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PubMed1991

The influence of charge transfer complex formation on the antibacterial activity of some tricyclic drugs.

1. Phenothiazines and structurally related drugs are effective in eliminating bacterial plasmids. 2. Charge transfer complex formation between chlorpromazine and xanthine dyes with different electron acceptor activities (e.g. fluorescein, eosin, erythrosin and rose bengal) was detected by differential spectrophotometry. Charge transfer complexes were formed between the strong electron acceptor rose bengal and various tricyclic drugs. 3. On the basis of the wavelength shift, the binding energies of drugs and dyes were estimated. 4. The temperatures dependence of the reaction indicates charge transfer complex formation rather than a chemical reaction between drugs and dyes. 5. The anti-plasmid action of the phenothiazines was decreased in the presence of xanthine dyes. As a consequence of competitive inhibition between bacterial binding sites and xanthine dyes, the binding energy of drugs in the plasmid replication system could be determined in the presence of dyes. 6. Drugs with binding energies in the range of 0.23-2.31 kcal/mol can inactivate the plasmid replication system.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1994

Topical cyclosporin treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in secondary Sjögren's syndrome.

Topical cyclosporin 2% in olive oil was investigated for its possible immunoregulatory role on the dry eye state in patients with secondary Sjögren's syndrome. The study was a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial. Thirty eyes of 15 patients were randomized to undergo treatment with topical cyclosporin in olive oil and 30 eyes of the other 15 patients received a placebo, which was the sterile olive oil used as a vehicle for the cyclosporin. The effect of the 2-month long treatment with either medication on the status of the dry eye state was measured by Schirmer-I test, tear film break-up time and rose bengal staining. There was a significant increase in the break-up time and a significant decrease in rose bengal staining score between the cyclosporin and control groups at the end of the 2-month study period (p < 0.01). Schirmer-I test remained unaffected (p > 0.05). These results probably indicate that topical cyclosporin modulates the goblet cell function in secondary Sjögren's associated keratoconjunctivitis sicca and through this mucus enhancing action or some other mechanism not yet known, helps to maintain the structural integrity of the epithelium.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1991

Features of Sjögren's syndrome in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.

Twenty-six consecutive patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) from northern Sweden were studied regarding the occurrence and features of Sjögren's syndrome (SS). In more than 50% of the patients the rose bengal dye test showed conjunctival and/or corneal staining. In six patients keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) was present with positive rose bengal and Schirmer tests. In a further three patients only the results of the Schirmer tests were abnormal. Radiological findings of sialectasia were demonstrated in six patients, five of whom had KCS. Two of the seven patients who fulfilled our criteria for Sjögren's syndrome were HLA-B8 positive. A high prevalence of increased immune globulins and rheumatic factor was found, but this did not correlate with the presence of Sjögren's syndrome. Some features of Sjögren's syndrome were found in 73% of PBC patients, and keratoconjunctivitis sicca and/or sialectasia were found in 27% of PBC patients. This constitutes a high frequency of secondary manifestations of the liver disease.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Media for detecting and enumerating yeasts and moulds.

Dilution plating techniques are designed to determine populations of viable fungal propagules per unit weight or volume of food. Direct plating techniques, on the other hand, are designed to assess the internal mycoflora of individual pieces of foods, e.g., seeds or dried fruits, and results are expressed as a percentage of infected pieces. Both techniques are used by industry and regulatory agencies to monitor levels of fungal contamination at various stages of food handling, storing, processing and marketing. Peptone (0.1%) water is commonly used as a diluent for samples to be homogenized or blended. Buffered diluents containing up to 30% glucose or 60% sucrose are recommended for enumerating xerophiles. No one medium is satisfactory for detection or enumeration of yeasts and moulds in all foods. Dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol agar, oxytetracycline glucose yeast extract agar and rose bengal chloramphenicol agar are superior to acidified potato dextrose agar for enumeration of yeasts and moulds. Dichloran 18% glycerol agar performs well for enumerating moderately xerophilic yeasts and moulds. Fastidious xerophiles require media containing high concentrations of sugars and/or sodium chloride. Media have been formulated to detect potentially aflatoxigenic aspergilli and mycotoxigenic strains of penicillia and fusaria, but increased selectivity and specificity of media for detecting mycotoxigenic moulds are needed. Heat-resistant mould ascospores often require heat treatment prior to plating in order to activate the germination process. The spread-plate technique is strongly preferred over the pour-plate technique for enumerating yeasts and moulds. The recommended incubation temperature is 25 degrees C, but incubation time between plating and counting colonies ranges from 5 days for determination of general populations of mycoflora to 4 weeks or more for fastidious xerophiles. There is a need for new and improved media for selectively isolating various groups, genera, species and/or strains of fungi capable of growing only under specific environmental conditions, e.g., low aw or, in the case of sublethally injured cells, under conditions which facilitate resuscitation. Improved media are needed which accurately detect moulds producing specific mycotoxins in a wide range of food types.

Colony Count, Microbial↗

PubMed1991

Simple colorimetric cell-cell adhesion assay using biotinylated lymphocytes.

A new approach for quantitating lymphocyte adhesion based on labeling the lymphocyte plasma membrane with water-soluble biotin was developed. Adherent biotinylated lymphocytes were quantitated by measuring OD values of a colored substrate representing the amount of bound avidin-peroxidase. The lymphocyte adhesion assay based on the high affinity of avidin to biotin was considerably more sensitive when compared to rose bengal or [3H]thymidine labeling methods. The end-point of sensitivity is approximately 1000 lymphocytes which is clearly an improvement over the rose bengal or radiolabeling techniques with a detection limit of respectively 15 x 10(3) and 7.5 x 10(3) lymphocytes added to wells at the beginning of the assay. The method has the advantage of being rapid and simple and offers an alternative to adhesion assays based on cell ELISAs using cell-specific monoclonal antibodies.

Biotin↗

PubMed1992

Glycyrrhiza glabra extract as an effector of interception in Escherichia coli K12+.

Glycyrrhiza glabra polar lipid extract contains a number of flavonoids and related chemical compounds. Studies on the effectiveness of Glycyrrhiza glabra polar lipid extract in intercepting reactive molecules generated from the illumination of the photosensitizers rose bengal and phenosafranin indicate that it is effective in preventing cytotoxicity against E. coli K12+ in a dose-related fashion using illuminated rose bengal. Since only a modest scavenging of singlet oxygen generated from phenosafranin is observed, the effects of the extracts are less related to singlet oxygen-mediated oxidation of substrate (type II reactions) than non-singlet oxygen-mediated oxidation of substrate (type I reactions). Elevated levels of glutathione observed in exponentially growing cells of E. coli K12 were also observed.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed1994

Ocular surface damage and tear lactoferrin in dry eye syndrome.

We studied the relationship between the severity of ocular surface damage and the level of tear lactoferrin in primary and secondary Sjögren's syndrome and keratoconjunctivitis sicca not associated with Sjögren's syndrome. A significant negative correlation was found between Rose Bengal staining score and level of tear lactoferrin in all three groups. Analysis of covariance disclosed no significant differences in regression lines for Rose Bengal staining score vs tear lactoferrin level among the three groups. The three regression lines appeared to be identical to each other. These findings indicate that the severity of ocular surface damage due to dry eye largely depends on the tear secretory function of the lacrimal gland, and that the function of the lacrimal gland can be evaluated by determination of level of tear lactoferrin using the same standards regardless of differences in pathogenesis of underlying diseases.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Serological diagnosis of neurobrucellosis.

The presence of antibodies was determined in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid in six patients with neurobrucellosis using the Rose Bengal test, the microdilution agglutination test, and the Coombs' test. Four of the patients were followed up for more than three months. The Rose Bengal test and the microagglutination test were positive in cerebrospinal fluid in five of the six cases at some stage. The Coombs' test was positive in cerebrospinal fluid in every patient and in one was the only positive serological test. Cerebrospinal fluid positivity is not excluded by low titres or negative results of antibodies in the serum for any of the three methods. A Coombs' test or some equivalent must always be made on the cerebrospinal fluid to diagnose neurobrucellosis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Automatic separation system for marine meiobenthos based on laser-induced fluorescence technology.

An automatic system for marine meiobenthos separation was developed by using laser-induced fluorescence technology. Rose Bengal was used as organism dye and the spectrums of Rose Bengal were measured. Laser-induced fluorescence system was established to detect marine meiobenthos in sediments. Data obtained from experiments were analyzed by using a mathematical model. The results showed that laser-induced fluorescence technology worked well in the system. The system could select the meiobenthos efficiently and precisely.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1993

Photochemically induced focal cerebral ischemia in rat: time dependent and global increase in expression of basic fibroblast growth factor mRNA.

Induction of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) mRNA expression was studied in a Rose bengal induced focal cerebral ischemia during a time course of 2, 4, 24, 72 h and 7 days. Focal cerebral ischemia induced by Rose bengal resulted in a global upregulation in bFGF gene expression at the 24 h time-interval. This upregulation in bFGF gene expression was due to an upregulation in glial bFGF expression in most of the areas studied as seen by means of non-radioactive in situ hybridization in combination with immunocytochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein. However, in the piriform cortex a putative neuronal upregulation of bFGF could be detected by combination of non-radioactive in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein and nuclear staining with Neutral red. Semiquantitative data concerning bFGF mRNA expression were obtained by use of computer-assisted microdensitometry and revealed substantial increases in bFGF mRNA expression in the cingulate cortex, the neostriatum, a 1 mm marginal zone close to the external capsule and the olfactory tubercle at bregma levels 1 to 2 mm rostral to the lesion. No changes in bFGF gene expression were seen in field CA1 of Ammon's horn on the lesioned side and in dentate gyrus at bregma levels between -2.12 to -3.30 mm. We observed significant changes in bFGF upregulation in the caudate putamen, the piriform cortex and the amygdaloid region and the frontoparietal cortex at bregma levels -2.12 to -3.30 mm. These data indicate that photochemically induced focal cerebral ischemia leads to an early and global response in bFGF gene expression, which is due to an upregulation mainly in astrocytes. The observed widespread upregulation of the bFGF gene transcription rostral and caudal to the lesion is suggested to be due in part to neuronal glutaminergic connections between the areas investigated and in part due to increases in extracellular fluid signals (volume transmission).

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Measurement of 1268 nm emission for comparison of singlet oxygen (1 delta g) production efficiency of various dyes.

Singlet oxygen generation from laser-excited photosensitive dyes was measured directly using a sensitive near-infrared emission spectrometer to monitor the O2(1 delta g)-->O2(3 sigma -g) transition at 1268 nm. The emission intensity was proportional to both the laser power and the concentration of the dyes. The singlet oxygen producing ability of the dyes was compared with that of eosin YS as a standard in methanol. The relative efficiencies of singlet oxygen generation were determined for rose bengal, erythrosine B, phloxine B and eosin YS as 2.39, 1.73, 1.38, 1.00, respectively, while uranine showed no emission in this spectral region. Using rose bengal, erythrosine B, phloxine B and eosin YS, the efficiency of singlet oxygen generation correlated with the photobleaching reaction rate of azo-dyes by these dyes, suggesting singlet oxygen to be a species responsible for causing the photobleaching of azo-dyes. The halogen substituent effect on the efficiency of singlet oxygen generation from laser-excited photosensitive dyes was also examined systematically.

Azo Compounds↗

PubMed2005

The effect of autologous serum eyedrops in the treatment of severe dry eye disease: a prospective randomized case-control study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of the autologous serum eyedrops in the treatment of severe dry eye patients. DESIGN: Prospective randomized case-control study. METHODS: Thirty-seven eyes of twenty severe dry eye patients without punctal occlusion were enrolled in this study. After 2 weeks of washout, they were randomly assigned to two groups. Group A patients used only preservative-free artificial tears, and group S patients used only autologous serum eyedrops. We evaluated the results of Schirmer test, fluorescein and rose bengal staining scores, tear film breakup time (BUT), and subjective symptom scores before and 2 weeks after treatment. RESULTS: Mean BUT and fluorescein and rose bengal staining scores, as well as subjective symptom scores, showed significant improvement in the patients assigned to autologous serum eyedrops compared with subjects assigned to preservative-free artificial tears after 2 weeks of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Autologous serum eyedrops were found effective in the treatment of severe dry eye disease, as evidenced by improvement of tear stability and ocular surface vital staining scores.

Aged↗

PubMed1979

Displacement.

Displacement is a noncommital term for the reactions that occur when slides previously stained in phloxine or rose Bengal are immersed for varying lengths of time in a solution of another dye in ethyl Cellosolve. In most histotechnic texts Lendrum's (1947) phloxine-tartrazine is given as the stain for acidophilic inclusion bodies. However the lack between the phloxine and tartrazine has been a serious limitation. A number of dyes were tried as possible substitutes for the tartrazine. A rose Bengal-Bismark brown Y procedure was developed which stains similarly to Lendrum's phloxine-tartrazine and which does have the needed contrast. After staining for 10 min in 1% aqueous rose Bengal and rinsing in isopropyl alcohol slides are placed for 20, 30, 40 and 50 min in 0.05% Bismark brown Y in ethyl Cellosolve. In various tissues and structures the rose Bengal is sequentially displaced by the Bismark brown Y. Thus collagen loses the red stain after 30 min while acedophilic structures like sperm heads and Paneth cell granules retain the red stain after 50 min in the displacement solution. The results are strikingly similar to staining with alkaline Biebrich scarlet.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Induction of serous retinal detachment in rabbit eyes by pigment epithelial and choriocapillary injury.

Serous retinal detachments have been produced experimentally by occluding the choroidal circulation. We sought a more realistic model by adjusting rose bengal photosensitization to injure the retinal pigment epithelium and choriocapillaris in rabbits without causing vascular occlusion. We accomplished this by either using low doses of rose bengal or cooling the animal to reduce ocular temperature by 4 degrees C. Detachments typically appeared within 1 day after light exposure, centered over the area of light damage. Fluorescein angiography showed no capillary occlusion, but there was leakage of dye from areas of light damage. Light microscopy of light-damaged areas showed swelling or disruption of retinal pigment epithelial cells but a patent choriocapillaris. These data suggest that a combination of retinal pigment epithelial and choriocapillary damage may be necessary for serous detachment to occur.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Protective effect of amphotericin B against lethal photodynamic treatment in yeast.

The effect of polyenic antibiotic amphotericin B on photodynamically induced cell damage was investigated using Kluyveromyces fragilis. The photosensitizers applied are known to act via cell membrane damage (rose bengal and toluidine blue) or via DNA modification causing genotoxic effects (8-methoxypsoralen). Methylene blue was shown to cause membrane damage comparable with the effect of rose bengal and toluidine blue. Under conditions of photodynamic damage a pronounced protective effect of the antibiotic was evident in increased cell survival with all of the photosensitizers tested. Mitochondrial activity indicated a tendency of the antibiotic to protect the cells. The protective role of amphotericin B is discussed in the light of possible implications for photodynamic therapy of microbial infections.

Amphotericin B↗

PubMed1978

Inhibition of chicken erythrocyte AMP deaminase by tetraiodofluorescein compounds.

A kinetic study has been performed on the inhibition of the chicken erythrocyte AMP deaminase (AMP aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.6) reaction by tetraiodofluorescein and Rose Bengal. These dyes inhibited the enzyme by decreasing its affinity for the substrate without affecting the maximum velocity. Kinetic analysis has shown the inhibition constants for tetraiodofluorescein and Rose Bengal to be 350 and 55 micrometer, respectively, and the presence of 4 binding sites of the enzyme for the inhibitors per enzyme molecule. These results suggest that the fluorescein dyes mimic the AMP binding at the catalytic center of the enzyme, which can be formed by the "dinucleotide fold".

AMP Deaminase↗

PubMed1985

Nonimmune lymphocyte-macrophage interaction. I. Quantification by an automated colorimetric assay.

Previous studies have demonstrated a spontaneous, nonimmune interaction between lymphocytes and macrophages. This paper describes an automated colorimetric assay based on the dye, rose bengal, to quantify this interaction. The procedure entails allowing lymphocytes to adhere to preformed macrophage monolayers in the wells of microplates and then staining bound lymphocytes with rose bengal. Dye uptake and the consequent number of lymphocytes bound were quantified using an automated spectrophotometer developed for reading microplates. This procedure was used to confirm and extend the basic parameters of the system. The interaction was found to be temperature dependent but the kinetics and percentage of cells binding varied with the source of lymphocytes. However, all lymphocyte populations tested, namely, mature and immature thymocytes, T and B lymphocytes, and a range of thymoma cell lines, bound to macrophages. Furthermore, all macrophage populations examined had the ability to bind lymphocytes. The interaction also showed no strain specificity and generally lacked species specificity. It is proposed that the interaction is a highly dynamic process that enables lymphocytes to scan the surface of macrophages for self and/or foreign antigens.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1980

Vital staining of external eye of rabbit.

Fifty normal albino rabbits (Ssc: CPH) had 1% fluorescein and 1% rose bengal instilled into the right eye and 1% tetrazolium and 0.25% alcian blue into the left eye. The cornea was stained by fluorescein in no more than 2%, by rose bengal frequently (48%) and intensely, often over the area coverable by the nictitating membrane, and by tetrazolium correspondingly in 28%. Rosen bengal stained the nictitating membrane, and often follicles along the border. Marx' line was seen to be regular, festoon-shaped. Unlike the human Marx' line, that of the rabbit does not continue through the punctum lacrimale found 3 mm behind the lid margin at the nictitating membrane. The passage of tears takes a few minutes. The alcian-blue-stained mucous thread resembled the human one. Percentage values and mean staining grades have been stated for the individual regions.

Alcian Blue↗