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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Size-controlled synthesis and electrochemical characterization of spherical CeO2 crystallites.

Spherical ceria (CeO(2)) crystallites assembled by nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of Ce(NO(3))(3)6H(2)O using poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) as surfactant. It was found that these spheres were developed from the gradual aggregation of small nanoparticles and size of the spheres could be tailored by adjusting the reagent concentrations. Electrochemical tests indicated that thus-prepared CeO(2) spheres exhibited size-dependent discharge capacities and good cyclability in the Li/CeO(2) couple, showing their promising usages as anode materials in the lithium ion battery.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Preparation of CeO(2)-ZrO(2) ceramic fibers by electrospinning.

Electrospinning was employed to fabricate polymer-ceramic composite fibers from solutions containing poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), Ce(NO(3))(3) x 6H(2)O and ZrOCl(2) x 8H(2)O. Upon firing the composite fibers at 1000 degrees C, Ce(0.67)Zr(0.33)O(2) fibers with diameters ranging from 0.4 to 2 microm were synthesized. These fibers exhibit strong resistance to sintering. They still have specific surface area around 11.8 m(2)/g after being heated at 1000 degrees C for 6 h.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Long-term release of fluocinolone acetonide using biodegradable fumarate-based polymers.

Intraocular drug delivery systems made from biodegradable polymers hold great potential to effectively treat chronic diseases of the posterior segment of the eye. This study is based on the hypothesis that crosslinked poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF)-based matrices are suitable long-term delivery devices for the sustained release of the anti-inflammatory drug fluocinolone acetonide (FA) due to their hydrophobicity and network density. FA-loaded rods of 10 mm length and 0.6 mm diameter were fabricated by photo-crosslinking PPF with N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP). The released amounts of FA and NVP were determined by HPLC analysis. The effects of drug loading and the ratio of PPF to NVP on the release kinetics were investigated using a 2(3-1) factorial design. Overall, FA release was sustained in vitro over almost 400 days by all tested formulations. Low burst release was followed by a dual modality release controlled by diffusion and bulk erosion with release rates up to 1.7 microg/day. The extent of the burst effect and the release kinetics were controlled by the drug loading and the matrix composition. Matrix water content and degradation were determined gravimetrically. Micro-computed tomography was used to image structural and dimensional changes of the devices. The results show that photo-crosslinked PPF-based matrices are promising long-term delivery devices for intraocular drug delivery.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed2006

Stabilisation of deoxyribonuclease in hydrofluoroalkanes using miscible vinyl polymers.

A mix of biocompatible macromolecules (poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP)) has been shown previously to enhance the physical stability of non-aqueous pharmaceutical suspensions. The aim of this work was to assess the feasibility of employing such a combination to facilitate the formulation of deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) in a metered dose inhaler (MDI) using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) propellants. DNase I was combined with the selected excipients and formed into an inhalable microparticle by spray-drying. When spray-dried alone DNase I lost almost 40% of its original biological activity, but stabilising DNase I with trehalose and PVA (DTPVA) retained 85% biological activity and trehalose, PVA and PVP (DTPVAPVP) retained 100%. Suspending the DTPVAPVP microparticles within a HFA pMDI for 24 weeks led to no further reduction in the biological activity of DNase I and the formulation delivered almost 60% of the dose expelled to the second stage of a twin-stage impinger. The solubility of PVP in HFA propellants suggests that the enhanced physical stability observed with PVA and PVP may partially be as a result of steric stabilisation. However, the large zeta potential associated with the suspensions suggested that charge stabilisation may also influence the pMDI physical stability.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Insights into synergistic interactions in binary mixtures of chemical permeation enhancers for transdermal drug delivery.

Chemical permeation enhancers (CPEs) are known to increase skin permeability to therapeutic drugs. Single chemicals, however, offer limited enhancements of skin permeability. Mixtures of chemicals can overcome this limitation owing to their synergistic interactions. However, identification of potent mixtures of chemicals requires screening of a large number of formulations. Discovery of CPE mixtures can be significantly accelerated by identifying patterns that occur in the existing data on CPEs. In this study, we systematically mine through a huge database on skin permeabilizing effect of over 4000 binary formulations generated by high throughput screening and extract general principles that govern the effect of binary combinations of chemicals on skin's barrier properties. Potencies and synergies of these formulations are analyzed to identify the role played by the formulation composition and chemistry. The analysis reveals several intuitive but some largely non-intuitive trends. For example, formulations made from enhancer mixtures are most potent when participating moieties are present in nearly equal fractions. Methyl pyrrolidone, a small molecule, is particularly effective in forming potent and synergistic enhancer formulations, and zwitterionic surfactants are more likely to feature in potent enhancers. Simple but invaluable rules like these will provide guiding principles for designing libraries to further speed up the formulation discovery process.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2004

Cocaine-induced Fos expression in rat striatum is blocked by chloral hydrate or urethane.

Anesthetics used in electrophysiological studies alter the effects of cocaine and amphetamine on neural activity in the striatum. However, the mechanism underlying this alteration has not been established. In the present study, we examined the effects of anesthetics on cocaine-induced neural activity in the striatum. We first assayed the ability of 20 mg/kg cocaine to induce Fos expression in the striatum following pretreatment with 400 mg/kg chloral hydrate or 1.3 g/kg urethane, two of the most commonly used anesthetics for in vivo electrophysiology. Chloral hydrate blocked, while urethane strongly attenuated cocaine-induced Fos expression without affecting basal levels of expression. We then examined dopaminergic and glutamatergic mechanisms for anesthetic effects on cocaine-induced Fos expression. Chloral hydrate and urethane did not attenuate basal or cocaine-induced increases of dopamine levels as assessed by microdialysis in dorsal striatum. In contrast, chloral hydrate attenuated glutamatergic neurotransmission as assessed by microdialysis in the presence of the glutamate transport blocker L-trans-pyrrolidone-2,4-dicarboxylic acid. Chloral hydrate attenuated basal levels of glutamate by 70%, while cocaine had no effect on glutamate levels. Since glutamate levels were tetrodotoxin-sensitive, the majority of glutamate measured in our assay was by synaptic release. To assess a causal role for a reduction of glutamatergic neurotransmission in anesthetic effects on cocaine-induced Fos expression, we injected the glutamate receptor agonists AMPA and NMDA into the dorsal striatum of chloral hydrate-anesthetized rats. The glutamate receptor agonists partially reinstated cocaine-induced Fos expression in anesthetized rats. We conclude anesthetics attenuate cocaine-induced neuronal activity by reducing glutamatergic neurotransmission.

Amino Acid Transport System X-AG↗
PubMed2007

Seletracetam (UCB 44212).

Better pharmacotherapies for epilepsy are needed for patients who are refractory to or have tolerability difficulties with current treatments. Seletracetam, a new drug in epilepsy development, is a pyrrolidone derivative structurally related to levetiracetam (trade name Keppra). It was discovered because of its high binding affinity to the synaptic vesicle 2A (SV2A) protein, which is now known to be the binding site for this family of compounds. Seletracetam shows very potent seizure suppression in models of acquired or genetic epilepsy, as well as high CNS tolerability in various animal models. Pharmacokinetic studies in animals suggest that seletracetam is rapidly and highly absorbed, with linear and time-independent pharmacokinetics. Seletracetam appears neither to inhibit nor to induce the major human drug metabolizing enzymes, and it demonstrates low plasma protein binding (<10%), which suggests a low potential for drug-drug interactions. Initial studies in humans demonstrated first-order monocompartmental kinetics with a half-life of 8 h and an oral bioavailability of >90%. Studies in healthy volunteers showed that the treatment emergent adverse events were of mild to moderate severity, were mostly of CNS origin and were resolved within 24 h. Altogether, these results suggest that seletracetam represents a promising new antiepileptic drug candidate, one that demonstrates a potent, broad spectrum of seizure protection and a high CNS tolerability in animal models, with initial clinical findings suggestive of straightforward pharmacokinetics and good tolerability.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Novel fluorescent probe as aggregation predictor and micro-polarity reporter for micelles and mixed micelles.

Aggregational behaviour of micelles sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS and Triton X-100, TX-100 both in pure and mixed form) and micelle like aggregates such as polymer-surfactant system [polymer poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), PVP]-SDS have been studied by using fluorescence characteristics of a newly synthesized probe. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values determined at various surfactant compositions are lower than the ideal values indicating a synergistic effect. The value of the interaction parameter for the surfactant mixture has been determined which agrees well with the value calculated according to molecular thermodynamic theory. The total aggregation number of surfactant in mixed micelle shows a drastic variation in the SDS mole fraction range 0 < or = alpha1 < or = 0.3 and beyond the range it remains practically constant. Molar-based partition coefficients for the dye between the micellar and aqueous phase have been determined and a non-linear variation is obtained for the mixed micellar system. Variations of micro-polarity in the mixed micellar region have been investigated as a function of surfactant composition and results have been explained in terms of a suitable realistic model.

Fluorescent Dyes↗
PubMed2005

Reducing-difference infrared spectral analysis of cis- and trans-configurated lactams.

The conventional (non-polarized) and linear-polarized IR-spectra of 2-pyrrolidone and laurolactam as typical representatives of lactams with cis- and trans-amide configuration, respectively, were studied by means of difference IR-spectroscopy. The application of this method to treatment of the non-polarized IR-spectra permits additional conclusions about the likely self-associates of these compounds dissolved in aprotic solvents. By means of the difference linear-dichroic IR-spectroscopy, a more precise assignment of the characteristic bands of the lactam cis- and trans-peptide forms as well as their stereo structures were accomplished. A comparative analysis with the linear-dichroic IR-spectra of epsilon-caprolactam and caprylolactam, as similar compounds, with cis- and trans-conformation, respectively, was also carried out.

Isomerism↗
PubMed2005

Water mapping in hydrated soft materials.

We present a method based on spatially resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy in the cryo-STEM to map the spatial distribution of water in frozen-hydrated polymers. The spatial resolution is limited by the dose constraints imposed by radiation damage, and to stay within these constraints, the use of fine electron-probe sizes comes at the cost of reduced counts in the energy-loss spectra. Thus, at the resolution limit, the detection of isolated water-rich pixels or the identification of minor variations in water content across the specimen is complicated because one must distinguish significant fluctuations from noise. Here we develop a criterion with which to guide such a distinction. We characterize the intrinsic noise associated with spectral measurements under given illumination and acquisition conditions. We then use that noise in combination with scatter diagrams to threshold spectrum images and objectively identify statistically significant compositional fluctuations. We illustrate these ideas using a simulated spectrum dataset for a hypothetical blend of hydrophilic and hydrophobic homopolymers. We show that while a direct inspection of the water map may not allow any meaningful conclusions to be drawn, after applying the thresholding approach we can clearly identify the regions of the specimen that are rich in water. We also experimentally study a model blend system comprised of hydrophilic poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) dispersed in a hydrophobic matrix of poly(styrene) (PS). By MLS fitting using damaged and undamaged PVP reference spectra, we determine that the critical dose characteristic of dry PVP is approximately 8000 e/nm2 using 200 keV incident electrons. Irradiating frozen-hydrated PVP gives rise to noticeable hydrogen evolution at doses of approximately 1500 e/nm2. To stay within this constraint we use doses of 400 e/nm2 and a pixel spacing in the spectrum imaging of 100 nm. In order to quantitatively map the water, PVP, and PS compositions, we measure their total inelastic scattering cross-sections. Direct inspection of the composition maps reveals the presence of large water-rich domains of the order of approximately 1 microm and the scatter-diagram thresholding approach identifies small water-rich domains one pixel in size.

Frozen Sections↗
PubMed1998

Nonselective effects of the putative phospholipase C inhibitor, U73122, on adenosine A1 receptor-mediated signal transduction events in Chinese hamster ovary cells.

Adenosine A1 receptors can signal, through Gi/o proteins, to inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity and also to stimulate phosphoinositide hydrolysis and the subsequent release of intracellular Ca2+ stores. The aminosteroid U73122 (1-[6-1[17beta-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl]amino]hexyl]-1 H-pyrrole-2,5-dione) has been widely used as an inhibitor of phospholipase C, the enzyme mediating phosphoinositide hydrolysis. Using U73122, we sought to selectively block signalling through the phospholipase C pathway, in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells heterologously expressing human adenosine A1 receptors. U73122 inhibited A1 receptor-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis, as measured by total inositol phosphate accumulation, over the concentration range 1-15 microM. However, over the same concentration range, it also appeared to inhibit A1 receptor-mediated inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation, A1 receptor agonist-promoted [35S]GTP-gammaS binding, and at the higher concentrations (10-15 microM) produced marked morphological changes, leading to cytolysis. The structural analogue of U73122, U73343 (1-[6-[[17beta-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10-trien-17-yl]amino]hexyl]-2, 5-pyrrolidone-dione), typically used as an inactive control compound, had little effect on these events. The data suggest that U73122 is not a selective inhibitor of phospholipase C activity, interfering with adenosine A1 receptor signalling generally, either at the pre-effector level involving Gi/o proteins, or as a consequence of the morphological changes it induces.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Nefiracetam induces a long-lasting facilitation of hippocampal postsynaptic responses in mice lacking the NMDA receptor epsilon1 subunit.

The present study was designed to assess whether the facilitatory action of nefiracetam, a pyrrolidone derivative, on hippocampal postsynaptic responses is dependent upon N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors or not, by monitoring population spikes (PSs) in the dentate gyrus of hippocampal slices from mice lacking the NMDA receptor epsilon1 subunit. Nefiracetam (1 microM) induced a sustained facilitation of postsynaptic responses in the dentate gyrus of hippocampal slices from wild-type mice. The facilitation occluded the potentiation induced by high-frequency stimulation at the perforant path, and vice versa, suggesting a common mechanism between them. The perforant path long-term potentiation (LTP) was not induced in epsilon1 subunit knock-out mice, but nefiracetam (1 microM) persistently potentiated PS amplitude, reaching 280% of basal levels 50 min after 10-min treatment, similar to the potentiation achieved with wild-type mice. The results of the present study, thus, suggest that nefiracetam exerts its facilitatory action on hippocampal postsynaptic responses in an NMDA receptor-independent manner.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Interactions of cholinergic and glutamatergic neuronal systems in the functional activation of cerebral blood flow response: a PET study in unanesthetized monkeys.

The effects of somatosensory stimulation on the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) response were studied in unanesthetized monkeys under modulations of the glutamatergic and cholinergic systems using [15O]H2O and positron emission tomography (PET). Under a saline condition, vibrotactile stimulation elicited a significant increase in the rCBF response in the contralateral somatosensory cortex. The systemic administration of scopolamine, a muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist, resulted in the dose-dependent reduction of the rCBF response to the stimulation. The rCBF response abolished by scopolamine was recovered by the administration of physostigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, D-cycloserine, a partial agonist at the glycine site coupled to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, also restored the scopolamine-abolished rCBF response. The regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (rCMRglc) response, measured with [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose, was not affected by the administration of scopolamine, physostigmine and/or D-cycloserine. The systemic administration of (+)-3-amino-1-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidone (HA-966), an antagonist of the glycine modulatory site on the NMDA receptors, induced the dose-dependent suppression of the rCBF response to the stimulation. The rCBF response abolished by HA-966 was restored by D-cycloserine, but not by physostigmine. The rCMRglc response was partially but significantly reduced by the administration of HA-966, and its reduction was restored by D-cycloserine, but not by physostigmine. These findings provided pharmacological evidence for an interaction between cholinergic and glutamatergic neuronal systems, the latter of which mediates the former by downstream regulation, in the functional rCBF response to somatosensory stimulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of glycine site antagonists of the NMDA receptor in global cerebral ischaemia.

In the present studies we have investigated the effects of a range of glycine site antagonists of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the gerbil model of global cerebral ischaemia. The compounds tested were (+)-3-amino-1-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidone (HA 966, 15 mg/kg), 7-chloro-4-hydroxy-3-(3-phenoxy)phenyl-2(H)-quinolinone) (L-701,324, 40 mg/kg), 7-chloro-3-(cyclopropylcarbonyl)-4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolinone) (L-701, 252, 50 mg/kg), (3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-ynyl 7-chloro-4 hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolone-3-carboxylate) (L-701,273, 50 mg/kg), 5-nitro-6,7-dichloro-2,3-quinoxalinedione (ACEA 1021, 25 mg/kg) and [(E)-3[(phenylcarbamoyl) ethenyl]-4,6-dichloroindole-2-carboxylic acid sodium salt (GV 150526A, 40 mg/kg). All compounds were administered via the i.p. route 30 min before and again at 2 h 30 min after 5 min bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCAO) in the gerbil. For comparison we also evaluated a non-competitive NMDA antagonist, (5R,10S)-(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a, d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine (MK-801, 2 mg/kg) and an alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) antagonist, (3S,4aR, 6R, 8aR)-6-[2-(1(2)H-tetrazole-5-yl)]decahydroisoquinoline-3-car boxylic acid (LY293558, 20 mg/kg). In the present studies L-701,252, L-701, 324 and L-701,273 provided a small degree of neuroprotection. ACEA 1021, GV 150526A and HA 966 failed to provide any neuroprotection, while MK-801 provided significant (20%) protection. In contrast LY293558 provided good (55%) neuroprotection. These results indicate that glycine site antagonists and competitive NMDA antagonists provide a small degree of neuroprotection in global cerebral ischaemia. In contrast, AMPA receptor antagonists provide more robust neuroprotection in global cerebral ischaemia.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

FK960 [N-(4-acetyl-1-piperazinyl)-p-fluorobenzamide monohydrate], a novel potential antidementia drug, restores the regional cerebral blood flow response abolished by scopolamine but not by HA-966: a positron emission tomography study with unanesthetized rhesus monkeys.

The interactions of FK960 [N-(4-acetyl-1-piperazinyl)-p-fluorobenzamide monohydrate], a novel potential antidementia drug, with cholinergic and glutamatergic neuronal systems were evaluated with respect to its effects on the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) response to vibrotactile stimulation in unanesthetized rhesus monkeys with [15O]H2O and high resolution positron emission tomography (PET). Under a saline condition, the vibrotactile stimulation given on the right forepaw induced a significant increase in the rCBF response in the contralateral somatosensory cortex of the monkey brain. Systemic administration of scopolamine (50 microg/kg, i.v.), a muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist, completely abolished the rCBF response to the stimulation, and the abolishment lasted, at least, up to 4 h after scopolamine injection. The scopolamine-induced abolishment of rCBF response was restored by the administration of FK960 at relatively wide dosing range from 1 to 1000 microg/kg (i.v. ), and the recovery by FK960 on the rCBF response lasted for 1 h following the administration of FK960 at doses of 100 and 1000 microg/kg. On the other hand, the rCBF response abolished by 1000 microg/kg of (+)-3-amino-1-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidone (HA-966), an antagonist of the glycine modulatory site on the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, was not restored by FK960 (1000 microg/kg, i.v.). These findings suggest that FK960 reverses the abolished rCBF response to somatosensory stimulation via enhancement of cholinergic neurotransmission but not via the glutamatergic one.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Reduced cholesterol absorption in hamsters by crilvastatin, a new 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor.

Crilvastatin, a new drug from the pyrrolidone family, has been previously shown to inhibit the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, in vitro and in vivo, to reduce the absorption of dietary cholesterol and to stimulate the activity of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase in the rat. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of crilvastatin on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in the hamster. In hamsters fed on a lithogenic diet for 8 weeks, crilvastatin treatment (200 mg/day per kg body weight) did not change plasma lipid levels, failed to improve bile parameters and did not prevent gallstone formation. In hamsters fed on a basal cholesterol-rich (0.2%) diet for 8 weeks, crilvastatin at the same dose reduced the cholesterol level in the plasma by 20%, with a decrease of both low-density and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The drug did not significantly stimulate the biliary secretion of bile acids but significantly decreased the activity of acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase in the small intestine by 64%. This effect was enhanced when cholestyramine, a bile acid-sequestering resin, was given in combination with crilvastatin. Crilvastatin alone did not change the activity of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase in the liver, despite the marked reduction in both hepatic cholesterogenesis and intestinal absorption of dietary cholesterol (the absorption coefficient was 44 +/- 2% in treated hamsters vs. 61 +/- 7% in controls).

Animals↗
PubMed1997

A partial agonist model used in the allosteric modulation of the NMDA receptor.

We used a partial agonist model to understand further the allosteric modulation of D,L-(E)-2-amino4-propyl-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid ([3H]CGP-39653) binding by glycine, 1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone (HA-966) and 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid at the NMDA receptor. Binding of [3H]CGP-39653 was investigated in homogenates of cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of adult rat. Glycine, HA-966 and 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid maximally decreased the binding of 10 nM of [3H]CGP-39653 by approximately 50, 40 and 22%, respectively. Glycine, HA-966 and 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid reduced [3H]CGP-39653 binding with IC50 values of 0.31, 11 and 0.044 microM, respectively. The decrease in [3H]CGP-39653 binding was due to a reduced affinity (Kd) and number of binding sites (Bmax) by all three drugs at concentrations where approximately maximum inhibition was observed. Glycine, HA-966 and 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid lowered the Bmax by approximately 29, 16 and 10%, respectively, whereas the Kd values were increased by approximately 84, 44 and 32%, respectively, in cortex and hippocampus. There was no change in the binding of [3H]CGP-39653 in the cerebellum. The model used revealed that neither 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid nor HA-966 had partial agonist characteristics in respect with the allosteric modulation of [3H]CGP-39653 binding. Furthermore, the results showed that brain regions have different pharmacological profiles which may depend on the NMDA receptor subunit composition.

2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate↗
PubMed2003

Elution behavior of polyethylene in polar mobile phases on a non-polar sorbent.

Linear polyethylene standards in the range of 1-500 kg/mol, dissolved in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, were injected into a column packed with oligo(dimethylsiloxane) modified silica gel. Fifteen polar solvents (cyclohexanone, cyclohexylacetate, cyclohexanol, nonylalcohol, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylene- and diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, benzylalcohol, hexylacetate, bis(2-ethyl-hexyl)phthalate, N,N-dimethylacetamide, propylene carbonate, dipropylene glycol and N-methyl-pyrrolidone) were evaluated as mobile phases. Depending on the type of mobile phase evaluated, different elution behaviors are observed for polyethylene: (1) polyethylene was eluted in the size exclusion mode, (2) polyethylene was eluted together with the sample solvent peak at constant elution volume, (3) polyethylene was partially or fully retained on the column. The retained polymer was easily removed from the column by injecting a small volume of trichlorobenzene. The use of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether as the mobile phase enabled separation of the polyethylene from polypropylene. In this case polypropylene is eluted in the size exclusion mode, while polyethylene is eluted at a constant elution volume or remains in the column.

Polyethylene↗