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PubMed1993

The reticulovestibular projection in the rabbit: an experimental study with the retrograde horseradish peroxidase method.

The reticulovestibular projections of the brainstem in the rabbit were studied by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). After selective iontophoretic injections of the tracer into various subdivisions of the vestibular nuclear complex (VNC), labeled neurons were found in defined regions of the reticular formation (RF) of the caudal pons and the rostral medulla. The results indicate that all four vestibular nuclei receive projection from RF. This projection is bilateral with a contralateral predominance. The major projection originates from dorsal and dorsolateral regions of the caudal pontine reticular nucleus (RPc) and the gigantocellular reticular nucleus (RGc) at the transitional level between them. A modest projection originates from pars alpha of the caudal pontine reticular nucleus (RPc alpha), the parvocellular reticular nucleus (Rpc) and pars alpha of the parvocellular nucleus (Rpc alpha), mostly from their ventral regions. A small projection arises from pars alpha of the gigantocellular reticular nucleus (RGc alpha), as well as from the ventral reticular subnucleus (Rv) and cell group a in the caudal aspect of the medulla. No clear-cut topical relationship was noted between the location of neurons in RF and projection site in VNC. The superior vestibular nucleus (SV) and the medial vestibular nucleus (MV) receive projections exclusively from RPc and RGc, whereas the lateral reticular nucleus (LV) and the inferior vestibular nucleus (IV) receive additional projections from the remaining RF nuclei. The termination areas of reticular fibers within SV and IV seem to be diffuse but in MV and LV there is a clear preponderance to the regions located ventrally. The present study has established cells of origin for the reticulovestibular projections from the pontomedullary RF to individual VNC nuclei in the rabbit.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Specificity in the projection patterns of accumbal core and shell in the rat.

The efferent projections of the core and shell areas of the nucleus accumbens were studied with a combination of anterograde and retrograde tract-tracing methods, including Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin, horseradish peroxidase and fluorescent tracers. Both the core and shell regions project to pallidal areas, i.e. ventral pallidum and entopeduncular nucleus, with a distinct topography in the sense that the core projection is located in the dorsolateral part of ventral pallidum, whereas the shell projects to the medial part of the subcommissural ventral pallidum. Both regions of the accumbens also project to mesencephalon with a bias for the core projection to innervate the substantia nigra-lateral mesencephalic tegmentum, and for the shell projection to reach primarily the ventral tegmental-paramedian tegmentum area. The most pronounced differences between core and shell projections exist in regard to the hypothalamus and extended amygdala. Whereas the core projects primarily to the entopeduncular nucleus including a part that invades the lateral hypothalamus, the shell, in addition, projects diffusely throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the lateral hypothalamus as well as to the extended amygdala, especially its sublenticular part. Both the core and shell of the accumbens have unmistakable striatal characteristics both histologically and in their connectional patterns. The shell, however, has additional features that are reminiscent of the recently described extended amygdala [Alheid G.F. and Heimer L. (1988) Neuroscience 27, 1-39; de Olmos J.S. et al. (1985) In The Rat Nervous System, pp. 223-334]; in fact, the possibility exists that the shell represents a transitional zone that seems to characterize most of the fringes of the striatal complex, where it adjoins the extended amygdala.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1995

D1 and D2 dopamine receptors differentially increase Fos-like immunoreactivity in accumbal projections to the ventral pallidum and midbrain.

Alterations in dopaminergic neurotransmission have profound effects on neuronal expression of the putative activity marker, Fos, in both the dorsal and ventral striatum. Stimulants such as D-amphetamine and cocaine increase Fos-like immunoreactivity by enhancing the activation of D1 dopamine receptors. In contrast, neuroleptics such as haloperidol and raclopride increase Fos-like immunoreactivity by blocking striatal D2 dopamine receptors. In the dorsal striatum, D1 receptor stimulation elevates Fos-like immunoreactivity predominantly in neurons projecting to the midbrain (substantia nigra), whereas D2 receptor antagonism enhances Fos-like immunoreactivity principally in neurons projecting to the pallidum (globus pallidus). These findings are consistent with the proposal that D1 receptors are located chiefly on striatonigral neurons, whereas D2 receptors reside mainly on striatopallidal neurons. Since the nucleus accumbens (largest component of the ventral striatum) also sends projections to the midbrain (ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra) and pallidum (ventral pallidum), the present study utilized retrograde tract-tracing techniques to determine if there was a similar segregation of D1 agonist- and D2 antagonist-induced Fos-like immunoreactivity in these accumbal projections. In addition, we examined whether these relationships were the same in the core and shell regions of the nucleus accumbens. Like the dorsal striatum, D1 agonists (D-amphetamine and CY 208-243), but not D2 antagonists (haloperidol and clozapine), increased Fos-like immunoreactivity in accumbal neurons projecting to the midbrain (ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra). Also like the dorsal striatum, D2 antagonist-induced Fos-like immunoreactivity was located preferentially in accumbal neurons projecting to the pallidum (ventral pallidum). However, unlike the dorsal striatum, where the vast majority of neurons which display D1 agonist-induced Fos-like immunoreactivity project to the midbrain, nearly 50% of those neurons in the nucleus accumbens which were Fos-immunoreactive after D-amphetamine or CY 208-243 projected to the ventral pallidum. Thus, a similar number of accumbal neurons which expressed D1 agonist-induced Fos-like immunoreactivity were retrogradely labelled from the midbrain and ventral pallidum. Accumbal projections to the midbrain and ventral pallidum were retrogradely labelled with different retrograde tracers in order to determine the degree of collateralization between these pathways. Approximately 20% of retrogradely labelled neurons displayed both tracers, indicating that collateralization and damage to fibres of passage could not account for all of those cases in which D1 agonist-induced Fos-like immunoreactivity was detected in accumbal neurons projecting to the ventral pallidum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Projections of the medial and lateral prefrontal cortices to the amygdala: a Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin study in the rat.

The projections of different subfields of the medial and lateral prefrontal cortices to the amygdala were studied in the rat using the sensitive Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin anterograde tract tracing technique. Injections into the infralimbic cortex produced anterograde labeling in the lateral capsular subdivision of the central nucleus, superficial (corticomedial) amygdaloid nuclei, lateral and accessory basal nuclei, and the anterior amygdaloid area. Injections into the caudal portion of the infralimbic cortex produced additional labeling in the intermediate subdivision of the central nucleus. The prelimbic cortex had projections to the medial portion of the magnocellular basal nucleus and adjacent portions of the lateral nucleus and lateral capsular subdivision of the central nucleus. The medial precentral cortex had projections to the rostromedial part of the magnocellular basal nucleus and adjacent portions of the lateral capsular subdivision of the central nucleus. Injections into the lateral orbital and ventral agranular insular cortices produced labeled fibers in the rostral part of the superficial amygdala, lateral capsular subdivision of the central nucleus, and the lateral and accessory basal nuclei. The dorsal agranular insular area had projections to several different subdivisions of the central nucleus as well as to the rostrolateral magnocellular basal nucleus; the latter projections were complementary to those originating in the prelimbic area. The present study indicates that each portion of the prefrontal cortex has a distinctive projection to the amygdala. The ventral areas of the lateral and medial prefrontal cortices, which receive olfactory projections, are the only prefrontal cortical areas with projections to the olfactory-related superficial amygdaloid nuclei. The more dorsally situated prefrontal areas, the dorsal agranular insular area and prelimbic cortex, have complementary projections to the basal nucleus, suggesting that they modulate separate prefrontal cortico-striatal-pallid circuits. The specificity of prefrontal cortico-amygdaloid projections is indicative of their involvement in discrete functions.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1995

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry of the spine--decubitus lateral versus anteroposterior projection in osteoporotic women: comparison to single energy X-ray absorptiometry of the forearm.

We investigated the discriminatory ability of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the lumbar spine in the anteroposterior vs. decubitus lateral projection in 53 elderly women with at least one vertebral fracture and 63 age-matched women without fracture. Twenty-three premenopausal healthy women served as a reference group. Spine measurements were compared to forearm measurements by single energy X-ray absorptiometry (SXA). Bone mineral density (BMD) of the women with fractures was 16% lower in the AP projection and 17% lower in the decubitus lateral projection compared to age-matched women without fractures. t-Scores (deviation from normal premenopausal values in SDs) were -2.1 to -2.3 in the women without fractures, and -3.9 (AP projection), -3.1 (lateral projection) and -3.8 (forearm) in the women with vertebral fractures. t-Scores as well as z-scores for bone mineral content of the vertebral body and the vertebral posterior elements (both measured with the lateral projection) were similar. ROC analysis showed no significant difference between the AP and the lateral projection of the spine. When subjects with vertebral endplate sclerosis (about 25% in each group, with considerably elevated spinal BMD) were excluded, it did not significantly change the diagnostic abilities for fractures. We found no diagnostic advantage of the lateral projection as compared to the AP projection or forearm measurement. Future studies will reveal whether absorptiometry in the lateral projection can be improved by supine lateral scanning.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2004

Project based experiential distance education: an oxymoron?

In the context of a program in Health Information Science at the University of Victoria in Victoria, BC, Canada, we have over the past 20 years made progress and gained experience in delivering a number of courses in a project-based experiential learning mode which links professionals and students in real world projects. As we are moving towards distance education, we are facing the challenge of translating these achievements into distance mode. The paper reviews the principles which make project-based educational mode involving collaboration with professionals desirable. We then review the experience with two specific courses, in which local students work with distant and local representatives of health institutions, respectively, on projects defined in the professional environment. This experience showed that the approach is of mutual interest and benefit to both the students and the professionals involved, but that a long lead time, and considerable detail in the preparation are required to lead such endeavors to success. We then discuss three alternatives to translating the principles of these approaches into distance mode. Among the alternatives, conducting a local project, closely affiliated with the teaching institution, or relying on a mock project which is based on recorded examples from previous projects, seem to be the most promising options. The alternative of having every student pursuing a different project, which may be local for the student but distant for the educational institution, is less attractive if faculty are expected to assume responsibility for successful project completion. It may, however, be the preferred solution if students are health professionals residing at distant health care institutions. All three alternatives have drawbacks that may limit the feasibility of project-based experiential learning in distance mode.

British Columbia↗
PubMed2006

A comparison of ventral tegmental neurons projecting to optic flow regions of the inferior olive vs. the hippocampal formation.

The ventral tegmental area (catecholaminergic group A10) is a midbrain region characterized by concentrated dopaminergic immunoreactivity. Previous studies in pigeons show that the ventral tegmental area provides a robust projection to the hippocampal formation and to the medial column of the inferior olive. However, the distribution, morphology, and neurochemical content of the neurons that constitute these projections have not been resolved. In this study, we used a combination of retrograde tracing techniques and immunofluorohistochemistry to address these issues. Retrograde tracers were used to demonstrate that the distribution of ventral tegmental area neurons projecting to the hippocampus and the inferior olive overlap in the caudo-ventral ventral tegmental area. The hippocampus- and inferior olive-projecting ventral tegmental area neurons could not be distinguished based on morphology: most neurons had small- to medium-sized multipolar or fusiform soma. Double-labeling with fluorescent retrograde tracers revealed that the hippocampus- and medial column of the inferior olive-projecting neurons were found intermingled in the ventral tegmental area, but no cells were double labeled; i.e. individual ventral tegmental area neurons do not project to both the hippocampal formation and medial column of the inferior olive. Finally, we found that a minority (8.2%) of ventral tegmental area neurons providing input to the hippocampus were tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive, whereas none of the inferior olive-projecting neurons were tyrosine hydroxylase positive. Combined, our findings show that the projections to the hippocampus and olivocerebellar pathway arise from intermixed subpopulations of ventral tegmental area neurons with indistinguishable morphology but only the hippocampal projection involves dopaminergic neurons. We suggest that equivalent projections from the ventral tegmental area to the hippocampal formation and inferior olive exist in mammals and discuss their potential role in the processing of optic flow and the analysis of self-motion.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1994

Resident research projects: frequency of presentation and publication in a national forum.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to determine the fate of mandatory resident research projects with regard to subsequent presentation and publication. STUDY DESIGN: In this retrospective descriptive study required research projects were assessed for frequency of presentation at regional and national meetings or publication in medical journals, or both, over a 10-year period (1983 through 1992). Rising second-year house officers elected to initiate their own study with departmental support under the guidance of a faculty advisor or selected a research project from a list of potential investigations offered by departmental faculty. Projects were presented at the annual alumni meeting in April of the junior and senior years. The faculty advisor assisted in research design, protocol development, obtaining human investigation committee approval, data collection, statistical analysis, manuscript preparation, and coaching for the oral presentation. After local presentation these projects were evaluated for submission to regional and national meetings and prepared for peer-review publication. RESULTS: During a 10-year period 104 resident research projects resulted in 72 regional or national presentations and 52 peer-review publications. There was a significant increase in the proportion of projects presented at national meetings over time (r = 0.99; p < 0.0001). There was also an increase in the number of projects published in peer-review journals during the decade-long study period (r = 0.96, p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Required completion of two research studies during residency bolstered by early selection of prospective projects and departmental fiscal support, as well as intensive faculty advisor direction and assistance, has resulted in resident projects with increasingly frequent national recognition.

Humans↗
PubMed1983

A project in physical education for handicapped and health-risk groups.

An interdisciplinary project concerning the physical education and culture of handicapped and health-risk groups, conducted during the years 1976 to 1980 under the auspices of the Finnish Society for Research in Sports and Physical Education, is reported in this paper. The concept of special group used in connection with the project is relative and describes the groups of people who do not receive the normal services in the field of physical activities. The goals of the project were not only to provide these services but also to study the problems connected with the use and supply of these services for these groups. The project approached its goals from the point of view not only of the individuals concerned but also of the organizations involved. The project was conducted in two towns and one rural community in Finland. Twenty-eight groups were formed in these communities, comprising about 500 participants. Of these, 350 regularly took part in the exercises. About 250 participants and 28 group leaders were studied in more detail. The decision-making and administrative processes at both local and national levels were analyzed. The project resulted in considerable increased activity of the persons taking part in the exercises, most of whom reported favorable results. Most group leaders also gave positive responses when asked about the results of the project. The project also effected a change in the decision-making processes at local and national levels, as more resources were allocated for these purposes than before the project. In this sense, the project fulfilled its original mission as a change agent.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed2003

Membrane properties of identified lateral and medial perforant pathway projection neurons.

The physiological characteristics of neurons that project to the hippocampus and dentate gyrus via the medial perforant pathway (projection neurons) are well known, but the characteristics of neurons that project to these areas via the lateral perforant pathway (projection neurons) are less well known. We have used retrograde tracing and whole-cell recording in brain slices to compare the membrane and firing properties of medial perforant pathway and lateral perforant pathway projection neurons in layer II of the medial and lateral entorhinal cortex. The properties of medial perforant pathway projection neurons were identical to those reported previously for spiny stellate neurons in the medial entorhinal cortex. In contrast, lateral perforant pathway projection neurons were characterized by a higher input resistance, a lack of time-dependent inward (anomalous) rectification, and a lack of prominent depolarizing spike afterpotentials. Voltage-clamp recordings suggest that the absence of anomalous rectification in lateral perforant pathway projection neurons is due to smaller hyperpolarization activated cation currents in these cells, and the lack of depolarizing afterpotential may be due to smaller low-threshold calcium currents. Persistent sodium current was also smaller in lateral perforant pathway projection neurons, but the difference in persistent sodium current between medial perforant pathway and lateral perforant projection neurons was much less pronounced than the difference in low voltage activated currents. These results underscore the functional differences between the medial entorhinal cortex and lateral entorhinal cortex, and may help to explain the differing abilities of these cortical areas to participate in certain types of network activity.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2003

Chemical organization of projection neurons in the rat accumbens nucleus and olfactory tubercle.

Projection neurons in the ventral striatum, the accumbens nucleus and olfactory tubercle, were examined by combining the retrograde tracing method and immunocytochemistry with antibodies against C-terminals of the preprodynorphin (PPD), preproenkephalin (PPE), preprotachykinin A (PPTA) and preprotachykinin B (PPTB). When the retrograde tracer was injected into the ventral pallidum, about 60% and 40% of retrogradely labeled neurons in the accumbens nucleus were immunoreactive for PPD and PPE, respectively. In contrast, all accumbens nucleus neurons projecting to the ventral mesencephalic regions including the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area were immunopositive for PPD but not for PPE. Although no olfactory tubercle neurons projected fibers to the mesencephalic regions, 60% and 40% of olfactory tubercle neurons projecting to the ventrolateral portion of the ventral pallidum were immunoreactive for PPD and PPE, respectively, as were the accumbens nucleus neurons. About 70% of accumbens nucleus and olfactory tubercle neurons projecting to the ventral pallidum and all accumbens nucleus neurons projecting to the ventral mesencephalic regions showed PPTA immunoreactivity. A small population (2-12%) of accumbens neurons projecting to the ventral pallidum and mesencephalic regions displayed immunoreactivity for PPTB. Compared with the dorsal striatopallidal projection neurons that were reported to mostly express PPE, it was characteristic of the ventral striatum that only the smaller population (about 40%) of ventral striatopallidal projection neurons expressed PPE. This suggests that the ventral striatopallidal projection system is less specialized than the dorsal striatopallidal system in terms of peptide production, or that the ventral pallidum should be compared with a combined region of the globus pallidus and entopeduncular nucleus in the dorsal system.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Parallel auditory pathways: projection patterns of the different neuronal populations in the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei.

The cochlear nuclear complex gives rise to widespread projections to nuclei throughout the brainstem. The projections arise from separate, well-defined populations of cells. None of the cell populations in the cochlear nucleus projects to all brainstem targets, and none of the targets receives inputs from all cell types. The projections of nine distinguishable cell types in the cochlear nucleus-seven in the ventral cochlear nucleus and two in the dorsal cochlear nucleus-are described in this review. Globular bushy cells and two types of spherical bushy cells project to nuclei in the superior olivary complex that play roles in sound localization based on binaural cues. Octopus cells convey precisely timed information to nuclei in the superior olivary complex and lateral lemniscus that, in turn, send inhibitory input to the inferior colliculus. Cochlear root neurons send widespread projections to areas of the reticular formation involved in startle reflexes and autonomic functions. Type I multipolar cells may encode complex features of natural stimuli and send excitatory projections directly to the inferior colliculus. Type II multipolar cells send inhibitory projections to the contralateral cochlear nuclei. Fusiform cells in the dorsal cochlear nucleus appear to be important for the localization of sounds based on spectral cues and send direct excitatory projections to the inferior colliculus. Giant cells in the dorsal cochlear nucleus also project directly to the inferior colliculus; some of them may convey inhibitory inputs to the contralateral cochlear nucleus as well.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Influence of the number of basis images and projection array on caries detection using tuned aperture computed tomography (TACT).

OBJECTIVES: to determine if the number of basis images and spatial distribution of the projection array used for TACT slice generation influence observer performance in caries detection. METHODS: In the first experiment, 2, 4, 8 and 12 basis projections of each of 40 teeth were acquired using a CMOS digital radiography sensor. Projections were distributed radially in space using a 20 degree angular disparity. TACT slices were generated from the four subgroups of images, presented to eight observers, and viewed on a high-resolution monitor. Observers scored the presence/absence of caries using a 5-point confidence scale. Gold standard was histological examination of tooth sections. ROC curves measured observer diagnostic performance. ANOVA tested for significant differences between observers and experimental conditions. In the second experiment, the number of basis projections judged to be satisfactory for TACT slice generation was used. Horizontal and vertical linear arrays of projections were compared to the circular projection array. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference between the numbers of basis projections in the detection of both occlusal (P=0.006) and proximal caries (P=0.005). No significant difference was found between projection arrays in the detection of either occlusal (P=0.065) or proximal (P=0.515) caries. CONCLUSIONS: The number of TACT basis projections significantly influences caries detection. Eight or more images should be used. Either linear-vertical, linear-horizontal or circular arrays of basis projections may be used for TACT slice generation in caries detection tasks.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

[Publication rate of Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)-supported research projects. An analysis of the "fate" of DFG-support methods in anesthesia, surgery and internal medicine].

OBJECTIVE: Outstanding medical research is not possible without financial support. The success of supported research projects have been evaluated only rarely. The publication rate of research projects supported by the German Research Council (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [DFG]) was assessed separately for internal medicine, surgery, and anesthesiology. METHODS: Based on the "Figures and Facts" published by the DFG all supported projects of 1996 for all three specialities were included. In a Medline-based analysis all published papers dealing with the supported project and all papers published by the supported persons from 1996 to may 2000 were documented. RESULTS: A total of 315 grants were analysed (internal medicine: 234; surgery: 63; anesthesiology: 18). Projects with clinical topics were less often supported (n = 80) than experimental projects (n = 235). 162 (69.3%) of the grants in internal medicine, 41 (65.1) in surgery, and 14 (77.8%) of the grants in anesthesiology were published. In anesthesiology all published projects were in English language (internal medicine: 98.2%; surgery: 95%). Independent of the topic of the grant, several supported persons in internal medicine and surgery did not publish any papers between 1996 and may 2000, whereas all supported anesthesiologists published papers in peer reviewed journals in this time period. CONCLUSION: The publication rate of DFG supported projects is not sufficient. Except for a final internal report after finishing the research project no quality control exists for DFG grants. Unfortunately, not all supported projects were published. A better feedback between the financial support by the DFG and the publication rate of DFG grants is desirable.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed2004

[Comparison of the nipple projection after reconstruction with three different methods].

The creation of the nipple-areola complex represents the final stage in the surgical treatment of breast cancer patients. Preservation of the nipple projection is important and difficult to achieve. A huge number of different methods for nipple reconstruction have been well described, but some of them fail secondary to scar contraction with loss of projection. Furthermore, there are only few studies investigating the degree of shrinkage over time in nipple projection. Aim of this study was to determine the long-term projection of the reconstructed nipple. We compared three different methods that have been used in our department for nipple-reconstruction. Between May 1994 and December 2001, reconstruction of the breast mound was performed in 146 patients. 86 patients who underwent a unilateral reconstruction of the nipple have been examined. The nipple reconstructions were performed by using either a modified skate-flap (n = 29), a quadrapod-flap (n = 37) or by nipple sharing (n = 20). Nipple projection was measured at least six months after the reconstruction. Patients were followed an average of 10.9 +/- 3.62 months. 38 patients had tissue expansion and implantation for breast mound reconstruction. 29 patients had autologous breast mound reconstruction and 19 patients were treated by a combination of both. The mean projection was 3.45 mm (+/- 1.23) in the nipple sharing group, 6.03 mm (+/- 1.86) in the quadrapod-flap group and 9,24 mm (+/- 2.45) in the skate-flap group. The mean decrease in projection for the nipple sharing was 27.6 +/- 18.2 % while the skate flap lost 45.0 +/- 11.1 % and the quadrapod flap 49.9 +/- 11.56 %. Comparison between the three groups using a Student-t test showed a statistical significance between the nipple sharing and the two other groups (p < 0.001), while there was no significance between the local flap groups (p = 0.082). The best long-term nipple projection was obtained by the nipple sharing, but the indication therefore is rare whereas local flaps are used more often. We conclude that although both methods are effective, the skate flap allows the surgeon to overbuild the nipple and achieve a higher projection. In addition, the results also indicated that nipple projection on the breast mound reconstructed with autologous tissue achieved a better long-term outcome.

Breast Implants↗
PubMed1995

Helping to solve problems associated with spina bifida: 1. Presentation of the TRS Project: organizing services for low frequency diagnostic groups and 2. Cognitive deficits often seen in young adults with spina bifida: effects in the school and work place.

1. A Presentation of the TRS Project: Counselling and (Re)habilitation Center. A Model Project in Organizing Services for Low Frequency Diagnostic Groups. Persons with low frequency disabilities often require services from a number of professions. The patient organizations claim that the patients themselves often have to coordinate their own treatment. The TRS project has been established as one of the initiatives under the Norwegian Government's Plan of Action for the Disabled. The project is one of three national projects designed to develop models for the coordination of services for persons with low frequency congenital disabilities. The TRS project deals with the following five diagnoses: Marfan syndrome, arthrogryphosis multiplex congenita, myelomeningocele/spina bifida, osteogenesis imperfecta and congenital limb deficiency. The project is based on patient (user) participation. The five patient organizations are represented on the board where they are in the majority. Patients along with professionals give lectures during group stays. The project offers its services to persons with the diagnosis from all parts of Norway (4.3 mill. inhabitants). Persons with spina bifida over 16 years are included in the project, as well as persons with the other diagnoses at all ages. We present the organization of the project and the repertoire of services that are on offer. 2. Cognitive Deficits Often Seen in Young Adults with Spina Bifida: Effects in the School and Work Place. As survival rates continue to increase with the use of shunting procedures for persons with spina bifida (SB), the need for improved educational and vocational planning also increases. Orbeck and Schanke reported that the cognitive deficits of young adults with SB have not received enough attention in educational and vocational planning. A thorough description of these deficits will aid in developing more effective individualized planning. With improved planning, insight into alternative methods for improving support may also then be investigated. The purpose of this study is to better define and describe the cognitive deficits often encountered while planning support in the school and work place for this group. Neuropsychological examinations are the basis for this description of observed cognitive deficits. The study included 46 young adults with SB aged 15 to 38 living in Norway. All persons were given a neuropsychological test battery which included tests for attention, memory, speed of information processing, visual perception and visual constructive function, arithmetic, fine motor coordination, and verbal functioning. The results indicated deficits in fine motor coordination, speed of information processing, and a slow learning curve. The consequences of these deficits in educational and vocational planning are discussed and guidelines for further studies are suggested.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed2005

Automated projection spectroscopy (APSY).

This work presents the automated projection spectroscopy (APSY) method for the recording of discrete sets of j projections from N-dimensional (N > or = 3) NMR experiments at operator-selected projection angles and automatic identification of the correlation cross peaks. The result from APSY is the fully automated generation of the complete or nearly complete peak list for the N-dimensional NMR spectrum from a geometric analysis of the j experimentally recorded, low-dimensional projections. In the present implementation of APSY, two-dimensional projections of the N-dimensional spectrum are recorded by using techniques developed for projection-reconstruction spectroscopy [Kupce,E.& Freeman, R. (2004) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 6429-6440]. All projections are peak-picked with the available automated routine atnos. The previously undescribed algorithm GAPRO (geometric analysis of projections) uses vector algebra to identify subgroups of peaks in different projections that arise from the same resonance in the N-dimensional spectrum, and from these subgroups it calculates the peak positions in the N-dimensional frequency space. Unambiguous identification thus can be achieved for all cross peaks that are not overlapped with other peaks in at least one of the N dimensions. Because of the correlation between the positions of corresponding peaks in multiple projections, uncorrelated noise is efficiently suppressed, so that APSY should be quite widely applicable for correlation spectra of biological macromolecules, which have intrinsically low peak density in the N-dimensional spectral space.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Callosal projections in rat somatosensory cortex are altered by early removal of afferent input.

During the first postnatal week, the distribution of callosal projection neurons in the rat somatosensory cortex changes from a uniform to a discontinuous pattern. To determine if this change is influenced by afferent inputs to the somatosensory cortex, the effect of both early unilateral infraorbital nerve section and unilateral removal of the dorsal thalamus on the distribution of callosal projections in rat somatosensory cortex was examined. One month after either of the above manipulations at birth, the tangential distribution of callosal projections in the somatosensory cortex was examined using the combined retrograde and anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Both manipulations alter the distribution of callosal projection neurons and terminations in the somatosensory cortex. After infraorbital nerve section, the distribution of callosal projections is altered in the contralateral primary somatosensory cortex. The abnormalities observed are consistent with the altered distribution of thalamocortical projections. In addition, consistent abnormalities were observed in the pattern of callosal projections of the second somatosensory area of both hemispheres. Most notably, they are absent in a portion of the region that contains the representation of the mystacial vibrissae and sinus hairs in this area. Thalamic ablation resulted in highly aberrant patterns of callosal projections in the somatosensory cortex on the operated side, where abnormal bands and clusters of callosal projections were observed in apparently random locations. These results are interpreted as evidence that both peripheral and central inputs influence the maturational changes in the distribution of callosal projection neurons.

Afferent Pathways↗