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PubMed2004

Talking about human genetics within religious frameworks.

Information generated by the Human Genome Project is intended to result in better understanding of genetic variation and disease, affording opportunities to intervene in human health both prior to and after birth. The lay public's construction of meaning associated with these aims, however, has been given little systematic consideration. As God and religion are often invoked as structures to give meaning to technical and scientific discoveries, this project sought to examine public discussions associated with religious frameworks used to talk about human genetics. The results of 17 focus group discussions revealed a range of lay epistemologies that suggest how religious faith may impact individual perceptions, with some consistent differences in discourse for African Americans as compared to European Americans observed. The ethical and practical applications of this information are extended to suggestions for health promotion, care, and counseling.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Surgical treatment of the internal carotid-posterior communicating artery aneurysm--from the experience of 213 cases (author's transl)].

213 cases of so-called posterior communicating artery aneurysm submitted to surgical operation without using microscope were reviewed from the technical point of view. Aneurysm project boradly to two directions, i.e. postero-inferior and lateral directions. We have treated these anuerysms with two very distinct operative approaches in order to reach the aneurysmal neck from the right angle. Frontal approach is used for the aneurysms projecting laterally. In contrast, the aneurysms projecting postero-inferior are reached laterally by mobilizing the tip of the temporal lobe. Of 213 patients, 15 died (mortality rate 7.0%) and 19 were poor (8.9%). The operative result of the cases in which the aneurysm ruptured during the exposure of the aneurysmal neck was poor. Therefore, intensive care is emphasized to avoid the aneurysm rupture during surgery. Other important technical points which affect the operative results were discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Understanding cultural obstacles to HIV/AIDS prevention in Africa.

Global efforts to prevent further spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are faced with tremendous obstacles, and limited understanding of the cultural and social context of HIV and AIDS is an important factor hindering prevention efforts to date. Examples from the authors' experience in providing technical support to 7 nongovernmental projects for HIV/AIDS prevention in Africa illustrate the importance of including qualitative data in initial baseline studies for projects responding to the problem. Qualitative data are needed to provide a deeper understanding of the meanings of behavior and other phenomena that are identified through quantitative methods. Runyoka is discussed as an example of a traditionally-defined illness in Zimbabwe that appears to affect local understanding of HIV/AIDS. The authors suggest approaches that would assist HIV/AIDS projects to better understand and respond to the social and cultural context of AIDS in local settings.

Africa↗
PubMed1996

[Effects of technical aids on the utilization of professional care. A study among single 75-year olds].

In this paper we describe the results of a project, in which occupational therapists visited 83 independently living, single, elderly people (clients of organisations providing care) and advised them about technical aids. Subsequently some technical aids were provided. The intervention group received, on average, three out of five advised technical aids. The effect of this intervention was an increase in the use of technical aids (people used, on average, two technical aids more at the end of the project), which means that the provided technical aids were being used. This effect was stronger in the group of the 75-84 old persons than in the above 85 year old ones. This effect led to a change in people's attitudes towards technical aids: at the beginning of the project 80% of the elderly believed technical aids could help them to remain independent and at the end this percentage was 90%. There was a slight, non-significant, decrease in the number of hours home help (from 5,4 to 4,7 hours per week). However, we were unable to ascertain an effect on the percentage of elderly using community care or waiting for institutional care. This may have been due to the heterogeneity of the intervention, the small research population and the relatively short intervention period. Elderly should be assessed as being in need of technical aids at an earlier stage.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Women in science, engineering and technology (SET): a report on the Indonesian experience.

This paper presents the preliminary results of a study by the Gender Working Group, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, on women's contribution to, and benefits to women from, science, engineering and technology (SET), specifically the benefits accruing to disadvantaged women in urban and rural areas in Indonesia. Previous studies on the participation of women in SET have shown the under-representation of women in all SET activities, including decision-making and advisory positions. However, some studies have shown that if gender perspectives are included in the design and implementation of development activities, disadvantaged women in urban and rural areas could greatly benefit from SET in development projects. The two case studies in North Sulawesi and Central Lombok provinces show that the projects have enabled the expansion of employment opportunities for women and thus increased their technical skills and income. In addition, the projects have also contributed to enhancing women's self-confidence, self-reliance and communication skills.

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[AIDS and school: proposal for institutional and interdisciplinary prevention].

The project AIDS and School emerges as an institutional and interdisciplinary new proposal for HIV/AIDS combat. In 1992, Rio de Janeiro State University represented by Social Work and Nursing Faculties and by Adolescent Health Studies Nucleus and Education and Health State Secretaries and yet Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIO-CRUZ), thought about a way of preventively intervene with the age where the contact with the virus is mostly contacted. The adolescent should be worked on but for achieving a great number of students, a teacher was needed. From this, the project was designed and its development started in 1994 with '1 degree and 2 degrees graus' teachers capacitation in six districts of Rio de Janeiro. The work is of relevance for its supervision characteristics and support to GEPAE (AIDS and School Project Executive Group). At the workshops themes are worked with the teachers, such as: Loss and Death; Sexuality; Sexuality in AIDS times; Technical Information and Applied Methodology. This project is sponsored by the World Bank through Health Ministry. Nowadays, we are evaluating the project and we have already detected that for its performance and characteristics it will be turned into a Programme.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Developing an action-based health and safety training project in southern China.

A project brought together international footwear manufacturers, labor rights groups, local contract factories, and occupational health professionals to strengthen factory health and safety programs in southern China. Steps involved in the two-year project, including needs assessment, interviews and focus groups with workers and supervisors; design and development of a participatory workshop; development of plant-wide health and safety committees in three footwear factories; and evaluation project impact, are discussed. The project significantly increased occupational safety and health knowledge, and hazards in the factories were identified and corrected. Successes and challenges faced by three functioning worker-management health and safety committees are discussed. Key elements to create effective programs with meaningful participation by workers include: 1) developing clear guidelines that enable multi-stakeholder groups to collaborate; 2) obtaining top-level management support; 3) building workers' knowledge and capacity to fully participate; 4) involving local labor rights groups and occupational professionals in support and technical assistance; and 5) connecting project goals to larger issues within a country and the global economy.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of the rostrocaudal open mouth and rostro 10 degrees ventro-caudodorsal oblique radiographic views for imaging fluid in the feline tympanic bulla.

Fluid within the tympanic bulla is an indication of middle ear disease. Radiography has a relatively low accuracy for the detection of soft tissue opacification in the tympanic bulla, and the most useful radiographic projection, the rostrocaudal open mouth (RCd (open mouth)), is technically difficult to perform in dogs and cats. An alternative projection for the feline tympanic bulla, the rostro 10 degrees ventro-caudodorsal oblique (R10 degrees V-CdDO), was compared to the RCd (open mouth) in 41 feline cadaver heads with the tympanic bullae randomly filled with KY jelly. Computed tomography was used as the gold standard. Each tympanic bulla was recorded as being positive or negative for soft tissue opacification. Although there was no significant difference between the accuracy of the two views, the R10 degrees V-CdDO was subjectively more accurate and easier to perform, and in a live patient may be performed without the need for general anesthesia. The R10 degrees V-CdDO projection is a good alternative to the RCd (open mouth) projection for detecting otitis media in the cat.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Patients' global ratings of their health care are not associated with the technical quality of their care.

BACKGROUND: Patient global ratings of care are commonly used to assess health care. However, the extent to which these assessments of care are related to the technical quality of care received is not well understood. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between patient-reported global ratings of health care and the quality of providers' communication and technical quality of care. DESIGN: Observational cohort study. SETTING: 2 managed care organizations. PATIENTS: Vulnerable older patients identified by brief interviews of a random sample of community-dwelling adults 65 years of age or older who received care in 2 managed care organizations during a 13-month period. MEASUREMENTS: Survey questions from the second stage of the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems program were used to determine patients' global rating of health care and provider communication. A set of 236 quality indicators, defined by the Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders project, were used to measure technical quality of care given for 22 clinical conditions; 207 quality indicators were evaluated by using data from chart abstraction or patient interview. RESULTS: Data on the global rating item, communication scale, and technical quality of care score were available for 236 vulnerable older patients. In a multivariate logistic regression model that included patient and clinical factors, better communication was associated with higher global ratings of health care. Technical quality of care was not significantly associated with the global rating of care. LIMITATIONS: Findings were limited to vulnerable elders who were enrolled in managed care organizations and may not be generalizable to other age groups or types of insurance coverage. CONCLUSIONS: Vulnerable elders' global ratings of care should not be used as a marker of technical quality of care. Assessments of quality of care should include both patient evaluations and independent assessments of technical quality.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Potential applications of smart clothing solutions in health care and personal protection.

The rapid development in the fields of sensor and telecommunication technologies has created completely new possibilities also for the textile and clothing field. New smart textile and clothing systems can be developed by integrating sensors in the textile constructions. Application fields for these added-value products are e.g. protective clothing for extreme environments, garments for the health care sector, technical textiles, sport and leisure wear. Some products have already been introduced on the markets, but generally it can be stated that the development is only in its starting phase, and the expectations for the future are big. Many different aspects have to be considered in the development of the wearable technology products for the health care sector: medical problems and their diagnosis, sensor choice, data processing and telecommunication solutions, clothing requirements. A functional product can be achieved only if all aspects work together, and therefore experts from all fields should participate in the RTD projects. In the EC-funded project DE3002 Easytex clothing and textiles for disabled and elderly people were investigated. Some recommendations concerning durability, appearance, comfort, service and safety of products for different special user groups were defined, based on user questionnaires and seminars, general textile and clothing requirements and on laboratory test series."Clothing Area Network--Clan" is a research project aiming to develop a technical concept and technology needed in enabling both wired and wireless data and power transfer between different intelligent modules (user interfaces, sensors, CPU's, batteries etc.) integrated into a smart clothing system. Fire-fighters clothing system is chosen as the development platform, being a very challenging application from which the developed technology can be transferred to other protective clothing systems.

Absorbent Pads↗
PubMed1996

"Current topics in health sciences librarianship": a pilot program for network-based lifelong learning.

The long-term objective of this project is to make health sciences librarians more effective in their role by using emerging technologies to deliver timely continuing education (CE) programs to them regardless of their physical location. The goals of the one-year planning project at the William H. Welch Medical Library are to plan, implement, and evaluate a pilot CE program that includes (1) a three-day general-interest session organized in four tracks: Market Forces and Management, Information Technology and the Internet, Publishing and Copyright, and Education; (2) a one-day special topic session on the Informatics of the Human Genome Project; and (3) an electronic poster session in parallel with the general-interest session. The program will be offered in three simultaneous formats: (1) on-site, in a distance-learning classroom in Baltimore; (2) as a telecourse, in a similar classroom outside Washington, DC; and (3) online, via the World Wide Web. An electronic proceedings of the entire program will be published on the Web to serve as a continuously available CE resource for health sciences librarians. This paper gives an overview of the planning process, presents a status report on the programmatic and technical implementation of the pilot project at its midpoint, and discusses future directions for the program.

Certification↗
PubMed2002

The process to develop a meaningful community health assessment in New York State.

Conducting and producing a meaningful Community Health Assessment (CHA) is an important and essential public health service and a mandatory biennial activity for New York State's (NYS) Local Health Departments. The Assessment Initiative project has allowed the NYS Department of Health to better understand and identify strategies to strengthen CHAs and to develop training, education, and technical assistance programs. The Assessment Initiative project has benefited from participation, coordination, and sharing of resources and expertise with other community health improvement initiatives in NYS, including those that emphasize collaborative approaches to health improvement, workforce development, and expanding access to data.

Community Health Planning↗
PubMed2003

Putting your course on the Web: lessons from a case study and systematic literature review.

BACKGROUND: Education via the Internet offers enormous potential, but many online courses are pedagogically or technically weak and many good projects are never mainstreamed. METHOD: In drawing up our recommendations to address the issues around putting a course on the web, we drew on 3 main sources of data: an extensive in-depth course evaluation; a systematic review of the literature, and questions raised by participants on our training-the-trainers courses. RECOMMENDATIONS: For any web-based course to succeed, 10 overlapping and iterative areas of activity must be addressed. These are: the market for the course; course aims and intended learning outcomes; choice of software platform; staff training needs; writing high quality study materials; design features for active learning; technical and administrative challenges; evaluation and quality improvement; mainstreaming the course within the institution, and financial viability.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of the technical performance of novel holotranscobalamin (holoTC) assays in a multicenter European demonstration project.

A commercially available holotranscobalamin (holo-TC) radioimmunoassay (RIA) (Axis-Shield, Dundee, Scotland) was evaluated in four laboratories and compared with a holoTC ELISA run in one laboratory. The performance of the holoTC RIA assay was comparable in three of the four participating laboratories. The results from these three laboratories, involving at least 20 initial runs of "low", "medium" and "high" serum-based controls (mean holoTC concentrations 34, 60 and 110 pmol/L, respectively) yielded an intra-laboratory imprecision of 6-10%. No systematic inter-laboratory deviations were observed on runs involving 72 patient samples (holoTC concentration range 10-160 pmol/L). A fourth laboratory demonstrated higher assay imprecision for control samples and systematic deviation of results for the patient samples. Measurement of holoTC by ELISA showed an imprecision of 4-5%, and slightly higher mean values for the controls (mean holoTC concentrations 40, 70 and 114 pmol/L, respectively). Comparable results were obtained for the patient samples. The long-term intra-laboratory imprecision was 12% for the holoTC RIA and 6% for the ELISA. In conclusion, it would be prudent to check the calibration and precision prior to starting to use these holoTC assays in research or clinical practice. The results obtained using the holoTC RIA were similar to those obtained using the holoTC ELISA assay.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay↗