proximal repairs. Mean follow-up was 10 months (range 1 to 42 months); there were no ruptures, and all patients returned for follow-up. Technical success was achieved in all patients. The 1-, 12-, and 24-month mortality rates (by Kaplan-Meier analysis) were 4.5%, 15.8%, and 15.8%, respectively. Caudal migration of the endograft occurred in 1 patient, and all but 2 aneurysms decreased or remained stable in size. The 2 patients with growth included a type III endoleak (which resolved after treatment) and pressurization through an expanded PTFE stentgraft. Three cases of transient paraparesis occurred (all in patients requiring mesenteric bypass or abdominal aortic aneurysm repair), and there were no paraplegias or strokes. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular completion of elephant trunks is feasible and can be accomplished with minimal mortality. Meticulous imaging follow-up is required to detect persistent aneurysm pressurization and to verify the integrity of the repair. Improvements in implant design and delivery systems will further simplify the second-stage portion of these complex aneurysm repairs.
Aorta, Thoracic↗
Dynamics of multi-drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum in Thailand.
Since the initial report of resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine in 1960 in the Thai-Cambodian border resistance to alternative drugs occurred early after their introduction. This development is considered to be the result of population migration and excessive drug pressure along with the presence of a multi-resistance gene within the parasite population. Multi-resistant strains as such have been disseminated throughout the country by returning migrant populations.
Animals↗
Splenic accumulation of stromal progenitor cells in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharides.
An analysis was made of fibroblastoid colony-forming units (CFUF) in spleens of mice treated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Increased CFUF numbers were observed on days 2, 3 and 4 after treatment with 10, 30 and 100 micrograms of LPS. The splenic CFUF accumulation occurred at the same time as spleen hemopoiesis increased, however, the CFUF returned to normal and subnormal numbers on day 5, while the spleen cellularity was still elevated on day 21 after LPS treatment. The mechanism of splenic CFUF accumulation appeared to involve CFUF migration via the blood from other sites of hemopoiesis rather than increased CFUF plating efficiency in vitro or enhanced CFUF proliferation. The results suggest a relationship between the LPS-induced fibroblastoid progenitor cell increase and a requirement for splenic microenvironments to support LPS-induced hemopoiesis.
Animals↗
International labour migration and uneven regional development in labour exporting countries.
"International labour migration involves 20 million workers from 'middle income' and 'Third World' countries. The article reviews both theoretical propositions and empirical evidence on its effects on regional disparities in labour exporting countries. It shows the variety of ways in which the departure of emigrants affects the uneven development of rural and urban areas there by changing the volume and nature of production as well as welfare conditions. Regional patterns of production and welfare are further modified by the impact of emigrants' remittances and their eventual return."
Demography↗
Earnings differentials among nonmigrants, return migrants, and nonreturn migrants.
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Americas↗
Marriage migration, a neglected form of long-term mobility: a case study from Ilorin, Nigeria.
"This article examines the evidence for and possible significance of marriage migration in and around the city of Ilorin, the capital of Kwara State, Nigeria, which has a population of about 400,000." The study "reveals a movement of rural women to marry into wealthy polygymous compounds in the city and the return of some of these women to their rural natal compounds later in life. This movement may be an explanation for the high proportion of women in indigenous towns, and perhaps also in some newer medium-sized settlements. It can also be seen as a reflection of the unequal and exploitive relationship between the towns and their rural hinterland."
Africa↗
Effect of opiates on gastroduodenal motility following surgical operation.
Following surgical operations, opiate analgesics are widely used to control pain. This situation was used to investigate patterns of human gastroduodenal motility and the effect of opiate analgesics on this motility during the early postoperative period. Gastric contractions were absent for 6--12 hr following surgery in most patients, while there was no inhibition of duodenal contractions in any patient. Opiate administration had no effect on either the time of return of gastric contractions or on gastric motility once contractions had returned during the period of study. Duodenal contractility, however, was markedly increased by opiate administration (P less than 0.001) and took the form of frequent bursts of phase III activity of the interdigestive migrating complex (IDMC), but with a reduction in the proportion of phase II activity.
Cholecystectomy↗
Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in corneal cells after photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis in rabbits.
PURPOSE: To compare the expression pattern of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in rabbit corneal cells after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) with the same refractive correction. SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan. METHODS: Thirty adult albino rabbits were used in the study. Photorefractive keratectomy or LASIK was performed in 1 eye of each animal for the same refractive correction. Each animal was killed after healing intervals up to 6 months. Paraffin sections of the cornea were processed for immunohistochemistry for COX-2 and NFkappaB (p65). RESULTS: After PRK, the central and peripheral corneal epithelia up-regulated COX-2 at 3 days; the central epithelium was positive at 4 weeks. Central and peripheral epithelia returned to negative 3 months later. After LASIK, the central epithelium on the corneal flap up-regulated COX-2 at 1 and 2 weeks; it returned to negative at 4 weeks. The peripheral epithelium was labeled with the antibody. Keratocytes around the stromal incision between the flap and the stromal bed up-regulated COX-2 and returned to negative at 3 months. COX-1 was not detected immunohistochemically in corneal tissue during the healing intervals after both procedures. Nuclear factor kappaB was detected in the cytoplasm and nuclei of migrating corneal epithelial cells 1 day after PRK, was positive in the cytoplasm at 3 days and negative in cytoplasm and nuclei at week and later. CONCLUSIONS: Migrating injured epithelium expressed COX-2 until week 4 during post-PRK healing. Central uninjured epithelium as well as stromal keratocytes expressed COX-2 from 3 days to 2 weeks after LASIK. Uninjured peripheral epithelium also expressed COX-2 at 4 weeks. Activation of stromal keratocytes may induce expression of COX-2 in overlying uninjured epithelium via the inflammatory cytokine(s)/NFkappaB pathway.
Animals↗
Late arthroscopic debridement of metal fragments and synovectomy after penetrating knee joint injury by low-velocity missile: a report of two cases.
Retained metal debris from intraarticular missile injury to the knee may produce mechanical symptoms and synovitis. Arthroscopic debridement and thorough synovectomy can relieve symptoms and allow early return of function.
Adult↗