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PubMed1998

Leptinemia is not a risk factor for ischemic heart disease in men. Prospective results from the Quebec Cardiovascular Study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possibility that leptin levels may be predictive of the risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) through the relationship of leptin to body fat. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The Quebec Cardiovascular Study cohort consisted of 2,103 French-Canadian men without IHD in 1985 who were followed until 1990, by which time 114 had experienced an IHD event. These 114 men were then individually matched for age, BMI, cigarette smoking, and alcohol intake with 114 subjects who were free of IHD at follow-up. After exclusion of diabetic patients and those in whom leptin levels could not be measured, we were able to compare the initial metabolic profiles of 86 men in the IHD group and of 95 control subjects. RESULTS: Plasma leptin concentrations were positively correlated with BMI (r = 0.67, P < 0.0001) and with fasting insulin concentrations (r = 0.46, P < 0.0001) in the overall sample. These significant associations were also observed when men with IHD and the control subjects were examined separately (control subjects: r = 0.68 for BMI and r = 0.45 for insulin; IHD subjects: r = 0.65 for BMI and r = 0.50 for insulin). With the exception of plasma triglyceride (r = 0.25, P < 0.001), no significant association was found between leptin and plasma lipoprotein and lipid concentrations. Furthermore, plasma insulin remained significantly associated with leptin levels even after adjustment for BMI (r = 0.22, P < 0.005). There was no difference in baseline leptin levels among men who developed IHD versus men who remained IHD-free during the 5-year follow-up (5.56 +/- 3.12 vs. 5.36 +/- 2.90 ng/ml, respectively). Thus, although significantly correlated with the BMI and fasting insulin levels, plasma leptin concentration was not a significant predictor of the 5-year incidence of IHD. This lack of a relationship to IHD was noted when leptin levels were analyzed as tertiles and when leptin concentration was analyzed as a continuous variable. CONCLUSIONS: These prospective results suggest that leptinemia, despite being a strong correlate of obesity, does not appear to be an independent risk factor for the development of IHD in men.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

[The emergence of a professional identity among Quebec nurses, 1890-1927].

As part of an important Western trend, the professionalization of Quebec nurses was initially characterized by the enormous challenge of rallying all nurses into adhering to a single professional model. The story starts in 1895 when an elite corps of English-Protestant nurses established the Canadian Nurses Association. These graduates of the Montreal General Hospital were quite active within the English Canadian nursing movement promoting the ideal of the trained nurse, conceived by Florence Nightingale in England. They also fought for professional registration, in keeping with the American trend. The task of rallying French Catholics to the cause of registration soon proved difficult however, as disparities between schools and associations as well as between linguistic and religious groups became apparent. The 1920 Nurses Registration Bill did not put an end to the conflict, unfortunately. By an immediate and controversial alliance, French Catholic physicians and nurses attempted to contest the law which penalized them. If the alliance between them proved beneficial to French-Catholic nurses then, it cost the latter their professional autonomy.

Canada↗
PubMed1998

Eugenics, McGill, and the Catholic Church in Montreal and Quebec: 1890-1942.

Tracing the origins of eugenics in Canada and seeking to apply a national model, the article explores the juxtaposition between the movement's origin in Britain and its popularity in the Canadian academic milieu, and its condemnation in Quebecois intellectual circles. The first aspect of the movement is explored through the work of two McGill professors, Carrie Derrick and J.G. Adami. In contrast, there is both apathy and resistance from the Quebecois polity--and the influence of Catholicism in forming a resistant position to the eugenics movement--to consider. The impact of works by Blais, Forest, and others are examined in this respect. The conclusion argues for a bifurcated response to eugenic ideas in Quebec, divided along linguistic-cultural lines.

Canada↗
PubMed1982

Conglutinin, immunoconglutinins and heterophile antibodies in the sera of apparently healthy moose (Alces alces) and caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in Quebec.

Serum samples from apparently healthy wild populations of moose and caribou in the province of Quebec, Canada were screened for the presence of conglutinin (K), immunoconglutinins (IKS) and heterophile antibodies. The conglutinating factor in moose and caribou sera was characterized utilizing the necessity of calcium ions for its reaction with sensitized sheep erythrocytes which had been alexinated with horse complement. The conglutinating substance in these animals did not require calcium ions for its activity. The conglutinating activity in both moose and caribou sera was characterized due to IKS as those present in sheep, dog and rabbit sera. Both moose and caribou had non-agglutinating type of heterophile antibodies. Their titres varied from 0 to 80. None of the animals tested had K in their blood. The titre of IKS varied from 0 to 640 with a mean value of 41 in moose, whereas it varied from 0 to 80 with a mean value of 18 in caribou. About 75% of all the animals in both the groups were positive for IKS. The specificity of IKS was demonstrated by the total removal of its activity on absorption with alexinated cells. Presence of IKS in these animals is suggestive of latent infection(s) possibly of bacterial, viral or parasitic origin.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of a strategic deworming program in dairy heifers in Quebec based on the use of moxidectin, an endectocide with a long persistency.

Two different deworming strategies based on the use of moxidectin, a broad spectrum endectocide with persistency against Ostertagia ostertagi, were evaluated in grazing dairy heifers. Eighty-four heifers unexposed to parasitic infection were randomly allocated to 3 different groups: untreated (Group 1), treated at 3 and 10 weeks after turnout with 0.5 mg/kg/body weight (BW) of topical moxidectin (Group 2), or treated at turnout and 10 weeks later with 0.5 mg/kg/BW of topical moxidectin (Group 3). The heifers were turned out on June 6 (Day 0) to a naturally contaminated pasture divided into 3 sections by an electrical fence. Each group of heifers was put on a different section of pasture. The trial ended when they were housed on October 29 (Day 143). The results of this experiment confirmed the beneficial effect of 2 strategic treatments with moxidectin pour-on under field conditions in Quebec. The parasitological parameters showed a statistical difference in terms of mean fecal egg counts between treated and control groups (ANOVA, P < or = 0.006). After turnout, pasture larval counts were consistently higher for Group 1 compared with counts for Group 2 or 3. All heifer groups gained weight during the trial period, but the weight gain profile of both treated groups was significantly higher than that of the untreated controls (ANOVA, P < 0.03). During the trial period, Group 2 and Group 3 gained 77.7 kg BW and 73.2 kg BW, respectively, while Group 1 gained only 57.9 kg BW, despite the fact that heifers of Group 1 received a greater quantity of supplementary feed while on pasture.

Abomasum↗
PubMed1995

[The reproduction of the population in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. Examples from France and Quebec].

This article examines the descendants of four cohorts of couples formed in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (two cohorts in two French mountain valleys and one on the Ile-d'Orléans in Quebec). The children are separated into four categories according to their fate (deceased while still unmarried, unknown fate, married but childless, "useful children"). "Useful children", a concept used in population genetics, are those who in turn bear children. In all three places, the useful children represent only from 26 to 31% of births. The study goes on to measure the contributions made by these couples to the next generation. In the mean, each couple gave birth to little over one useful child. But the contributions of couples turns out to be very unequal. Depending on the place, from 36 to 53% of couples left no useful children behind them, while a small minority of couples made an ample contribution to the next generation. The same measure is reproduced in the constitution of the next generation, thereby showing that inequality of couples in terms of reproduction is perpetuated.

Canada↗
PubMed1996

[Spatial and ethnic differentiations of infant mortality: Quebec 1885-1971].

The aim of this paper is to present an overview of the evolution of Infant Mortality in Montreal and in the whole Province of Quebec, from 1885 to 1971, and to highlight factors which may have determined the differential decline during this period. Based on civil registers, quality and fiability of the results are first discussed. Compiling statistics on infant mortality was of great importance in so far as it enabled hygienists to justify baby welfare clinics and county health units. In Montreal, cultural context showed a powerful influence on infant mortality: more French Canadian infants died in their first year than in British and the Jews. Between 1920 and 1930, infant mortality rates in the Canadian metropolitan area declined in rural areas of the Province. After this period, these rates have declined even more rapidly.

Canada↗
PubMed1984

[Family life cycle in Quebec: comparative views, seventeenth to twentieth centuries].

A comparison of the family life cycle in Quebec at the end of the seventeenth century and in the middle of the twentieth century is presented. "For both periods, calculations of comparative indices were carried out in the absence of mortality and divorce. This allows the emphasizing of the outstanding features of the family life cycle....In particular, the considerable reduction in the duration of the extensive phase [is noted; this] is linked to the significant drop in fertility, and the emerging of a long phase of stabilization during which the parents are responsible for all their children. Finally, an examination of the proportion of undissolved families at each stage clearly shows the dramatic impact of mortality on family life in the past." (summary in ENG, SPA)

Americas↗
PubMed1984

[Places and agents: the ethnic and sexual division of labor in Quebec from 1931 to 1981].

The socio-professional distribution of Quebec's total labor force has changed during the 20th century, as one can observe from the 1931-81 Canadian censuses that provide comparative occupation codes. As well, the sexual and ethnic composition of the labor force has changed substantially during this period. The authors analyze the manner in which these sexual and ethnic cleavages are, at various moments, called upon to assign agents to different places in the division of labor; in particular, it is a matter of seeing how the dominated groups, defined by these 2 cleavages, are used to fulfill the lower functions of the work hierarchy. The use of complex models of the linear log type makes it possible to distinguish, on the 1 hand, crude effects relating the reality experienced by sexual and ethnic groups in the labor force, and, on the other hand, the net effects corresponding to the more or less permanent, but less evident, rules which govern these groups' access to the various jobs.

Americas↗
PubMed1985

[The demographic behavior of linguistic groups in Quebec during].

"The purpose of this paper is to analyse simultaneously, according to what is known as the multiregional approach, the interactions between fertility, migration and mortality, for each of the main linguistic groups of Quebec [Canada]. Results show that, on the basis of the demographic regime observed between 1976 and 1981, while migration probably has reduced regional disparities in fertility and mortality behavior, it also has markedly amplified the demographic impact of linguistic disparities in this behavior." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Americas↗
PubMed1986

[Three projections of population decline for Quebec: characteristics and implications for the working population].

"After a brief review of various projections of population decline for Quebec, the author analyses some previous examples of depopulation, and emphasizes that public opinion will have to change much if immigration is to be used as a tool for avoiding population decline. He then investigates four implications of the projected decline: the size of the working population, its age and sex structure, the labor force participation ratio, and the economic dependency ratio." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

[Quebec's population decline: if it is foreseeable, is it avoidable?].

"Quebec's fertility is the lowest in Canada, and it is most likely that its population is heading for a decline. In this paper, the authors try to make explicit some of the scenarios which could prevent this decline. They first briefly present the current trends and specify the assumptions used in the simulation. Then, they analyse the results by investigating the onset of the decline and the maximum size of the population. And finally, they present some of the replacement scenarios which may prevent the decline." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Americas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The reproduction of families affected by Steinert's dystrophy in Saguenay (Quebec), 1885-1971: demographic parameters].

"In the light of the literature in the field, one would expect that the myotonic dystrophy (or Steinert) gene carries a severe selective disadvantage. Indeed, this phenotype is commonly said to entail...sterility, infant mortality, and a lower nuptiality. In the worst cases, it is not unlikely that the gene could eliminate itself through non-reproduction. [A model is developed and] tested in the Saguenay (Quebec) population, known for its exceptionally high prevelance (1/475) of the disease. Authors have been able to use a computerized demographic and genealogical data base in order to study several demographic variables (fertility, nuptiality, mortality, etc)....Case-control analyses produced very [few] differences between affected and control families, suggesting no significant selective disadvantage associated with the gene." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND ITA)

Americas↗
PubMed1990

[Images of Quebec's population and society: the learning of diversity].

"Recent studies in social sciences and human genetics have led to the conclusion that the traditional image of [a] highly homogeneous Quebec society needs to be substantially retouched. After a brief presentation of the traditional homogeneity discourse, the author discusses some significant examples of heterogeneity, and suggests some of the revisions these imply." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Americas↗
PubMed1990

[The evolution of ethnic structure in Quebec's peripheral regions].

"The main purpose of this paper is to analyse, on the basis of census data, the evolution of the ethnic structure of the population in five peripheral regions of Quebec. After some methodological considerations and a brief discussion of the settlement structure, the author describes the evolution of ethnic structure over two sub-periods: 1871-1971 and 1971-1986." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Americas↗
PubMed1990

[Changes in the age structure of the labor force by occupation in Quebec, 1981-1986].

The author examines trends in the age structure and size of the labor force in Quebec, Canada, for the period 1981-1986. "Using simulations, the author shows that the occupational structure of workers as a whole is less influenced by the decrease in the number of young workers...than by occupational changes observed among young workers." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1994

[Fertility behavior in Quebec, family allowances, and taxes: results and simulations with a discrete choice model for the years 1975-1987].

"We suppose that women (couples), who are less than 40 years old, are faced with three types of sequential decisions: the fertility decision, the decision relative to the number of children to have and the decision concerning labour force participation.... We use a nested polychotomous discrete choice model to estimate the responsiveness of the behaviour of 'married' women in Quebec to variations in the expected flow of revenue resulting from changes in the parameters of the personal income tax and in the level of public monetary transfers conditional on the number of children. The model is estimated with micro-data from 9 repeated cross-sections for the years 1975 to 1987 with a full information maximum likelihood method.... This empirical setting is used to simulate the effects of changes made to the fiscal and transfer policies in favor of families with dependent children on fertility, [women's] labor force participation and the importance of spending costs for the two levels of government." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Aid to Families with Dependent Children↗