SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “RUBY”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources

PubMed2002

Identification of conserved amino acid residues in rat liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase I critical for malonyl-CoA inhibition. Mutation of methionine 593 abolishes malonyl-CoA inhibition.

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) I, which catalyzes the conversion of palmitoyl-CoA to palmitoylcarnitine facilitating its transport through the mitochondrial membranes, is inhibited by malonyl-CoA. By using the SequenceSpace algorithm program to identify amino acids that participate in malonyl-CoA inhibition in all carnitine acyltransferases, we found 5 conserved amino acids (Thr(314), Asn(464), Ala(478), Met(593), and Cys(608), rat liver CPT I coordinates) common to inhibitable malonyl-CoA acyltransferases (carnitine octanoyltransferase and CPT I), and absent in noninhibitable malonyl-CoA acyltransferases (CPT II, carnitine acetyltransferase (CAT) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)). To determine the role of these amino acid residues in malonyl-CoA inhibition, we prepared the quintuple mutant CPT I T314S/N464D/A478G/M593S/C608A as well as five single mutants CPT I T314S, N464D, A478G, M593S, and C608A. In each case the CPT I amino acid selected was mutated to that present in the same homologous position in CPT II, CAT, and ChAT. Because mutant M593S nearly abolished the sensitivity to malonyl-CoA, two other Met(593) mutants were prepared: M593A and M593E. The catalytic efficiency (V(max)/K(m)) of CPT I in mutants A478G and C608A and all Met(593) mutants toward carnitine as substrate was clearly increased. In those CPT I proteins in which Met(593) had been mutated, the malonyl-CoA sensitivity was nearly abolished. Mutations in Ala(478), Cys(608), and Thr(314) to their homologous amino acid residues in CPT II, CAT, and ChAT caused various decreases in malonyl-CoA sensitivity. Ala(478) is located in the structural model of CPT I near the catalytic site and participates in the binding of malonyl-CoA in the low affinity site (Morillas, M., Gómez-Puertas, P., Rubi, B., Clotet, J., Ariño, J., Valencia, A., Hegardt, F. G., Serra, D., and Asins, G. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 11473-11480). Met(593) may participate in the interaction of malonyl-CoA in the second affinity site, whose location has not been reported.

Alanine↗

PubMed2002

Concomitant determination of absolute values of cellular protein amounts, synthesis rates, and turnover rates by quantitative proteome profiling.

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of protein fractions isolated from (35)S-radiolabeled cells provides qualitative information on intracellular amounts, (35)S incorporation rates, protein modifications, and subcellular localizations of up to thousands of individual proteins. In this study we extended proteome profiling to provide quantitative data on synthesis rates of individual proteins. We combined fluorescence detection of radiolabeled proteins with SYPRO ruby(TM) staining and subsequent autoradiography of the same gels, thereby quantifying protein amounts and (35)S incorporation. To calibrate calculation of absolute synthesis rates, we determined the amount and autoradiograph intensity of radiolabeled haptoglobin secreted by interleukin-6 pretreated HepG2 cells. This allowed us to obtain a standard calibration value for (35)S incorporation per autoradiograph intensity unit. This value was used to measure protein synthesis rates during time course experiments of heat-shocked U937 cells. We measured the increasing amounts of hsp70 and calculated it by integration of the determined hsp70 synthesis rates over time. Similar results were obtained by both methods, validating our standardization procedure. Based on the assumption that the synthesis rate of proteins in a steady state of cell metabolism would essentially compensate protein degradation, we calculated biological half-lives of proteins from protein amounts and synthesis rates determined from two-dimensional gels. Calculated protein half-lives were found close to those determined by pulse-chase experiments, thus validating this new method. In conclusion, we devised a method to assess quantitative proteome profiles covering determination of individual amounts, synthesis, and turnover rates of proteins.

Cell Fractionation↗

PubMed2004

Sexual dimorphism of rat liver nuclear proteins: regulatory role of growth hormone.

Many genes are expressed in mammalian liver in a sexually dimorphic manner. DNA microarray analysis has shown that growth hormone (GH) and its sex-dependent pattern of pituitary secretion play a major role in establishing the sexually dimorphic patterns of liver gene expression. However, GH may exert effects on protein post-translational modification and nuclear localization that are not reflected at the mRNA level. To investigate these potential effects of GH, we used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by LC-MS/MS to: 1) identify rat liver nuclear proteins whose abundance or state of post-translational modification displays sex-dependent differences; and 2) determine the role of the plasma GH profile in establishing these differences. Nuclear extracts prepared from livers of individual male (n=9) and female (n=5) adult rats, and from males given GH by continuous infusion for 7 days to feminize liver gene expression (n=5 rats), were resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Image analysis of SYPRO Ruby-stained gels revealed 165 sexually dimorphic protein spots that differ in normalized volume between male and female groups by >1.5-fold at p<0.05. Sixty of these proteins exhibited female-like changes in spot abundance following continuous GH treatment. Comparison of male and GH-treated male groups revealed 130 proteins that displayed >1.5-fold differences in abundance, with 60 of these GH-responsive spots being sexually dimorphic. Thus, GH plays an important role in establishing the sex-dependent differences in liver nuclear protein content. Twenty-eight of the sexually dimorphic and/or GH-regulated protein spots were identified by LC-MS/MS. Proteins identified include regucalcin, nuclear factor 45, and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins A3, D-like, and K, in addition to proteins such as GST, normally associated with cytosolic extracts but also reported to be localized in the nucleus.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Glycine betaine accumulation, ionic and water relations of red-beet at contrasting levels of sodium supply.

Exposure of plants to sodium (Na) and salinity may increase glycine betaine accumulation in tissues. To study this, red-beet cvs. Scarlet Supreme and Ruby Queen, were grown for 42 days in a growth chamber using a re-circulating nutrient film technique with 0.25 mmol/L K and either 4.75 mmol/L (control) or 54.75 mmol/L (saline) Na (as NaCl). Plants were harvested at weekly intervals and measurements were taken on leaf water relations, leaf photosynthetic rates, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll levels, glycine betaine levels, and tissue elemental composition. Glycine betaine accumulation increased under salinity and this accumulation correlated with higher tissue levels of Na in both cultivars. Na accounted for 80 to 90% of the total cation uptake under the saline treatment. At final harvest (42 days), K concentrations in laminae ranged from approximately 65-95 micromoles g-1 dry matter (DM), whereas Na in shoot tissue ranged from approximately 3000-4000 micromoles g-1. Leaf sap osmotic potential at full turgor [psi(s100)] increased as lamina Na content increased. Glycine betaine levels of leaf laminae showed a linear relationship with leaf sap [psi(s100)]. Chlorophyll levels, leaf photosynthetic rates, and chlorophyll fluorescence were not affected by Na levels. These results suggest that the metabolic tolerance to high levels of tissue Na in red-beet could be due to its ability to synthesize and regulate glycine betaine production, and to control partitioning of Na and glycine betaine between the vacuole and the cytoplasm.

Beta vulgaris↗

PubMed1977

The inheritance of a mutant yellow larva in the mosquito Aedes togoi.

In the mosquito Aedes (Finlaya) togoi (Theobald), which usually breeds in seawater in tidal pools and is a natural or experimental vector of various species of filariae, the mode of inheritance of a new mutant yellow larva (y) was investigated; the y allele is recessive and inherited independently of sex and its linked alleles, and independently of ruby eye (ru) and pigmented pupae (p), both of which are not sex-linked; therefore y is presumed to be on the third linkage group in this species. The allele y is completely penetrant with little variation in its expressivity, but its phenotype could not be reliably distinguished from that of sex-linked allele straw-coloured larva (s).

Aedes↗

PubMed1978

Genetics of a new mutant, curved wing, of the mosquito Aedes togoi.

A new recessive mutant curved wing (c) in the mosquito Aedes (Finlaya) togoi (Theobald), a vector of various species of filariae in the Far East, has been shown to be linked to yellow larva (y), with a recombination value of 13.26 +/- 1.41 to 20.53 +/- 1.41%. These linked alleles are inherited independently of either sex (M), straw-coloured larva (s), ruby eye (ru), or pigmented pupa (p). Evidence has now been produced that sex (M)-s, ru-p, and y-c mark the three linkage groups in this species (2n = 6), and these markers, respectively, have been placed provisionally in linkage groups 1, 2, and 3.

Aedes↗

PubMed1979

Disturbed venation, a new sex-linked mutant, in the mosquito Aedes togoi.

Genetic linkage of a new sex-linked mutant, disturbed venation (dv), in Aedes (Finlaya) togoi has been studied by utilizing representative markers, s (straw-coloured larva), ru (ruby eye), and y (yellow larva), of the three linkage groups. The dv allele is recessive, disturbs drastically venation of the wing veins, cu1, m1+2, m3+4, r2, r3, and r4+5, and also affects shape of the wings along with loss of many fringe scales. The wings become shortened, especially in females, and somewhat narrowed in males. Much variation occurs in the expression of dv with its fairly good penetrance, although an increased mortality of the dv homozygotes may occur at pupal stage or during emergence. This allele was located at 5 to 6 recombination units from s and 28.56 units from sex locus (M) in the gene order of s-dv-M.

Aedes↗

PubMed1991

Implementation of double-pulsed holography in evaluation of whole-body vibration.

This study used a unique holographic technique to evaluate the effects of vibration on soft tissues and bones. It was possible to record forced whole-body vibration in humans by holograph interferometry using a double-pulsed ruby laser. The study investigated the manner in which the muscles of the back and vertebral column are affected by vibrations applied to the human buttocks in the sitting position. The subject was exposed to vibration at two frequencies: 40 and 60 Hz (vertical Z axis). Transmission of the vibrations along the subject's back was recorded by means of double-pulsed holography and electromyography. Evaluation of the vibration pattern showed that the vibrations are transmitted along the back all the way up to the neck and head. The pattern of vibration in the muscles of the back and vertebral column showed that the greatest effect was exerted on the lumbar region of the back and the area of transition between the thoracic and cervical regions.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Heap leaching of lead contaminated soil using biodegradable chelator [S,S]-ethylenediamine disuccinate.

The feasibility of heap leaching Pb contaminated soil using biodegradable chelator [S,S]-ethylenediamine disuccinate ([S,S]-EDDS) in concentrations ranging from 10 to 40 mmol kg(-1) was assessed in a laboratory study. Treatment with 40 mmol kg(-1) [S,S]-EDDS was the most efficient, removing 31.3% of soil Pb and producing a waste washing solution with a peak Pb concentration slightly exceeding 10 mM. The removal of Pb from simulated washing solution containing 10 mM Pb by biodegradation of the Pb-[S,S]-EDDS complex and sorption of the released Pb on a vermiculite/soya meal/Slovakite based permeable bed was completed in 7.5 days. Lead recovery from washing solutions with higher molarity was significantly slower. Lead fractionation and bioavailability were assessed 6-months after soil treatment. Heap leaching removed Pb proportionally from carbonates (approx. 25% Pb) and organic matter (> 50% Pb), the two main Pb-bearing soil fractions,and increased the small pool of Pb soluble in the soil solution. The latter had no effect on Pb phytoavailability. Accumulation of Pb in leaves of the reported hyperaccumulator species Thlaspi goesingense was < 20 mg kg(-1) in all treatments, comparable to the Pb concentration in lettuce (Latuca sativa). Soil treatment with 40 mmol kg(-1) [S,S]-EDDS reduced concentrations of Pb orally-accessible in the stomach and intestine phase from initial 234.0 and 52.5 mg kg(-1) to 157.8 and 29.7 mg kg(-1), respectively, according to Ruby's test. Our results indicate that heap leaching of Pb with [S,S]-EDDS is not a viable remediation option for the tested soil and conditions used.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗

PubMed1999

Clinical and histological effect of a single treatment of normal mode alexandrite (755 nm) laser on small melanocytic nevi.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Earlier studies on the treatment of congenital melanocytic nevi have reported the efficacy of Q-switched ruby laser and Nd:YAG lasers. In this study we evaluated the clinical and the histological effects of a single treatment of normal mode (3 msec) alexandrite laser (755 nm) on small melanocytic nevi. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen patients having 40 nevi entered into the study. Twenty six nevi were clinically followed up after laser treatment for 4 months. Fourteen nevi were biopsied after laser treatment: 8 nevi immediately, 3 nevi after 10 days and 3 nevi after 1 month. RESULTS: At the end of 4 months, 20 (76.92%) nevi attained moderate to significant lightening of color, 5 (19%) nevi had their color matching that of the surrounding skin, one nevus (3.85%) showed very mild hypopigmentation, and 18 (69%) nevi had a surface level similar to the surrounding skin. One nevus healed with keloid formation. Histologically, immediately following laser, there was necrosis of nevus cells in the papillary and uppermost reticular dermis. Nevus cells in the deeper layers of the dermis were not affected. Ten days following laser, the upper dermis showed granulation tissue. One month after laser, there was mild fibrosis in the upper dermis and persistence of nevus cells in the middle and deep dermis. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that normal mode alexandrite laser may clear or cosmetically improve small melanocytic nevi whether congenital or acquired. However, the concern about the recurrence of the nevi and the potential for malignant transformation should be addressed by long-term follow-up studies.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

The role of laser and intense light sources in photo-epilation: a comparative evaluation.

The method for laser and light assisted hair removal is based on the theory of selective photothermolysis. Selective absorption of hair chromophores from lasers and broad band light sources results in destruction of hair follicles while leaving the skin undamaged. A discussion of the basic principles of selective photothermolysis as it applies to hair removal by lasers and light sources is presented, followed by a comparative review of three melanin target based systems: Ruby laser, Alexandrite laser, and a broad band intense pulsed light. These systems are efficient and safe with proper patient selection. Multiple treatments are necessary due to the nature of the hair growth cycle.

Hair↗

PubMed2002

Structure-function relations of two somatotopically corresponding regions of the rat cerebellar cortex: olivo-cortico-nuclear connections.

The somatotopical organization of the climbing fiber input to the paravermal region of lobulus simplex (LS, lobule Vla) was charted in the cerebellar cortex of anaesthetized rats. From medial to lateral in LS, zones a2, c1, c2 and c3 were identified. Forelimb responses were found in both LS and the paramedian lobule (PML) and simultaneous recordings from the c1 zone in both lobules showed that trial-by-trial fluctuations in climbing fiber field size evoked by ipsilateral forelimb stimulation did not occur in synchrony, suggesting that the two parts of the same zone are not closely linked by their climbing fiber input. Electrophysiological mapping in combination with a double fluorescent axonal tracing strategy (mix of Fluoro-Emerald and green beads, and mix of Fluoro-Ruby and red beads) revealed that the two parts of the c1 zone receive climbing fiber input from similar territories in the medial and dorsal accessory olives, but that only 4% of the total population of labelled cells have axons that branch to supply climbing fiber afferents to both regions of cortex. The corticonuclear output of the two parts of the zone was found in mainly overlapping regions of the transitional region between the anterior and posterior divisions of nucleus interpositus. Overall, the results suggest that the olivocerebellar and corticonuclear projections of cerebellar zones are similarly organized in rat and cat, implying that the function of individual zones is conserved between species.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1965

The laser as a potential tool for cell research.

Freshly prepared hemoglobin solutions were successively irradiated up to five times with 1 MW (monochromatic wavelength) of green (530 mmicro) laser power. Oxygenated hemoglobin showed no detectable change, but the spectral absorption of reduced hemoglobin showed a shift toward the characteristic curve for the oxygenated form. Intact human erythrocytes exposed to a power density of 110 MW/cm(2) of green laser radiation showed no appreciable change in diameter or mass, but they became transparent to a wavelength range from 400 to 600 mmicro. A similar power density from a ruby laser failed to produce this bleaching effect. This response in the erythrocyte demonstrates a principle which suggests the laser as a tool for cell research: specific molecular components within a cell may be selectively altered by laser irradiation when an appropriate wavelength and a suitable power density are applied.

Cell Biology↗

PubMed1969

Laser microscope irradiation of Physarum polycephalum: dynamic and ultrastructural effects.

Streaming plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum were irradiated with a microscope-mounted ruby laser and the resulting changes were recorded by cinemicrography or streak photographs. Some lesions were processed for electron microscopy. By varying the incident energy, three levels of response were detected. Two transient responses, a gelation briefly blocking streams and a more severe gelation with contraction, changed movement patterns but not organelle ultrastructure. At higher energies, a permanently coagulated lesion was rapidly segregated from normal and transiently altered cytoplasm by formation of new membranes. Within the coagulum, pigment granules were destroyed, membranes were disrupted, and cytoplasm was flocculent. Nuclei and mitochondria were compact in the center and swollen in a peripheral space left by contraction of the coagulum. These changes are probably caused by heat produced by the interaction between the laser beam and the pigment granules of the plasmodium. Many of the changes seem to be secondary responses that follow the primary capture of energy during irradiation.

Cell Nucleus↗

PubMed1959

Nucleoprotein changes in plant tumor growth.

Tumor cell transformation and growth were studied in a plant neoplasm, crown gall of bean, induced by Agrobacterium rubi. Ribose nucleic acid (RNA), deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA), histone, and total protein were estimated by microphotometry of nuclei, nucleoli, and cytoplasm in stained tissue sections. Transformation of normal cells to tumor cells was accompanied by marked increases in ribonucleoprotein content of affected tissues, reaching a maximum 2 to 3 days after inoculation with virulent bacteria. Increased DNA levels were in part associated with increased mitotic frequency, but also with progressive accumulation of nuclei in the higher DNA classes, formed by repeated DNA doubling without intervening reduction by mitosis. Some normal nuclei of the higher DNA classes (with 2, 4, or 8 times the DNA content of diploid nuclei) were reduced to diploid levels by successive cell divisions without intervening DNA synthesis. The normal relation between DNA synthesis and mitosis was thus disrupted in tumor tissue. Nevertheless, clearly defined DNA classes, as found in homologous normal tissues, were maintained in the tumor at all times.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Clinical dental application of Er:YAG laser for Class V cavity preparation.

Following the development of the ruby laser by Maiman in 1960, the Nd:YAG laser, the CO2 laser, the semiconductor laser, the He-Ne laser, excimer lasers, the argon laser, and finally the Er:YAG laser capable of cutting hard tissue easily were developed and have come to be applied clinically. In the present study, the Er:YAG laser emitting at a wavelength of 2.94 microns developed by Luxar was used for the clinical preparation of class V cavities. Parameters of 8 Hz and approx. 250 mJ/pulse maximum output were used for irradiation. Sixty teeth of 40 patients were used in this clinical study. The Er:YAG laser used in this study was found to be a system suitable for clinical application. No adverse reaction was observed in any of the cases. Class V cavity preparation was performed without inducing any pain in 48/60 cases (80%). All of the 12 cases that complained of mild or severe intraoperative pain had previously complained of cervical dentin hypersensibility during the preoperative examination. Cavity preparation was completed with this laser system in 58/60 cases (91.7%). No treatment-related clinical problems were observed during the follow-up period of approx. 30 days after cavity preparation and resin filling. Cavity preparation took between approx. 10 sec and 3 min and was related more or less to cavity size and depth. Overall clinical evaluation showed no safety problem with very good rating in 49 cases (81.7%).

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Pulsed alexandrite laser technology for noninvasive hair removal.

OBJECTIVE: Determination of the efficacy of pulsed Alexandrite Laser technology for rapid noninvasive hair removal. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Although previous studies have already shown that Ruby lasers are capable of noninvasive hair removal, a technology for the substantial increase of treatment speed is of great interest. METHODS: We have used a 2 msec free running pulsed Alexandrite (lambda = 755 nm) laser operated at a repetition rate of up to 5 pps at energy fluences of 25-40 J/cm2 to treat a wide range of body sites on 126 patients in conjunction with a fiber delivery system and a transparent target ruler. A transparent gel was used as epidermal heat sink. The study lasted 15 months. Pretreatment as well as follow-up hair count per cm2 was performed to determine the level of success. Treatments were repeated when 1-2 mm growth was observed. RESULTS: The average hair count before the second treatment was found to be close to 65% of the pretreatment count. The average hair count 3 months after the last treatment, was found to be lower than 12%. The interval between treatments ranged from 4 weeks to 3 1/2 months. CONCLUSIONS: The 2 msec pulsed Alexandrite laser technology is effective for the removal of unwanted hairs, ranging from fair to dark, except when hairs are absent in the shaft depending on the stage of their growth cycle. This results in the necessity of a few treatments or touchups. Adverse effects are minimal and transient.

Female↗

PubMed2006

Molecular analysis of maturation processes by protein and phosphoprotein profiling during in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes: a proteomic approach.

Cellular maturation and differentiation processes are accompanied by the expression of specific proteins. Especially in oocytes, there is no reliable strict linear correlation between mRNA levels and the abundance of proteins. Furthermore, the activity of proteins is modulated by specific kinases and phosphatases which control cellular processes like cellular growth, differentiation, cell cycle and meiosis. During the meiotic maturation of oocytes, the activation of protein kinases, namely of the MPF and MAPK play a predominant role. Therefore, the present study was performed to analyze meiotic maturation at a molecular level, concerning alterations of the proteom and phosphoproteom during IVM. Using a proteomic approach by combining two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by selective protein and phosphoprotein staining and mass spectrometry, we identified proteins which were differentially expressed and/or phosphorylated during IVM. Furthermore, we used the MPF inhibitor butyrolactone I, to reveal new molecular effects which are potentially essential for successful maturation. The results show that approximately 550 protein spots could be visualized by the fluorescent dye Sypro ruby at any maturation stage (GV, M I, M II) investigated. From GV stage to M II, ProQ diamond staining indicate in GV 30%, in M I 50%, and in M II 45% of the spots were phosphorylated. The Identity of 40 spots could be established. These proteins belong to different families, for example, cytoskeleton, molecular chaperons, redox, energy and metabolism related proteins, nucleic acid binding proteins, cell cycle regulators, and protein kinases. Four of them were differentially expressed (alteration higher than factor 2) during IVM, namely tubulin beta-chain, cyclin E(2), protein disulfide isomerase and one of two different forms of peroxiredoxin 2. Seven proteins were differentially stained by ProQ diamond, indicating a differential phosphorylation. These are tubulin beta-chain, beta-actin, cyclin E(2), aldose reductase and UMP-synthase, protein disulfide isomerase 2, and peroxiredoxin 2. Furthermore, the results indicate that the phosphorylation of at least peroxiredoxin 2 respond to BL I treatment. This indicates that its phosphorylation is under the control of MPF or MAPK. In summary these results indicates that the reduction of cyclin Eexpression and the (partially) inactivation of peroxiredoxin 2 by phosphorylation, hence alterations in the peroxide levels which can mediate signal transduction are essential components for successful maturation.

4-Butyrolactone↗