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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

[New neuroleptic agents and new models for psychoses].

Atypical neuroleptics can be defined as dopamine receptor blockers which differ from typical neuroleptics in that they have a markedly lower or absent propensity for the induction of parkinsonian side effects or tardive dyskinesias. The authors are studying varied molecules considering their mechanism of action. The differences between atypical and typical neuroleptics may relate to regional specificity in site of actions and receptor binding profile. The authors insist on clozapine, which is a D2 antagonist and in which many other systems might be involved. New neural models may help understand these interactions. The Swerdlow and Koob's model is a unified hypothesis of cortico-striato-pallido-thalamic function which can explain psychoses, depression, dyskinesias and Parkinsonian disorders. The authors make a linkage between this model and Davis's hypothesis. This author hypothesizes that schizophrenia is characterized by abnormally low prefrontal dopamine activity leading to excessive dopamine activity in mesolimbic dopamine neurons, that explains the both negative and positive symptoms coexistence. For the authors, new ways are then opened for an integrative conception of psychosis and affective disorders. This conception might be integrated into the bio-psycho-social model based on chaotics, evocation of which is the author's conclusion.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed1994

[Prenatal developmental disorders of brain structures in schizophrenic psychoses].

In recent years neuroimaging techniques have revealed various cerebral and structural variances in patients with schizophrenic psychoses. The best established findings are the enlargement of the lateral ventricles and discrete structural deficits in temporobasal structures of the cortex. Neuropathological investigations have detected subcortical as well as cortical variances. Subcortically, the volume of the striatum and the globus pallidus have been found to be enlarged in schizophrenics. Among the cortical deviations, the cytoarchitectonic disturbances of the rostral entorhinal region have been well documented and are especially important. According to neuropathological criteria, they are derived from disturbances of prenatal cell migration within the central nervous system. Due to its close anatomical and functional connection with the hippocampal formation and its being the assembly point of all sensory cortical areas, disturbances of this area could seriously impede the processing and filtering of information within the limbic system. The other hitherto reported structural anomalies, such as the disturbance to the radial order of hippocampal neurons, and the abnormal structures in the frontobasal orbital regions and the rostroventral insula, could be connected to the disturbances of migration within the entorhinal region; the former could be secondary, but still prenatal developments. Well documented are the architectonic changes in the rostral cingulate gyrus which is itself connected with the entorhinal region via the Papez circuit. These findings are supported and supplemented by the results of epidemiological studies which indicate a disturbance of brain development during the second trimenon of the prenatal period. Viral infections (Influenza A2) of mothers during this critical period appear to play an especially important role.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Psychedelic experiences at the onset of productive episodes of endogenous psychoses].

Hallucinogenic drugs (psychedelics, e.g. Psilocybin, Mescaline, LSD) induce in humans qualitatively altered states of consciousness (ASC), which can be used as experimental models for endogenous psychosis. However, some researchers claim that these ASCs are not appropriate models for schizophrenia. We report two clinical cases of acute endogenous psychoses demonstrating striking similarities to psychedelic experiences. We consider the psychedelic-induced ASC to be an appropriate model for the beginning acute endogenous psychotic episode, but not for the schizophrenic disease as a nosological entity.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Psychoses and driving fitness--development of criteria for clinical assessment].

The legal foundations for driver fitness evaluation in psychiatric conditions are enumerated in the 1985 "Illness and road traffic" expert opinion of the advisory medical council with the Federal Ministry of Transport. In case of the endogenous psychoses, in-patient episodes will invariably give rise to a call for expert psychiatric appraisement, notwithstanding the fact that reliable and valid criteria, with the exception of a standardized driving sample, continue to be almost non-existent. Carried out between 1989 and 1991 with support from the Federal Employment Institute in the framework of an employment creation project as well as from Bundesanstalt für Strassenwesen, the present study hence had been aimed at correlation-statistical identification of as valid driving ability predictors as possible in post-acute patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenic psychosis (ICD 295.3). The patients' pre-discharge fitness for driving, for one, was assessed using a number of psychological procedures and, for the other, was examined during a 60 minute practical driving sample, involving both city and autobahn driving. Driving behaviour during the practical trial was taken down according to pertinent categories, with subsequent judgment of overall driving performance both by self-ratings and by driving instructor ratings by means of a school grades scale of 1 to 6. With reference to pertinent studies elsewhere, our test battery had consisted of procedures for testing visual perception, reaction, selective and split attention, personality structure, anxiety, and risk-taking.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Modification of cognitive disorders in schizophrenic and schizoaffective psychoses using cognitive therapy in comparison with sociotherapy].

In this study, 24 patients with subacute schizophrenic or schizoaffective psychoses were treated with "Integrated Psychological Therapy for Schizophrenic Patients" (IPT, Roder et al. 1988) and compared with 21 subacute schizophrenic or schizoaffective patients treated with sociotherapy, in respect of cognitive changes. Each therapy was administered at 8 sessions weekly for a period of 6 weeks. Advantages of the cognitively oriented therapy (IPT) appeared significantly greater with regard to interference and short-time memory improvement, and tendentially in respect to overinclusion. Neither type of therapy seems to affect schizophrenic concretism. Cognitive disorders, as reported by the patients themselves, show some remission with both forms of therapy. At 6 and 12 weeks after completion of therapy, differences between the two groups on these measures became insignificant. The findings suggest a quicker reduction of cognitive disorders by IPT in comparison with sociotherapy.

Attention↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Delusional psychoses during first hospitalization: age of onset and diagnosis of schizophrenia by six diagnostic criteria].

The histories of illness of 167 patients with syndromological diagnosis of delusional psychosis were analysed with respect to their nosological qualification based on clinical diagnostics and 5 selected, operationalised criteria of schizophrenia. Its purpose was to establish dependence between diagnostics of schizophrenia and morbidity age (early, middle and late). A conclusion was that with application of clinical criteria, diagnosis of schizophrenia was a prevailing nosological qualification within the examined group (67%). Such diagnosis was less frequent in the group of late morbidity psychoses. It was also concluded that the dependence on morbidity age was displayed by these criteria which were strongly premised on a defined diagnostic approach. The Schneider's primary symptoms allowed more often for diagnosis of schizophrenia in later age. The Bleuler's (axial) symptoms more often facilitated diagnosis of schizophrenia in earlier age. Mediating criteria, belonging to the DSM-III-R or ICD-IO classification, did not display dependence on morbidity age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

[Schizophrenic and paranoid - bi- or trisection of endogenous psychoses].

The fundamental differences between the syndromes united under the term of schizophrenia are demonstrated. Attempts to reduce these syndromes to a common denominator of a nosological unit bearing the same designation have failed. Important arguments are advanced against the identification, widespread in practice, of the terms "paranoid" and "schizophrenic". It is pointed out that these two terms are incompatible to some extent. There is a fundamental difference between the nature of paranoia and the symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia (Dementia praecox). Paranoia is far more dependent on the personality than on the pathological process. A division into three aspects - schizophrenia, paranoid psychoses and MDP instead of the dichotomy schizophrenia/MDP, is proposed for a better theoretical and practical understanding in the field of endogeny. Further semantic arguments are advanced against the term "schizophrenia" indicating its iatrogenic effect.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1977

[Etiology and classification of mental disorders from viewpoint of "Universal genesis of psychoses"].

The concept of a "Universal genesis of psychoses" has been worked on by the author for about 12 years. It is mostly biologically orientated and deals with the development, classification and therapy of psychotic syndromes in an unconventional manner. Prejudices which would only interfere with research have been avoided as far as possible, and new results e.g. of biochemistry have been included. A more purposeful treatment with psycho-pharmacological agents is aimed at. Special emphasis is laid on the negation of real demarcations between manic-depressive, cycloid and schizophrenic syndromes which are assumed to be caused by many factors, and on the fact that psychopathological basic symptoms are "fundamental conditions" principally characteristic of all psychotic syndromes in different constellations.

Brain↗
PubMed1977

[Effect of lithium on the course of endogenous psychoses (several clinico-statistical relationships)].

In 75 patients with a phasic development of endogenous psychoses the course of the disease before lithium treatment was characterized by statistically valid and successively increasing from attack to attack phenomena such as lengthening of attacks (phases) with a stable duration of the remissions and more frequent double phases. All of these phenomena were regarded by the authors as an unfavourable medicative pathomorphosis. The influence of lithium was expressed in the following symptoms: 1) prevention of hospitalization (56% of the cases); 2) significant shortening of the attacks (phases) and in some of the cases (19%)--their arrest; 3) transition from psychotic syndromes to cyclothymic; 4) a significant drop of double phases and a corresponding rise in the number of "pure" subdepressive states.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Treatment of schizophrenic psychoses with Lyorodin].

Forty-four patients suffering from acute and chronic schizophrenic psychoses were used to obtain, by using Lorr's scale (IMPS) and taking the changes in disease state observed within three months as a base, suggestions or pointers as to the proper treatment of disease with fluphenazine (lyorodin) which is a neuroleptically highly potent phenothiazine derivative. Megalomania, grandiose delusions apathetic and depressive syndromes showed marked tendencies toward major improvement. An "antiautistic" effect was observed in chronic patients. The effective dose was between 6 and 12 mg a day. The drug was well tolerated. In the majority of cases it was also necessary for antiparkinsonian drugs to be administered to patients. After twelve months of treatment, slight to major improvements or even freedom from symptoms could be observed in 28 cases (or 64%).

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1976

[Clinical features and problems in the differential diagnosis of schizophrenic psychoses developing after delivery].

The authors report of some results of a clinical follow-up study of 76 schizophrenic patients in psychosis observed during the puerperal period. Two types of the process were distinguished: a recurrent type and attack-like progressive. Some diffrential diagnostical criteria are given permitting to differ recurrent schizophrenia from somatogenic and infectious psychoses.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[The use of nifedipine for overcoming the insufficient preventive effect of lithium carbonate in patients with affective and schizoaffective psychoses].

26 patients with affective and schizoaffective psychoses either therapeutically resistant to lithium salts or with intolerance to them were treated. Control period of preventive therapy (lithium carbonate in average doses O.6-O.9 g daily) and experimental period (nifedipine, average doses 30-40 mg daily) were equal in duration, 2 years exactly. Preventive effect of nifedipine exceeded the same effect of lithium carbonate in 65.4% of patients. The total duration of affective attacks in the experimental period was reduced on 46.8% and their frequency-on 31.7% in comparison with the control period. A number of hospital admissions decreased (on 52.2%) with a simultaneous tendency to transition of a disease to a more light level (a number of attacks of cyclothymic level increased on 17.3%). The data gives ground for the perspectives of application of nifedipine in the cases of insufficient prophylactic effect or intolerance to lithium salts.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Power, status and valency in relationship to affective psychoses, schizoaffective and neurotic depression of patients].

The interrelationships of patients with affective psychoses and depressive neuroses were analysed by means of the Giessentest. They were categorised using Beckmanns approach to power, status and valency. The different frequency of these scores in the depressive subgroups underlined the interactional dimension of depression and the influence of gender variables as well. In particular neurotic depressive male patients tended to have asymmetric structures of relationships. The couple relationships of female patients suffering from depression or physical illness were characterised by a negative valency in the self-concept and a positive valency in the self as perceived by others.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMed1998

[The efficacy of lithium carbonate and Contemnol in preventing affective and schizoaffective psychoses].

Two groups of patients (30 patients in each group) were treated by lithium carbonate and contemnol. High preventive efficiency of both drugs was found: average annual duration of manic and depressive exacerbation as well as their frequency decreased practically by equal value--40-50%. The efficiency was somewhat higher in the group of patients treated by contemnol (80%) as compared with the group on lithium carbonate (70%). Total number of side-effects and spontaneous complaints was twice as much in prophylaxis by lithium carbonate. Wide application of contemnol in psychiatric practice for prophylaxis of aggravations (fits) of affective and schizoaffective psychoses is recommended.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[The use of verapamil for the prevention of relapses of affective and schizoaffective psychoses].

Efficiency of verapamil was studied in secondary prophylaxis of phasic affective disorders, 50 patients with affective and schizoaffective psychoses were treated during 2 years. Daily dose of verapamil was 80-320 mg (average dose-240 mg). Three groups were formed. Group 1 (10 patients) included patients which didn't receive any prophylactic therapy during previous 2 years. In group 2 (25 patients) and 3 (15 patients) verapamil was administrated after 2 years of prophylactic therapy with either lithium carbonate or carbamazepine, respectively. Clear prophylactic activity of verapamil was observed. There was preference of its reducing effect on the depressive phases. The data obtained and good tolerance of verapamil evidence for effectiveness of prolonged administration of this preparation as a drug with antirelapsed properties.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[On improved prophylaxis of endogenous-phasic psychoses: aspects of parallel determination of lithium in serum and erythrocytes (author's transl)].

In 30% of the psychiatric patients investigated the lithium concentration in erythrocytes (RBC-lithium) is a more reliable indicator for the evaluation of the clinical response and the risk of toxicity. After lithium administration the lithium RBC levels increased within the first three weeks. Lithium RBC/plasma ratios are not different between unipolar, bipolar and schizo-affective psychoses. It was found that low lithium RBC/plasma ratios correspond with low monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in platelets.

Affective Symptoms↗