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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Isolated pupil-sparing third nerve palsy.

The challenge in managing patients with pupil-sparing third nerve palsies is met most efficiently by dividing such patients into three groups according to the relative deficits in pupillomotor and extraocular muscle function: (1) patients with a normal pupillary sphincter and completely palsied extraocular muscles. Such patients should not have cerebral angiography if they are aged 50 or more; (2) patients with a normal pupillary sphincter and incompletely palsied extraocular muscles. Such patients should have angiography, particularly if the inferior oculomotor division is spared; (3) patients with a subnormal pupillary sphincter and completely palsied extraocular muscles ("relative pupil-sparing"). Such patients should have angiography unless they have clear-cut vasculopathic findings.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Changes in pupil reaction to light in melancholic patients.

The aim of the current study was to compare the pupil reaction to light in depressed patients and normal control subjects. Seven depressed patients with melancholic features according to DSM-IV criteria and 14 age- and gender-matched control subjects took part in the study. All were free of any medication for at least 2 weeks. All were aged between 25 and 50 years. An optical method was used to assess the pupil reaction to a single flash. Depressed patients manifested shorter latency for constriction than control subjects, and a marginal difference in the total work produced by acetylcholine. The results of the current study support the theory that there is a norepinephrine hypoactivity in melancholic depression, with less affected acetylcholine activity.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Open-sky pupilloplasty during phakic penetrating keratoplasty to treat a fixed, dilated pupil.

We report a technique in which penetrating keratoplasty is performed in conjunction with open-sky pupilloplasty in a phakic patient. The technique was used in a 27-year-old man with poor vision and severe light sensitivity in the left eye dating back to an episode of presumed herpes simplex keratouveitis 13 years previously. Examination showed a best corrected visual acuity of 20/40, a paracentral midstromal corneal scar, a fixed dilated pupil, and a clear lens. Postoperatively, the pupil was relatively round with a diameter of approximately 4.0 mm, the cosmetic result was favorable, the photophobia had resolved, and the lens and corneal transplant were clear.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Development and evaluation of a psychoeducational group training programme for teachers of autistic pupils with mental retardation].

OBJECTIVES: Teachers of autistic pupils show profiles of increased stress that are caused by the social, communicational, and cognitive deficits of these children. The aim of the present study was to develop and evaluate a psycho-educational group training programme for teachers. METHODS: The curriculum covered theoretical issues of autism as well as educational skills focusing on "structured teaching" (TEACCH: Schopler, 1997). The training outcomes were evaluated within a pre-post (9 months) design. A total of 10 teachers working with 10 autistic children (mean age: 10 years) from schools for mentally retarded pupils participated in the training programme which included three one-day group sessions followed by six half-hour individual training sessions in the classroom (over a period of six months). The outcome variables were measured by means of teacher questionnaires assessing child behavioural symptoms, teachers' stress reactions, effects on the teachers' psychological adaptation, teacher-student-interaction and implementation of methods. RESULTS: The training programme resulted in significant effects (p < 0.5) on child symptoms as well as on teachers' stress reactions. In addition, the teachers' psychological adaptation and teacher-student-interaction improved. On average, teachers implemented about two structured teaching methods. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate some evidence for the clinical validity of the teacher training procedure examined, taking into consideration some methodological limitations.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The effect of pupil dilation with tropicamide on vision and driving simulator performance.

PURPOSE: To assess the effect of pupil dilation on vision and driving ability. METHODS: A series of tests on various parameters of visual function and driving simulator performance were performed on 12 healthy drivers, before and after pupil dilation using guttae tropicamide 1%. A driving simulator (Transport Research Laboratory) was used to measure reaction time (RT), speed maintenance and steering accuracy. Tests of basic visual function included high- and low-contrast visual acuity (HCVA and LCVA), Pelli-Robson contrast threshold (CT) and Goldmann perimetry (FIELDS). Useful Field of View (UFOV--a test of visual attention) was also undertaken. The mean differences in the pre- and post-dilatation measurements were tested for statistical significance at the 95% level using one-tail paired t-tests. RESULTS: Pupillary dilation resulted in a statistically significant deterioration in CT and HCVA only. Five of 12 drivers also exhibited deterioration in LCVA, CT and RT. Little evidence emerged for deterioration in FIELDS and UFOV. Also, 7 of 12 drivers appeared to adjust their driving behaviour by reducing their speed on the driving simulator, leading to improved steering accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: Pupillary dilation may lead to a decrease in vision and daylight driving performance in young people. A larger study, including a broader spectrum of subjects, is warranted before guidelines can be recommended.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Hand dermatosis in upper secondary school pupils: 2-year comparison and follow-up.

The purpose of this comparative study was to record the prevalence and to estimate the incidence of self-reported hand dermatosis in a cohort of upper secondary school pupils on two different occasions, in 1995 and 1997. A previously validated questionnaire was used. Of the 1273 pupils invited to participate, 1136 (89.2%) responded to the questionnaire. The 1-year prevalence increased, although not significantly, from 9.6% in 1995 to 10.5% in 1997. For girls, the 1-year prevalence increased significantly, from 12.4% to 15.7%, while for boys the 1-year prevalence decreased, but not significantly, from 6.7% to 5.1%. The cumulative incidence was significantly higher (P < 0.001) among the girls (10.5%) than among the boys (2.8%). Multiple logistic regressions showed that the highest risk factors for 1-year prevalence in 1995 were having self-reported childhood eczema, and a family history of atopic eczema or asthma. In 1997, the highest risk factors were self-reported childhood eczema, female gender and a family history of atopic eczema. This study has identified the point at which the genders diverge with regard to hand dermatosis, with boys tending to recover, while girls show a steady or even increasing prevalence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Religious and secular students' sense of self-efficacy and attitudes towards inclusion of pupils with intellectual disability and other types of needs.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to investigate whether Judaism's positive attitudes toward people with disabilities would influence greater willingness towards inclusion of such people in regular classes and a greater sense of self-efficacy in working with them. METHODS: The present authors compared religious (n = 175) and secular (n = 420) Jewish students at a teacher's college with regard to these variables. The authors used the Regular Education Initiative questionnaire, which investigates teachers' self-efficacy and attitudes towards including pupils with different types of disabilities in regular education. They analysed the results according to the college students' major and the type of disability (five types at three levels of severity). RESULTS: The results indicate that religious students are more willing than non-religious students to consider the inclusion of people with four types of disabilities and have a greater sense of efficacy for dealing with all types of disabilities. The hypothesis that the milder the disability, the higher would be the teacher's sense of self-efficacy and her/his willingness for such children to be included in a regular class was sustained. The religious special education students were the only ones who exhibited willingness to include pupils with intellectual disability, and moderate and severe emotional disturbances. Students who majored in special education scored higher than all their counterparts on both measures. The results also sustain the hypothesis that there would be a positive correlation between both measures. CONCLUSIONS: To facilitate inclusive education amongst teachers and students, the present authors recommend an intervention programme designed to help students acquire knowledge and strategies about inclusion. They also suggest enriching this programme with Jewish religious sources, which reflect positive attitudes toward people with disabilities.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

A wavefront generator for complex pupil function synthesis and point spread function engineering.

We describe a simple method to produce an arbitrary complex optical field using a ferroelectric liquid crystal spatial light modulator. The system is configured so as to act as a pupil plane filter in a confocal microscope. The ability to tune the complex pupil function permits the system to be used both to modify the imaging performance by effectively engineering the point spread function as well as to remove optical aberrations present in the optical system.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Effect of topical atropine on intraocular pressure and pupil diameter in the normal horse eye.

The objective was to determine whether topically administered 1% atropine would alter intraocular pressure. The animals studied were four healthy adult horses. Intraocular pressure and pupil diameter were measured prior to and during a 2-day period of treatment with 1% atropine sulfate. No significant changes in intraocular pressure occurred as a result of the treatment with atropine. Pupil diameter increased significantly after atropine was applied. Available information on the outflow of aqueous humor from the horse eye suggests that atropine might reduce intraocular pressure in the horse by increasing uveoscleral outflow. This could prove beneficial in the treatment of equine glaucoma. We could not confirm a significant pressure-lowering effect of atropine. It is possible, however, that a longer treatment period may be required or that atropine may have a more profound effect on glaucomatous globes.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Comparing phacoemulsification and extracapsular cataract extraction in eyes with pseudoexfoliation syndrome, small pupil, and phacodonesis.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to compare the frequency of intraoperative and postoperative complications between the modern phacoemulsification technique and the extracapsular cataract extraction technique in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective randomized study comprised 94 eyes with cataract, pseudoexfoliation syndrome, small pupil and slight to moderate phacodonesis. These eyes were randomly assigned into two groups. In the first group all patients (47 eyes) were operated on using a standard phacoemulsification technique (iris hooks, anterior capsule staining and capsular tension ring after capsulorhexis), while in the second group all patients (47 eyes) underwent a classic extracapsular cataract extraction. The main outcome measures were the frequency of intraoperative zonular tears, capsular rupture, vitreous loss and corneal edema, as well as the best-corrected visual acuity. RESULTS: Intraoperative zonular separation was recorded in one eye (2.1 %) and in 15 eyes (31.9 %) for the first and second groups, respectively (P < 0.001). Posterior capsule rupture with or without zonular separation occurred in two eyes (4.2 %) of the first group and in eight eyes (17.0 %) of the second group (P < 0.05). Vitreous loss also had a higher rate in the second group (17.0 % versus 4.2 %, P < 0.05). The postoperative difference in best-corrected visual acuity was also significant between the two groups, being higher in patients operated on using phacoemulsification technique (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In the difficult cases of cataract associated with pseudoexfoliation syndrome, small pupil and phacodonesis, the modern small-incision cataract surgery provides better results with a low rate of intraoperative and postoperative complications when compared with the extracapsular cataract extraction technique.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

[Pupil perimetry with the Octopus 1-2-3. Initial experiences].

PURPOSE: Development of a clinically useful pupil perimetry on an OCTOPUS 1-2-3. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Various test parameters were investigated on a moderately modified OCTOPUS 1-2-3. We evaluated the pupillary responses of 122 eyes of 122 healthy volunteers qualitatively. RESULTS: Pleasing pupillary responses were obtained with the following parameters: 200 ms stimuli, Goldmann size 5 (1.5 degrees), background illumination 3 apostilb. Acoustic signals 0.5 seconds before stimulus presentation were helpful to minimize blinking artifacts. The pupillary reactions were fare stronger in central areas of the visual field than in mid-peripheral areas (i.e. 26 degrees). CONCLUSIONS: Pupil perimetry can be preformed on a moderately modified OCTOPUS 1-2-3. The results reveal considerable inter- and intra-individual variability. Equal pupillary responses at all eccentricities would improve subsequent mathematical evaluation.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Short-term effects of cervical manipulation on edge light pupil cycle time: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Edge light pupil cycle time (ELPCT) is one of the eye's light reflexes. Studies have shown ELPCT to be a measurable constant, unaffected by visual acuity, refractive error, eye color, pupil size, or sex. Control of this reflex occurs through the autonomic nervous system. Various authors suggest that spinal manipulative techniques can produce distant effects mediated in part by alterations in autonomic tone after intervention. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of a C1-2 high-velocity, low-amplitude manipulation on ELPCT. DESIGN: A single-group, randomized pilot study without a control group. METHODS: Thirteen men (mean age 24.2 years) without a history of eye disease or central or autonomic nervous system pathologic conditions had their ELPCT measured before and after manipulation. The manipulation comprised a high-velocity, low-amplitude rotatory thrust, localized to the C1-2 joint on the left (n = 6) or right (n = 7) eye, determined randomly. RESULTS: ELPCT measures demonstrated a significant difference for both eyes before and after manipulation (P = .002; the right eye, P = .027; the left eye, P = .046). CONCLUSION: This suggests that ELPCT, which is mediated through the autonomic nervous system, can be directly influenced by high-velocity manipulation to the upper cervical spine.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The negotiation of sexual relationships among school pupils in south-western Uganda.

The objective of the study was to explore how school-going adolescents in south-western Uganda negotiate sexual relationships. Qualitative data were obtained from 15 boys and 15 girls (14-18 years old), during a series of role plays, focus group discussions and one-to-one interviews. A questionnaire was administered to 80 pupils (12-20 years old) from the same school. Most of the pupils were sexually active. Sexual relationships between boys and girls were mediated by peers. Boys initiated relationships. Exchange played an important role in the negotiation of sexual relationships. Money or gifts were given and received in exchange for sexual favours and to strengthen the relationship. To maximize gains, some adolescents had sexual relationships with adults. Sexual relationships were characterized by ambiguity. Love is intertwined with sexual desire, money and prestige. Girls have to be explicit enough to get a good deal; if they are too explicit they will be stigmatized as 'loose' but if they are not interested in money they may be suspected of wanting to spread HIV. Boys try to persuade girls that they have money, but do not want to emphasize this too much. In sexual negotiations a boy must persuade a girl that although he is modern and sophisticated (i.e. experienced) he does not chase after every girl; the girl does not want to come over as an unsophisticated virgin, but does not want to give the impression that she is loose either. There is a tension between the traditional ideal of female chastity and submissiveness and the modern image of sexual freedom. Multiple partnerships were highly valued as a sign of sophistication. Condoms were not considered important. Interventions aimed at reducing the spread of HIV do not seem to be having an effect on the behaviour of this group of adolescents. On the contrary, risky attitudes and behaviour are part of an adolescent ideal of modernity and sophistication. New approaches are needed to persuade this group of the need for change. Shifting the source of interventions from adults to the adolescents themselves, encouraging girls to try other means of earning money and debunking the idea that having many partners is sophisticated may be productive alternatives.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1999

Vygotsky, sign language, and the education of deaf pupils.

This article considers the impact of Vygotsky on the education of deaf children in Russia and is a translation/adaptation of an article currently being published in Defektologiia. While Vygotsky perceived sign language as limited in some aspects nevertheless, he always considered that it had a role in education of deaf pupils. He believed that sign language should not be 'treated like an the enemy' and said that 'bilingualism of def people is an objective reality'. However, sign language was banned from Russian schools following a conference decision in 1938. The changing political climate in Russia has lead to the reevaluation of many aspects of life, including approaches to education, and to a reassessment of Vygotsky's ideas and an appreciation of their continuing relevance. Among other things, this has resulted in a reevaluation of the role of sign language for deaf pupils and an emerging interest in sign bilingualism.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1983

Adult status of mildly retarded past-pupils from special education. II: Social adaptation.

This paper, the second in a series of two reports, on the post school adjustment of mildly retarded persons in Ireland, focuses on social adaptation. Data on marriage, children, adaptive skills, living arrangements, problem behaviours and social contact among 382 past-pupils from special schools for mildly retarded children were examined. The personal characteristics of past-pupils which correlated with success in these areas were also noted and results were related to previous findings. The results lend further support to Cobb's (1972) claim that a majority of mildly retarded persons make satisfactory adjustment in adult life. However, a considerable number still seemed to experience a degree of social isolation warranting further attention. While IQ and age were again found to relate significantly to success on most variables, sex and socioeconomic class accounted for significant differences in some aspects of social independence.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Use of pupil size and reaction to detect orbital trauma during and after surgery.

We describe how pupillary reactions, used as an index of optic nerve function, can be elicited using only one working pupil. This is to challenge the conclusion of a study that did not appreciate this physiological phenomenon and thus gave rise to erroneous conclusions that might otherwise limit the scope of pupil measurements during and after surgery. For suitable cases, non-opioid anaesthesia and further clinical development of pupillometry are suggested by us as measures to monitor optic nerve function.

Endoscopy↗
PubMed1983

Failure of mianserin to affect autonomic function in the pupils of depressed patients.

The autonomic effects of mianserin were tested in seven depressed patients by comparing pupillary responses to adrenergic and cholinergic agonists before and after treatment. Mianserin failed to affect pilocarpine-evoked miosis and tyramine- or phenylephrine-evoked mydriasis, despite adequate plasma levels of the drug. There was, however, a significant reduction in resting pupillary size after 1 and 3 weeks of treatment: this could result either from a central action, or from interactions at receptors other than cholinergic or adrenergic ones in the pupil of the eye. It is concluded that in clinical dosage mianserin is devoid of effects upon muscarinic receptors, alpha 1 adrenoceptors and noradrenaline uptake in the pupil.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. Self-reported obsessive-compulsive behaviour in pupils in Denmark.

A total of 1032 pupils in Denmark aged 11-17 years completed a survey form of the Leyton Obsessional Inventory - child version, consisting of 20 items. These pupils had higher scores for obsessional symptoms or traits than high school students in the United States, also when corrected for age differences, but the most frequently reported symptoms seemed to be the same: repetitive thoughts or words, having trouble making up one's mind and worrying about being clean enough. There was no significant sex difference in total score. From 0.5% to 5% reported considerable interference by each obsessional symptom, and 4.1% had a total interference score > 25, reflecting possible subclinical or clinical obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Adolescent↗