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PubMed2006

Price responsiveness of demand for cigarettes: does rationality matter?

Meta-analysis is applied to aggregate-level studies that model the demand for cigarettes using static, myopic, or rational addiction frameworks in an attempt to synthesize key findings in the literature and to identify determinants of the variation in reported price elasticity estimates across studies. The results suggest that the rational addiction framework produces statistically similar estimates to the static framework but that studies that use the myopic framework tend to report more elastic price effects. Studies that applied panel data techniques or controlled for cross-border smuggling reported more elastic price elasticity estimates, whereas the use of instrumental variable techniques and time trends or time dummy variables produced less elastic estimates. The finding that myopic models produce different estimates than either of the other two model frameworks underscores that careful attention must be given to time series properties of the data.

Advertising↗
PubMed2000

Rationing fertility services in the NHS: the patients' viewpoint.

The aim of this article is to give the patients' viewpoint on the provision of infertility services by the NHS, to discuss how patients see this provision as a form of rationing and to consider the ethical aspects of this situation. Most patients seeking treatment to enable them to conceive are treatable and therefore the term subfertility should be used rather than infertility. Fertility services such as the NHS do not ration contraception and obstetric care, so why should subfertility services be different? Access to treatment is entirely dependent on where a patient lives and this situation is totally unethical. The area of reproductive medicine in which this inequality is most apparent is assisted reproductive treatments such as in vitro fertilization. The situation in the UK varies widely and this variation will soon become more marked as the Scottish Office Department of Health has announced a national service framework for commissioners of subfertility services that will ensure equity for patients. What about the rest of the UK? There are some areas in England and Wales that are quite well funded, but there are still many health authorities that refuse to fund assisted conception techniques, and in Northern Ireland there is no funding for these treatments. The emotional aspects of subfertility must not be forgotten: patients experience depression, tearfulness, anger, grief and, most worrying of all, some experience suicidal feelings. The changes to the system in Scotland were mainly due to patients and professionals campaigning together, as a partnership. Their success should be an example to the rest of the UK.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1977

[Studies on the use of decanted fat-solids from pig feces in the nutrition of fattening cattle. 2. Comparison of various types of rations].

A 315-day feeding trial (F 3) was carried out with fattening bulls (starting weight: approximately 125 kg per animal) during which 4 groups of 7 bulls each were fed 4 mixtures of pelleted food : (1) concentrates (2) concentrates + 50% straw meal (3) concentrates + 25% straw meal and 25% decanted solids from pig faeces (4) concentrates + 50% decanted solids from pig faeces. The bulls in group 1 and 4 received 1 kg of meadow hay per day in addition to the pellets. Within the framework of a calf-raising trial the animals had already received pellets containing straw and other solids. The average daily weight increases of the bulls in these 4 groups were 1032 g, 1052 g. 1040 g and 844 g per animal/day. The energy intake per g weight increase was 3.36, 3.07, 3.11 and 3.85 kEFr units; the requirements for food concentrates amounted to 4.60, 3.23 3.23 and 3.47 kg of dry matter per kg of weight increase. The resons presumed to account for the unfavourable results in group 4 are discussed in some detail. A further trial (F 4) was performed with a group of 20 bulls for a period of 252 days to test the results obtained with ration 3. Depending on the liveweights of the animals the bulls were fed rations containing 20%, 25% or 30% of straw meal and solids from pig faeces. For the entire period of the trial the daily weight increases were 1041 g per animal: the energy intake per kg weight gain was 4.05 kEFr units and 4.03 kg of dry matter of concentrate were necessary to produce 1 kg of weight increase. The results obtained in the two trials indicate that solids from pig faeces may be used, in limited quantities, as food component in the feeding of fattening cattle.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1980

[Influence of various physical forms of the feed on the energy metabolism of ruminants. 3. Investigation of the energetic utilisation of rations with roughage treated with various mechanical methods].

In a total of 170 experiments with the complete metabolism of fullgrown sheep the energy utilisation of rations with roughage treated with different mechanical methods was investigated. The roughage feedstuffs dried green fodder of vetch/grass, lucerne and rye grass and straw were given to 4 parallel animals in 9 rations with differing quotas of concentrates (0 to 60%). The roughage underwent the following 5 methods of treatment: 1) chopping; 2) chopping and pelleting; 3) grinding; 4) grinding and pelleting; 5) grinding and pelleting with concentrates. The results show that the bases given in the GDR system of feedstuff evaluation concerning the energetic evaluation of feedstuffs are to be applied to mechanically treated roughage too. In order to avoid negative effects on the energy metabolism one has to take care that the use of mechanically treated roughage does not cause dysfunctions of the rumen.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of iodine, copper and zinc supplements to rations with a high quota of rapeseed extract meal on the growth and thyroid function of fattening swine. 2. The effect of the iodine supplement on nutrient digestibility and on protein and energy retention].

Three groups of six pigs each (live weight at the beginning of the experiment 20 kg) were given a cereal ration with 8% rape seed meal. Group I did not receive a J supplement and was fed ad libitum. The rations of groups II and III were supplemented with 1 mg J/kg feed. The feed intake of group II was limited to the amount consumed by group I (pair fed); group III received the feed ad libitum. The daily weight gains of the 3 groups were 327, 377 and 613 g, feed expenditure 3.79, 3.68 and 3.47 kg/kg gain. In an N balance experiment carried out with 3 animals each from groups I and II, 41.4% of the N taken in group I and 43.8% in group II were retained (p greater than 0.05). Liver, intestinal fat and leaf were heavier in group I (p less than 0.01), the protein content of the empty body, the bones and bristles significantly lower than in group II. Protein retention in group II was 14% higher than in group I. In case of iodine deficiency protein retention is lower, energy retention, however, is largely unchanged.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1986

[Urea utilization in growing lambs. 4. N balances with unprocessed rations].

N balance experiments were carried out with lambs of the ages of 8, 12 and 15 weeks fed with wheat rations with and without 2% urea supplement (N 1 and N 2) as well as with 3% urea and 20% straw (N 3) or with a soya bean meal supplement (N 4). There were no significant differences in the digestibility of the crude nutrients and in per cent of N retention between the individual ages. The straw supplement decreased the digestibility of organic matter, crude protein, crude fibre and NfE. The supplements of soya bean meal or urea increased the crude protein content in comparison to the wheat ration without supplements by 6% in the dry matter and resulted in N intakes 55 ... 60% higher and in 23 ... 38% higher N retention, which was, however, lower in relation to N intake. There were no significant differences with regard to N retention between N 2, N 3 and N 4. Consequently urea supplement to the feed mixture with 14% native crude protein resulted in increased N retention, which was not lower than with a soya bean meal supplement.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

[The effect of a straw meal on the crude protein and amino acid metabolism and digestibility of the crude nutrients in broiler hen breeds. 2. Digestibility of crude nutrients of rations and 15N from a straw meal and wheat].

In experiments with colostomized broiler hens apparent digestibility of the crude nutrients of the ration after straw meal supplements of 20, 30 and 40 g per animal was determined. In addition, the 15N digestibility of straw meal and wheat was ascertained on the basis of straw meal supplements. The digestibility of the crude nutrients of the rations decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) after the straw meal supplement. The adaptation of the test animals to the straw meal intake resulted, at a daily consumption of 20 g straw meal, in an increase of the apparent crude fat digestibility (P less than 0.05) in dependence on the time of straw meal feeding, in which the original values without straw meal supplement were not reached. The digestibility of the 15N excess (15N') of the wheat was, at 86 +/- 1%, largely independent of the straw meal intake. The apparent digestibility of the straw-15N excess in broiler hens of 42 +/- 8 to 55 +/- 2% is surprisingly high.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1988

[Rye and wheat in piglet rations supplemented by bisergon].

In a feeding experiment (54 piglets) and a slaughtering test for the registration of tract and digesta properties (15 piglets) the influence of rations with 69% rye (R) or wheat (W) with and without a supplement of 200 mg of the chinoxalin derivate Bisergon/kg DM (rations RB and WB) was studied. In the sequence R, RB, W and WB the feed intake in the test period of 3 weeks after weaning amounted to 581, 651, 583 and 764 g, weight gain to 314, 365, 319 and 424 g per animal and day. In the same sequence the concentration of organic acids in the stomach amounted to 41, 5, 25 and 18 mmol per 100 g dry matter and in the colon to 106, 83, 64 and 62. Bisergon caused a redistribution of the digesta from the stomach to the large intestine and a more rapid emptying of the stomach as well. Rye caused extreme fermentation processes in the front part of the tract and Bisergon clearly has ergotropic qualities for the stabilization of the intestinal flora.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1988

[The use of a partly-hydrolysed straw meal for the feeding of weaned piglets. 1. Increased production and feed expense as well as nutrient digestibility and buffer capacity in rations with various high portions of partly-hydrolysed straw meal].

In studies with weaned piglets of the land race the usability of partly hydrolysed straw meal (PSM) in concentrate - straw meal mixtures was tested over a period of 56 days (42nd-98th day of life; 1st-8th week of feeding. The hydrolysed straw product was there tested in a parallel experiment each without and after neutralization (by means of CaCO3) in quotas of 5, 10 and 15% as supplement to the concentrate feed (based on dry matter) in comparison to a sole concentrate feeding. Daily weight gain and feed and energy expenditure as well as nutrient digestibility and the buffer effect of the PSM rations were ascertained. Measured by weight gain, feed intake and concentrate- and energy expenditure related weight gain, a 10% quota of partly hydrolysed straw meal in a period near weaning (1st-4th week of feeding) had the highest effect and was far superior to traditional concentrate feeding. Lower quotas of PSM in this period did not show a sufficient dietetic effect (diarrhea symptoms), higher reduced the effect on the performance parameters. In the period more remote from weaning (5th-8th week of feeding) the effect of the straw meal integration was generally reduced, a quota of about 5% proved optimal. The registered higher daily weight gains in the total test period (1st-8th week of feeding in which concentrate - straw meal mixtures (relative 106-130%) were closely related to the daily intake of digestibility organic matter. The decrease in digestibility of organic matter in the total ration remained small with the use of the well fermentable crude fibre from the hydrolysed straw product and the balance was overcompensated by higher feed intake. A pH-value decrease of the feed mixtures and a physiologically suitable influence on the pH-value in the stomachs of the test animals could be ascertained due to the buffer capacity of the hydrolysed straw products used. With regard to this, the non-buffered hydrolysed straw product had a higher effect, which was, among other things, reflected in higher performances.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Energetic utilization of sugar beets, dried shreds, sucrose and apple pectin by growing swine. 1. Study overview and composition and digestibility of feed and rations].

Total metabolism experiments with a basic ration were carried out over two measuring periods and with a basic ration plus supplements of raw sugar beets, steamed sugar beets, dried sugar beet pulp, sucrose and apple pectin resp. with 4 pigs per test group and 4 test groups (LW 40-135 kg). Live weight gain was approximately equal after the feeding of raw and steamed sugar beets. It amounted to 650 g/animal and day in the first experimental period and to 715 g in the second. After feeding dried sugar beet pulp as supplement the corresponding weight gain was 525 and 565 g/animal and day. In the course of the ontogenetic development up to a live weight of about 70 kg an increase of digestibility could be observed. Adaptation cannot be excluded. This question will be pursued in the following experiments, so that consequences for energetic feed evaluation have to be postponed. For both raw and steamed sugar beets the digestibility of the organic matter was 88%, of NFE 95% and of water soluble carbohydrates 95%.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The use of ribonucleic acids as markers for the measuring of microbial protein yield in the rumen. 2. The effect of sample treatment, the time of sampling and the composition of the ration on the RNA:N ratio in rumen microbes].

In two experiments the influence of the treatment of samples, the sampling time and the composition of the rations on the RNA: N ratio in the rumen microbes was checked. Experiment I proved that freezing (-21 degrees C), thawing and freeze-drying of isolated bacteria and protozoa from the rumen fluid and from the duodenal content did not result in a change of the RNA content and the RNA-N: total N relation. If, however, the rumen fluid is stored deep-frozen before the isolation of the bacteria the N content in the DM of the bacteria decreases by 17% and that of RNA by 30%. This results in a change of the RNA: N relation of 16%. In conclusion, the bacteria are to be isolated immediately after rumen fluid sampling. Isolated bacteria can be stored deep-frozen before RNA determination and then freeze-dried. Experiment II showed that the RNA content of the rumen protozoa varies according to the period after feeding. The RNA: N relation was 0.50, 0.92, 0.70 and 0.58 on average 0, 3, 6 and 8 h after feeding, in which the 3rd hour after feeding can obviously be considered the time of increased microbial activity. The conclusion from this variation is that more than one isolation of microbes must be carried out in the course of the day in order to achieve representative samples. These statements apply to easily and not easily fermentable protein as N source in the feed. It could also be proved that no essential variation is to be expected in the RNA: N relation in the microbes isolated from the rumen fluid in the range of 8-21% crude protein in the DM of the ration (roughage: concentrate = 55: 45). On average the rumen microbes contained 1.7 g RNA-N/16 g N, essential differences between bacteria and protozoa could not be ascertained. From the slight variation of the RNA-N: N relation in the isolated bacteria from various cows one can conclude that there is no need to isolate the microbes of each individual animal.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1991

[The energetic utilization of rations with dried concentrates, potatoes, sugar beets, apple pectin and cane sugar by growing, intact and ileorectostomized swine. 2. Comparison of results].

Results of the measuring of the total metabolism of growing intact pigs (INT) and pigs with ileorectal anastomoses (IRA) are compared. The 16 comparisons are based on studies with rations of dried feedstuffs and rations containing between 30 and 50% of the DM raw or steamed potatoes and sugar beets, sucrose and apple pectin. On an average of all comparisons the relative values for the digestibility of energy, DM and the organic matter as well as for the metabolizability of the energy were between 81 and 82% (values measured at INT animals = 100). The comparison also refers to the crude nutrients, the water-soluble carbohydrates, the starch and the pectin. As a tendency, the IRA utilized the metabolizable energy better than the INT animals. The energy maintenance requirement of the IRA animals was--by 15%--significantly higher than that of the INT animals. There is not yet an answer to the question in how far comparative studies of INT and IRA animals make verified statements with regard to the differences in the energetic utilization of the precaecally and postileally digested nutrients possible. For this, further experiments will be necessary.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed1991

Study of relations between nutritional value of rations and success in embryo transfer in heifers.

Experimental observations on the influence of composition and nutritional value of rations upon the success of transfer of early embryos were realized in 134 recipients-heifers. Greater success of embryo transfers (66.0%) was observed in recipients at the age 18-22 months, live weight 330-380 kg at rations with 85-95% share of high quality roughage with moderately increased content and concentration of energy, good state of health and condition.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1992

[The energetic utilization of rations with molasses, dried sugar beets, apple pectin and lucerne leaves by adult swine].

The energetic utilization of 6 rations with molasses, dried sugar beets, apple pectin and lucerne leaves was measured in 8 adult pigs by means of the respiration test technique. The energy digestibility of the rations ranged from 74 to 88%, the partial utilization of the metabolizable energy from 66 to 78%. From the results with apple pectin a mean energy deposition value of 7.2 +/- 12.5 kJ/g digestible pectin was derived. Taking into consideration results from previous recorded experiments and the high standard deviation for estimation of the energetic feed value as deposition effect of digestible pectin, 5 kJ/g are proposed.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of energy deposition and utilization of feedstuffs and rations between growing and adult pigs.

The effect of energy deposition and the utilization of feedstuffs and rations were compared between growing and adult pigs. The good agreement in the data leads to the conclusion, that the energy deposition effect of feedstuffs and rations in growing pigs can be estimated with an equation based on measurements in adult pigs. Exceptions are feedstuffs which are digested bacterially to a relatively high part in the large intestine, as e.g. sugar beet pulp, raw potatoes or similar feed.

Aging↗
PubMed1992

[The energetic utilization of rations with steamed potatoes in growing swine].

The energetic utilization of rations with steamed potatoes (40 and 50% of DM of ration) was measured in 8 growing pigs, live weight 30-70 kg by means of respiration experimental techniques. The experiments were carried out using the difference method (3 periods feeding basal diet and 3 periods feeding basal diet plus potatoes). The digestibility of energy of the steamed potatoes amounted to 94%, that of organic substances 96% and that of crude protein 77%. The metabolizable energy amounted to 16.1 and the energy deposition to 12.0 MJ/kg DM of steamed potatoes, 74.5% utilization respectively. The results in growing pigs are very similar to the results in adult pigs.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1993

[The effect of starch sources barley, corn and potatoes and their ration proportions on nutrient digestibility and energy utilization in ruminants. 2. Fractions of ruminally and postruminally digested nutrients in cattle].

The investigations of this paper are part of a complex research project to develop energetic feed evaluation within the Net Energy Fat System. The aim was to obtain new results to estimate the relation between place as well as kind of nutrient digestion and energetic utilization of rations in cattle. The ruminal nutrient digestibility was measured in adult oxen on feeding level 1.7 by means of duodenal reentrant cannula for 9 rations including the starch sources barley, maize and potatoes and with their energy parts of 50, 25 and 10%. The intake of starch ranged from 484 to 2573 g/animal.d and the amounts of ruminal and postruminal digested starch from 444 to 2336 as well as 10 to 284 g/animal.d. For the organic matter, starch, water soluble carbohydrates and N free residual substances high relative parts of ruminal digested from apparent digested nutrients were measured with values between 78 and 88, 83 and 98, 93 and 97 as well as 88 and 100% respectively.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Physiological effects of sublethal acid exposure in juvenile rainbow trout on a limited or unlimited ration during a simulated global warming scenario.

Changes in the physiology and cost of living of fish were studied during exposure to simulated global warming and environmental acidification, alone and in combination. Trout were exposed to slightly elevated water temperatures (+2 degrees C), in the presence and absence of sublethal acidity (pH 5.2) in synthetic softwater for 90 d (8 degrees - 12 degrees C). Fish were either fed to satiation (ca. 1%-3% of their wet-body weight daily) or fed 1% of their wet-body weight once every 4 d. Satiation-fed fish exposed to sublethal pH showed no ionoregulatory disturbances but exhibited increased appetites and growth compared to fish in control pH waters. In contrast, fish maintained on a limited ration did not grow and showed typical ionoregulatory responses to acid stress, with lower whole-body Na+ and Cl- concentrations and greater mortality. Detrimental effects were greater in the global warming scenario (+2 degrees C). Overall, a slight temperature increase and sublethal pH increased the cost of living as determined by increased food consumption in satiation-fed fish and greater mortalities in fish maintained on a limited ration. Most important, these findings suggest that fish given sufficient food can compensate for increased energy expenditure or difficulties in maintaining ion balance associated with low pH exposure.

Acid Rain↗