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PubMed2005

Effects of using retention-pond water for dust abatement on performance of feedlot steers and carriage of Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella spp.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of using retention-pond water for dust abatement on performance of feedlot steers and carriage of Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella spp. DESIGN: Matched cohort studies. ANIMALS: 2 groups of feedlot steers comprising 3,510 (pathogen carriage) and 3,737 (performance) animals housed in a large commercial feedlot in the Texas Panhandle. PROCEDURE: Steers were systematically allocated to treatment pens approximately 60 days after arrival (pathogen carriage) or at arrival (performance). For evaluation of pathogen carriage, feces and hide swab specimens were collected from 25 animals in each pen within 10 days of slaughter. Samples were submitted for bacterial culture for E. coli O157 and were tested with a polymerase chain reaction-based assay for Salmonella spp. For evaluation of performance, pen weights of animals were obtained at arrival and slaughter and feed delivered to each pen was recorded. The exposure of interest for both studies was application of retention-pond water through fixed high-pressure sprinklers. RESULTS: Carriage of E. coli O157 and Salmonella spp and animal performance were not adversely affected by exposure to retention-pond water. Prevalences of E. coli O157 in feces, on hides, and either in feces or on hides for those exposed to retention-pond water were 8.3%, 8.9%, and 15.4%, respectively; prevalences for those unexposed to retention-pond water were 11.4%, 15.4%, and 22.6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that use of retention-pond water for dust abatement in feedlot pens does not adversely affect pathogen carriage or animal performance.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Effect of lactose, copper and iron on manganese retention and tissue distribution in rats fed dextrose-casein diets.

The effect of iron, lactose and copper on manganese retention was studied in rats fed two diets. Thirty-six male albino rats (75 to 100 g) were allotted to six groups of six rats each. Three groups received a purified manganese-free dextrose-casein diet, and three groups received the same purified diet with 17% lactose added at the expense of dextrose. One group fed each of the above diets received either a manganese-free mineral mixture, the mineral mixture with 5 ppm supplemental Cu or the same mineral mixture with Fe removed. After 7 days on the diets, each rat was given, by gavage, 10 muCi of 54Mn activity as 54MnCl2 in a sodium acetate buffer. On the third day after dosing, the rats were sacrificed and samples of liver, kidneys, semitendinosus muscle, spleen and tibia were taken for stable and radioactive manganese analysis. Lactose added to the purified diet depressed 54Mn retention in all tissues studied. Lactose addition also decreased specific activities of the livers and kidneys but tended to increase stable manganese values. Copper apparently had little direct effect on 54Mn retention but tended to reduce the effect of lactose on 54Mn retention. Omission of Fe greatly increased 54Mn retention values in all tissues studied with or without added lactose. Fe omission also significantly increased the specific activities and stable Mn values of livers and the specific activity of kidneys. The results indicate that low dietary Fe may be a contributing factor to the increased manganese retention observed in this study and a previous study.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Domains of variables for understanding and improving retention in therapeutic communities.

This paper discusses the value of different domains of variables for understanding and improving retention in therapeutic communities for substance users. Retention is important because therapeutic communities have high rates of attrition, and no other variables have been found that have practical implications for improving client outcomes from programs. Research shows that most client variables do not predict retention, and those that do are generally weak and sporadic predictors. Treatment entry variables have been stronger and more consistent predictors of retention. The small amount of research that has been done on program and treatment variables suggests they are important predictors of retention. Research needs to focus less on client variables and more on variables from the other domains if it is to be more useful for understanding and improving retention in therapeutic communities.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Physico-chemical properties of skim milk retentates from microfiltration.

Physico-chemical properties of retentates obtained from selective concentration of skim milk up to 8 times its original weight using a microfiltration system were studied. The effects of process variables, namely concentration (8.6 to 27 wt.%), temperature (20 to 50 degrees C) and pH (6.0, 6.3, and 6.5) on density (rho), apparent viscosity (mu(a)), consistency coefficient (K), flow behavior index (n), and activation energy (Ea) of the retentates were examined. Depending on pH, retentates showed significant increase in apparent viscosity, deviated from classical Newtonian behavior and exhibited shear-thinning between 11 to 17% solids concentration. No yield stress was detected in the range of concentration studied. The power law parameters (n and K) followed a similar trend. An Arrhenius-type equation described well the effect of temperature on apparent viscosity. Although activation energy increased 120 to 130% for a threefold increase in solids concentration, it was not significantly different from that of other types of concentrated milk at approximately the same concentration. Increasing solids were responsible for change in flow properties with concentration, while the effect of pH was attributed to differential protein (primarily casein) retention and the change in solvation properties and voluminosity of casein micelles. Models relating concentration, temperature, and pH to retentate apparent viscosity and consistency coefficient were identified. Skim milk microfiltration with in-process pH adjustment produces retentates depleted in whey proteins and calcium with significantly altered properties.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Standardization of milk using cold ultrafiltration retentates for the manufacture of parmesan cheese.

The effects of using cold ultrafiltered (UF) retentates (both whole and skim milk) on the coagulation, yield, composition, and ripening of Parmesan cheese were investigated. Milks for cheese making were made by blending cold UF retentates with partially skimmed milk to obtain blends with 14.2% solids and a casein:fat ratio of 1.1. Cutting times, as selected by the cheese-maker, were approximately 15 and approximately 20 min for experimental and control milks, respectively. Storage modulus values at cutting were similar, but yield stress values were significantly higher in UF retentate standardized milks. Cheese yields were significantly higher in UF retentate standardized milks (approximately 12%) compared with control milk (cream removed) (approximately 7 to 8%). Significantly higher protein recoveries were obtained in cheeses manufactured using cold UF retentates. There were no differences in the pH and moisture contents of the cheeses prior to brining, and there was no residual lactose or galactose left in the cheeses. Using UF retentates resulted in a significant reduction in whey volume as well as a higher proportion of protein in the solids of the whey. Proteolysis, free fatty acids, and sensory properties of the cheeses were similar. The use of milk concentrated by cold UF is a promising way of improving the yield of Parmesan cheese without compromising cheese quality. The question remaining to be answered by the cheesemaker is whether it is economical to do so.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Microbiological analysis and starter culture growth in retentates.

Pasteurized skim milk was concentrated by UF to 2-, 4-, and 5-fold. The retentates were evaluated for microbiological quality, heat treatments to inactivate microorganisms, and lactic acid bacterial starter culture activity. Aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts in raw milk decreased from an initial 1.4 x 10(6) to 3.9 x 10(2) cfu/ml after pasteurization. During UF, counts increased from 3.9 x 10(2) cfu/ml UF, counts increased from 3.9 x 10(2) cfu/ml in pasteurized milk to 1.4 x 10(3), 1.4 x 10(4), and 1.8 x 10(4) cfu/ml in 2-, 4- and 5-fold retentates, respectively. Psychrotrophic bacterial counts decreased from 9.9 x 10(5) cfu/ml in raw milk to 3.7 x 10(1) cfu/ml in pasteurized milk and gradually increased to 1.0 x 10(2), 2.5 x 10(2), and 1.4 x 10(3) cfu/ml in 2-, 4-, and 5-fold retentates, respectively. Thermophilic bacterial counts remained less than 10 cfu/ml in all samples. Skim milk and retentates inoculated with five starter cultures at 1% failed to decrease the pH below 4.6 in (2-, 4- and 5-fold). The 4- and 5-fold retentates inoculated with Lactococcus lactis spp. cremoris or Lactococcus lactis spp. lactis cultures were partially coagulated with pH greater than 5.6. In general, the pH of retentates remained higher than that of skim milk. Clotting of uninoculated samples was observed, and a spore-forming contaminant, tentatively characterized as Bacillus cereus and capable of clotting milk at a pH greater than 6, was isolated from the clotted samples.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Retention of calcium from various xylitol-calcium combinations in rats.

Previous studies have shown that xylitol, the five-carbon sugar alcohol, increases the intestinal absorption of Ca in the rat. In this study an optimum xylitol:Ca molar ratio for Ca absorption and retention was determined in 10-week-old Long-Evans male rats. Xylitol was intubated with 20 mg of 45Ca (as 45CaCl2 or 45CaCO3) into the stomach of fasted rats in 1 ml water using xylitol:Ca molar ratios of 0:1, 0.5:1, 1:1, 1.5:1 or 2:1. Radioactivity of urine, feces and humerus was determined from 48-hr samples. The highest retention rate of 45Ca in the whole body or in the humerus was found when 114 mg of xylitol was given with Ca (xylitol:Ca molar ratio 1.5). Xylitol affected humeral retention more significantly than whole body retention. For comparison, the retention of 45Ca was determined from four lactose:CaCl2 combinations and from Ca-lactate and Ca-citrate salts. None of these combinations increased Ca retention significantly, although lactose at 114 mg dose showed slight positive effect. The results favor the use of a xylitol:Ca molar ratio of 1.5 in Ca supplements.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Production variables and nutrient retention in single comb White Leghorn laying pullets fed diets supplemented with direct-fed microbials.

Two experiments were carried out for six and seven 28-d periods, respectively, with DeKalb XL Single Comb White Leghorn laying pullets to ascertain the effect of feeding 1,100 mg Lactobacillus (Lacto)/kg diet (ppm) and 2,200 ppm Lacto diets, and the supplementation of these diets with 1 and 3% fat, on layer performance and nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus retention. The dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal (C-S) control, C-S plus condensed cane molasses solubles (CCMS)-1,100 ppm Lacto (4.4 x 10(7) cfu/mg Lacto), and C-S plus CCMS-2,200 ppm Lacto (8.8 x 10(7) cfu/mg Lacto) without fat (Experiment 1) and without and with 1 and 3% supplemental fat to each Lacto level (Experiment 2). In both experiments, layers fed the 1,100 ppm Lacto diets had better (P < .05) hen-day production, daily feed consumption, egg mass, egg weight, egg size, and feed conversion than layers fed diets without Lacto. Egg mass, interior egg quality, and feed conversion (Experiment 1), mean body weight gains, and nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus retention (Experiment 2) were further improved (P < .05) with feeding 2,200 ppm Lacto diets. Feeding Lacto diets with 1% fat provided (P < .05) larger eggs and better (P < .05) nitrogen and phosphorus retention, whereas 3% fat decreased (P < .05) feed consumption and nutrient retention and improved (P < .05) feed conversion and body weight gain. Positive correlations between Lacto diets and nitrogen and calcium retentions, daily feed consumption, and egg size were observed. Feeding 1,100 ppm Lacto diets to layers stimulated appetite and improved egg production, egg mass, egg weight, egg size, and feed conversion. Addition of fat to Lacto diets reduced daily feed consumption and provided better feed conversion, egg masses, egg sizes, body weight gains, and nutrient retentions.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Effect of microbial phytase on nitrogen and amino acid digestibility and nitrogen retention of turkey poults fed corn-soybean meal diets.

The effect of microbial phytase on N and amino acid (AA) digestibility and N retention was investigated in a 29-d trial using 480 Nicholas Large White Turkey female poults fed corn-soybean meal diets. A 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used with 0.45 and 0.60% nonphytate P (nP), 22.5 and 28.0% CP, and 0 and 750 U of microbial phytase/kg of diet. At 0.45% nP, adding phytase to either 22.5 or 28.0% CP diets increased BW gain (P < 0.01), and percentage (P < 0.01) and weight (P < 0.10) of toe ash; at 0.60% nP, the magnitude of the effect of phytase was less (P > 0.10) than observed for 0.45% nP and inconsistent. Apparent and true ileal digestibility of N and AA was estimated by using chromic oxide as an indicator at Day 24. At 0.45% nP, adding phytase to 22.5% CP diets tended to improve the apparent and true ileal digestibility of N and AA, except cysteine or methionine; adding phytase to 28.0% CP diets increased the digestibility of N and most of the AA (P < 0.001 to 0.10). At 0.60% nP, adding phytase to 22.5% CP diets increased the apparent and true ileal digestibility of N and all the AA (P < 0.001 to 0.10), but did not change digestibilities at 28.0% CP diets. Adding phytase also increased (P < 0.001 to 0.10) apparent ileal digestibility of DM and P at 0.45% nP for both CP diets, but only for 22.5% CP diets at 0.60% nP. The total excreta were collected at Day 27 to 29. Adding phytase to 0.45% nP diets increased apparent utilization of DM (P < 0.01 to 0.10) and retention of N (P < 0.05 to 0.10) at both CP levels; retention of P was only increased (P < 0.10) at 22.5% CP. At 0.60% nP, adding phytase increased utilization of DM (P < 0.05) and retention of N (P < 0.10) only at 22.5% CP; P retention was not affected. In summary, microbial phytase enhanced growth performance, toe ash, ileal N and AA digestibility, and apparent N and P retention.

6-Phytase↗
PubMed2006

Short-term heart retention and distribution of intramyocardial delivered mesenchymal cells within necrotic or intact myocardium.

Cell therapy with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) is a new strategy for treating ischemic heart failure, but data concerning the distribution and retention of transplanted cells remain poor. We investigated the short-term myocardial retention of BMSCs when these cells are directly injected within necrotic or intact myocardium. 111Indium-oxine-labeled autologous BMSCs were injected within either 1-month-old infarction (n = 6) or normal myocardium (n = 6) from rats. Serial in vivo pinhole scintigraphy was scheduled during 1 week in order to track the implanted cells. The myocardial retention of BMSCs was definitely higher in myocardial infarction than in normal myocardial area (estimated percent retention at 2 h: 63 +/- 3% vs. 25 +/- 4%, p < 0.001) and the estimated cardiac retention values were unchanged in both groups along the 7 days of follow-up. On heart sections at day 7, labeled BMSCs were still around the injection site and appeared confined to the scarred tissue corresponding either to the infarct area or to the myocardium damaged by needle insertion. BMSCs have a higher retention when they are injected in necrotic than in normal myocardial areas and these cells appear to stay around the injection site for at least a 7-day period.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Recruitment and retention strategies used by occupational therapy directors in acute care, rehabilitation, and long-term-care settings.

OBJECTIVES: Occupational therapy directors need to recruit and retain therapists to ensure both the delivery of high-quality services and the viability of their departments. At present, research on the recruitment and retention of occupational therapists is limited; recruitment and retention strategies can be cited, but their utility and effectiveness have not been determined. METHOD: A survey was designed to identify the recruitment and retention strategies used in various practice settings and the perceived level of effectiveness of those strategies that were used. The surveys were mailed to 500 occupational therapy directors. Once the sample size was adjusted to exclude ineligible subjects, the eligible sample size was 471. Of these, 320 (68%) were usable. RESULTS: Ten of the 23 recruitment strategies listed on the survey were used by more than 70% of the respondents. The top three recruitment strategies were staff member referrals, professional development opportunities, and newspaper advertisements. Seventeen of the 23 retention strategies listed on the survey were used by more than 70% of the respondents. The top three retention strategies were interpersonal staff member relationships, employee appraisals, and continuing education. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that occupational therapy departments' recruitment and retention plans could be improved by expanding the number of strategies used and by incorporating techniques that appeal to a broader range of therapists.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Multiresidue screening of pesticides in foods using retention time locking, GC-AED, database search, and GC/MS identification.

Fruit and vegetable extracts were screened for over 400 pesticides by gas chromatography with atomic emission detection (GC-AED) and an experimental database. A technique called retention time locking was used to match GC-AED and GC with mass spectrometry (MS) retention times to those of the database. Samples were analyzed for sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, and chlorine by GC-AED. Possible pesticides were suggested by database search and identified by GC/MS. Forty-four pesticide standards were analyzed to determine the precision of retention time matching and the accuracy of the database search. Analytical retention times matched database retention times within 0.32 min. Using elemental criteria, the database search identified the correct compound for 41 of 44 pesticide standards. For blind spikes of fruit and vegetable extracts, the database suggested 22 of 26 spiked pesticides as matches. Nineteen were identified by GC/MS. The combination of retention time locking, GC-AED, database search, and GC/MS can be a powerful tool for identifying pesticides in a complex matrix.

Chlorine↗
PubMed1999

Strategies for improving health plan member retention.

Member retention is an increasingly important issue for health plans to address. It costs health plans $75 to $200 to acquire a commercial member and $400 to $800 to acquire a Medicare member. If members leave the plan within the first year or so, up to half of this investment is lost. Health plans should implement several strategies, therefore, to improve member retention. They should communicate the value of retention throughout the organization, use a cross-functional team approach to retention, analyze who is disenrolling and why, improve access to referral providers, and extend the retention effort until a relationship exists, evaluate and strengthen member orientation efforts. Other ways to enhance member retention are to improve access to health and service information, improve provider-staff interaction and communication skills, implement relationship-enhancing communication campaigns, manage expectations about treatment, and create personal relationships at the plan-purchaser level.

Economic Competition↗
PubMed1999

Retention of a fluoride-containing sealant on primary and permanent teeth 3 years after placement.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study, conducted in 132 randomly selected children, was to evaluate the retention of a fluoride-containing sealant on primary and permanent teeth. METHOD AND MATERIALS: In autumn 1995, a total of 195 primary molars in 36 children aged 4.5 years on average and 391 permanent premolars and molars in 96 children aged 10.5 years on average were sealed with Helioseal-F. The manufacturer's instructions were followed closely. The teeth were cleaned with a slurry of pumice and a rotating brush, isolated with cotton rolls, dried with air, etched for 60 seconds with an etching gel (37% phosphoric acid), rinsed with an air-water combination spray, and dried. Sealant was applied with a cannula and polymerized for 60 seconds. A saliva ejector was used throughout the procedure. Sealant retention was checked 3 years after placement. RESULTS: In the primary molars, full retention was found in 95.04%, partial retention in 3.12%, and loss of the sealant in 1.84% of the treated teeth. In the permanent molars, the corresponding rates were 95.81%, 2.83%, and 1.36%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Very good sealant retention was found 3 years after placement. The observed difference in retention between primary and permanent molars was not statistically significant.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of sestamibi, tetrofosmin, and Q12 retention in porcine myocardium.

UNLABELLED: Although there are several 99mTc perfusion tracers introduced for clinical use, there are no data available directly comparing these tracers with microsphere-determined flow. The aim of this study was to compare the myocardial retention of sestamibi, tetrofosmin, and Q12 in a porcine model. METHODS: We used a pig model with (n = 6) or without (n = 3) coronary occlusion. Each pig received a simultaneous injection of sestamibi and either tetrofosmin (group 1, n = 5) or Q12 (group 2, n = 4) labeled with either 99mTc or 95mTc (physical half-life, 61 d; photon energy, 204 keV) during pharmacologic vasodilation. Absolute myocardial retention of each tracer was calculated from the myocardial tracer activity and arterial input function. RESULTS: The plot of all three tracers versus flow achieved a plateau at a higher flow range. However, sestamibi showed a higher mean retention than either tetrofosmin (group 1, 0.27 +/- 0.11 vs. 0.16 +/- 0.06 mL/g/min, respectively; P < 0.01) or Q12 (group 2, 0.32 +/- 0.13 vs. 0.09 +/- 0.03 mL/g/min, respectively; P < 0.01). Furthermore, when a linear regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between retention and microsphere-determined flow, sestamibi showed a greater increment in retention than did tetrofosmin or Q12. CONCLUSION: Although all of the tracers showed a nonlinear increase in retention as flow increased, sestamibi may display more favorable characteristics as a flow tracer in the porcine heart.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The effects of a low level of dietary cadmium on blood pressure, '24Na, '42K, andwater retention in growing rats.

The effects of 5 pg Cd per millilter of drinking water on body weight gain, food intake, systolic blood pressure, '24Na, '42K; and water retention and freference for NaCl solution in male and female rats were studied. After 205 days, Cd had no significant effect on weight gain, food intake, water intake, or feed efficiency. The'24Na retention of the Cd-fed male and female rats was greater at 161 days than in the control animals and was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) in the Cd-treated females than in the control females at 294 days. In vivo retention of '42K was significantly greater in the Cd-treated males than in the control males at 189 days, butthe oppisite was true of the Cd-treated females in comparison with female control animals. There were no significant differences between treatments in '42K retention after 330 days. No significant differences were found between treatments in systolic blood pressure. Water retention was significantly greater in the Cd-treated males and females than in the control animals after 320 days. Preference for 0.20 M NaCl was significantly greater in the Cd-fed males than in the control males at 277 days. Possible mechanisms which might explain the sodium retention in thhe Cd-fed rat are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Use of fissure sealant retention as an outcome measure in a dental school setting.

The purpose of this study was to describe and assess the use of fissure sealant retention as a quality measure of the delivery system for pediatric dentistry. The Pediatric Dentistry Section at the Ohio State University College of Dentistry adopted Sealant retention as a measure of quality. Sealant retention in first and second molars was evaluated at each six-month recall appointment. Sealants were categorized as satisfactory or unsatisfactory. Two hundred five sealants were evaluated between March 1998 and March 1999. The mean age of the patients at the time of sealant evaluation was 14.0 +/- 2.9. Mean sealant retention period was 29.8 +/- 23.2 months, with a range of 0.9 to 148 months. Median sealant retention period was 23.2 months. Overall, 75.6 percent of the sealed teeth were classified as satisfactory. Use of this data in making improvements is discussed. Our results indicate that the use of sealant retention is a suitable measure for quality of care in pediatric dentistry.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Adhesive retention dressings are more comfortable than alginate dressings on split skin graft donor sites--a randomised controlled trial.

A prospective randomised trial examining the effectiveness, comparative comfort and ease of care of two different split skin graft donor site dressings was performed. One of the dressings was an alginate (Kaltostat), and the other an adhesive retention tape (Mefix). Alginates are the standard plastic surgical dressing, whereas the use of adhesive retention tapes as a donor site dressing presents a novel use of a readily available product. A total of 30 consecutive patients requiring split skin grafts were randomised to receive either alginate or retention donor site dressings. Dressings were assessed by interview and questionnaire at 24 h and 48 h and at 2 weeks, and by wound review at 2 weeks. Retention dressings were found to be more comfortable. They also required less nursing care and attention. The retention dressings allowed the patients easier mobility and a greater range of daily activities, especially washing. There was no significant difference in wound healing nor in complications. Adhesive retention tape applied directly to the split skin graft donor site wound is an effective, cheap and comfortable dressing requiring little postoperative care.

Adhesiveness↗