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PubMed1998

[Country-wide survey of therapeutic procedures in hemorrhoids and anal fissure].

A survey among coloproctologists was performed to assess current therapeutic concepts for the treatment of hemorrhoidal disease and anal fissure. A total of 261 clinical and non-clinical proctologists participated, representing the entire range of therapies in hospital and practise. A wealth of widely differing, in some aspects contradictory concepts were recorded, leaving almost no subject entirely undisputed. There are controversies regarding the different therapeutic alternatives as well as indications for surgery and choice of operative procedure. Future research has to address the existing controversies in order to reach a higher degree of standardization in the therapy of these common proctological disorders.

Colorectal Surgery↗
PubMed2001

[The Longo and Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy. A prospective comparative study of 300 patients].

INTRODUCTION: Stapled haemorrhoidectomy according to Longo for treating reducible anal and mucosal prolapse appears to be very simple technically. In order to investigate the feasibility and to delineate the value of this procedure it was compared to standard open haemorrhoidectomy according to Milligan-Morgan in a prospective study. METHOD: In 1998 and 1999, 300 patients with third-degree haemorrhoids were operated on either with a Milligan-Morgan or a Longo technique. Intraoperative and postoperative performance--complications, length of surgery, consumption of analgetics, hospital stay, return to work--were evaluated. Follow-up was 1, 3 and 6 months. RESULTS: Length of surgery for both types of operation was the same. In comparison with the conventional open excision, patients with a stapled haemorrhoidectomy required considerably less analgetics. Hospital stay was shorter and return to work quicker and there were fewer morphological residues, e.g. skin tags. However, the costs of the procedure were considerably higher because of the disposable instrument. CONCLUSION: This new surgical procedure of supra-anodermal resection according to Longo offers advantages in the repair of prolapsing haemorrhoidal disease. Despite its primary simplicity, in our opinion the surgeon has to have colorectal, especially proctologic, experience. Although costs are significantly higher, this procedure might replace conventional techniques in many cases with prolapsing haemorrhoids.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Perianal dermatitis and its benign simulants].

Perianal dermatitis is one of the most common proctological disorders. Concerning the etiology, three different types of dermatitis must be distinguished-the most common irritative contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis. The correct diagnosis is essential for adequate and successful treatment. A variety of benign and malignant disorders must be considered in the differential diagnosis of anal dermatitis. Dermatitic clinical disorders which do not respond to therapy should always be biopsied.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[History of the Krefeld Dermatology Clinic].

The dermatology clinic in Krefeld has treated a wide range of patients since its founding in 1845. Nowadays the spectrum consists of allergology, occupational dermatology, phototherapy, dermatosurgery, phlebology and proctology as well as special clinics for andrology, sexually transmitted diseases and patients with HIV-infection.

Dermatology↗
PubMed2006

Rural surgery in southern Sudan.

INTRODUCTION: This article reports a retrospective analysis of a 6-year experience of providing surgical care in remote areas of southern Sudan under extremely adverse conditions. METHODS: Teams of expatriate consultants (surgeon, anesthetist, scrub nurse) carried out 28 "surgical missions" with the aims of treating surgical cases previously selected and of training local personnel in basic surgery on the job. RESULTS: A total of 1642 patients (71% males, 30% under the age of 16) have undergone an operation. Altogether, 1264 elective procedures (77%) and 378 emergency procedures (23%) were performed. Hernia surgery comprised the main workload, followed by proctologic and gynecologic operations. Most operations were performed under spinal anesthesia. Other cases required ketamine, and a small number of patients had local anesthesia. There were 14 fatal complications, most of them related to the delay in obtaining medical attention. Based on the training results, the Sudanese personnel of two of the five health centers involved in the program are already fully autonomous. Two doctors and two nurses are proficient in essential surgery; two not qualified nurses are proficient in "primary" anesthesia; and others are proficient in scrubbing and surgical nursing. CONCLUSIONS: This report demonstrates that it is feasible to establish surgical services in rural areas of developing countries by utilizing simple facilities, providing them with basic equipment, and employing local personnel selected and trained on the job by teams composed of a consultant surgeon, anesthetist, and scrub nurse. This seems to be the only realistic possibility for providing surgical care to the rural populations of the least developed countries.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed2002

Randomized clinical trial comparing simple drainage of anorectal abscess with and without fistula track treatment.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Anal abscess is a frequent acute proctological disorder and whether the underlying fistula should be treated at the same time when the abscess is drained remains controversial. We examined indications for drainage alone versus drainage plus fistulotomy in terms of recurrence and continence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We carried out a randomized prospective study of 200 consecutive patients with anal abscess. One group received drainage alone, while in the other group drainage plus fistulotomy was performed when a subcutaneous-mucosa, low transsphincteral, or intersphincteral fistula was found. Delayed progressive fistulotomy with suture threads was performed in cases of high transsphincteric or suprasphincteric fistula. RESULTS: The internal opening of the fistula track was found in 83% of the patients. The recurrence rate was related to the surgical technique employed: 29% in the group with drainage alone and 5% in the group for which treatment of the fistula track was attempted. The incontinence rate was also related to the surgical option. In those receiving drainage and treatment of the fistula track incontinence was restricted mostly to patients with delayed fistulotomy (36.7%), compared to 2.8% of patients when simple fistulotomy was performed. There was no incontinence in the drainage alone group. CONCLUSION: Drainage of anal abscess with fistulotomy can be safely performed in cases of subcutaneous, intersphincteral, or low transsphincteral fistulae with a minimal recurrence rate. However, drainage alone and posterior treatment of the fistula track is recommended for high transsphincteral or suprasphincteral fistulae.

Abscess↗
PubMed2006

Botulinum toxin in multiple sclerosis.

Local administration of botulinum toxin (BoTx) inhibits presynaptic acetylcholine release. All cholinergically innervated muscles and glands can be paralyzed accordingly. Studies on the application of BoTx in multiple sclerosis have shown good results for focal spasticity, in particular, of the extremities. The first promising data were published on bladder disorders, especially with regard to detrusor sphincter dyssynergia and detrusor hyperreflexia. Hyperhidrosis, hypersalivation and proctologic symptoms might be other areas of application. Approval, however, has been greatly restricted which limits the therapeutic range of use.

Botulinum Toxins, Type A↗
PubMed2001

[Lack of pre-emptive analgesic effect of low-dose ketamine in postoperative patients. A prospective, randomised double-blind study].

NMDA receptors are assumed to play an important role for neuronal plasticity. In vitro and animal experiments confirmed that NMDA antagonistic drugs can prevent hyperexitability of dorsal root neurons after strong pain stimuli. Clinical data, however, are more or less controversial in this respect. It was the aim of the present prospective, randomised, double-blind study to verify if low-dose preoperative ketamine, an NMDA antagonist, provides relevant postoperative analgesia in surgical patients and to re-examine positive results published by other investigators. 80 ASA I-II patients undergoing elective laparoscopic or proctologic surgery received at induction of general anaesthesia a single i.v. bolus dose of either ketamine 0.15 mg/kg or placebo (0.9% NaCl). Postoperative analgesia was provided by i.v. patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) using the opioid piritramide. Cardiovascular parameters, respiration, sedation, cumulative piritramide consumption and pain scores (visual analogue scale 1-10, verbal rating scale 0-4) were monitored at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12 and 24 hours after surgery. Additionally, a retrospective pain score was documented after the 24 hours observation period. There was no statistically significant difference in any study parameter. Cumulative PCA piritramide consumption after 24 hours was 25.0+/-16.2 mg in the ketamine group and 29.5+/-20.4 mg in the placebo group. Ketamine-specific side effects such as hallucinations or bad dreams were not observed. It is concluded that under the study conditions used, low dose ketamine, contrary to previously reported results [30], does not provide a clinically relevant pre-emptive analgesic effect in postoperative patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Management of hemorrhoidal disease in patients with chronic spinal cord injury.

Hemorrhoidal disease is a common pathology in patients with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). We describe our experience with the primary approach to this problem at the Proctology Division of the Sheba Medical Center. We treated 29 patients (26 men) with paraplegia due to SCI between 1995 and 1999. The mean age was 49 years (range, 22-74 years). All patients had hemorrhoids in stages ranging between II and IV. Main complaints were rectal bleeding (83%), difficulties in evacuation (38%) and discomfort or pain (28%). Eleven patients (38%) were treated conservatively (e. g. diet, hygiene and laxatives), while 18 patients (62%) underwent either banding or sclerotherapy of hemorrhoids or both. No major complication were observed. In 28 of 29 patients (96%), there was a significant reduction or cessation of bleeding and/or relief of symptoms; one patient (3%) required hemorrhoidectomy. Of the 28 successful treatments, 16 (57%) had partial reduction of bleeding or relief of symptoms, while in 12 (43%) response was complete. Of those who were treated conservatively, 9 (82%) had partial and 2 (18%) had complete relief of symptoms. Of those who had banding/sclerotherapy, 7 (41%) had partial and 10 (59%) had complete relief. We also examined the effect of perianal sensation on the treatment outcome. Of 16 patients with complete anesthesia, 11 (69%) had partial and 5 (31%) had complete relief, whereas of the 12 patients with preserved sensation, 5 (42%) had partial and 7 (58%) had complete relief. In conclusion, the approach of banding or sclerotherapy of hemorrhoids in SCI patients is safe and effective. When sensation of the perianal region is preserved, the outcome seems to be better. The cause of SCI has no impact on the treatment results. There was no difference in the outcome of treatment between patients with stage II and stage III hemorrhoids; patients with stage IV hemorrhoids seem to do worse than those with stages II and III.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Anoperineal tuberculosis: diagnostic and management considerations in seven cases.

PURPOSE: Anoperineal tuberculosis is a rare extrapulmonary form of the disease that we must learn to recognize because it requires specific treatment. METHODS: Data from seven patients with anoperineal tuberculosis observed in a Parisian proctology unit between 1982 and 1999 were reviewed. RESULTS: All the patients were male (median age, 55 years); five were born in underdeveloped countries, and two were still living there. The average length of time between first manifestation of the disease and diagnosis was three years (range, 3 months to 9 years); all patients had undergone surgery previously. There were six recurring anal fistulas (complex in 5 cases) and one recurring abscess. In every case, the diagnosis had been suspected or confirmed by systematic histologic study of the surgically excised tissue. An association with pulmonary tuberculosis was found in each case. Treatment included two parts: conventional surgical treatment of anal sepsis and specific medical antituberculosis treatment. Evolution was favorable in all cases, with no recurrence of disease. Human immunodeficiency virus infection did not increase the incidence of anoperineal tuberculosis. CONCLUSION: Tuberculosis should be suspected in all recurrent fistulas. Histologic examination of the excised tissue and a lung x-ray should be performed to avoid delay in diagnosing an easily curable disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Anal fissure and thrombosed external hemorrhoids before and after delivery.

PURPOSE: Thrombosed external hemorrhoids and anal fissures are common and are responsible for severe discomfort during childbirth. However, the real incidence of these lesions is unknown. The aim of our study was to evaluate their incidence and the risk factors for these lesions during childbirth. METHODS: A prospective study with proctologic examination during the last 3 months of pregnancy and after delivery (within 2 months) was performed in 165 consecutive pregnant females. RESULTS: Fifteen females (9.1 percent) with anal lesions (13 thrombosed external hemorrhoids and 2 anal fissures) were observed during pregnancy. Fifty-eight females (35.2 percent) with anal lesions (33 thrombosed external hemorrhoids and 25 anal fissures) were observed during the postpartum period. Ninety-one percent of thrombosed external hemorrhoids were observed during the first day after delivery, whereas anal fissures were distributed, with no peak, over the two months after delivery. The 2 independent risk factors for anal lesions (among obstetric, baby's, and mother's information) were dyschezia, with a 5.7 odds ratio (95 percent confidence interval, 2.7-12), and late delivery, with a 1.4 odds ratio (95 percent confidence interval, 1.05-1.9). Furthermore, many thrombosed external hemorrhoids were observed after superficial perineal tears and heavier babies (P < 0.05). Only 1 of the 33 patients with thrombosed external hemorrhoids who were observed underwent a cesarean section. CONCLUSION: One third of females have thrombosed external hemorrhoids or anal fissures in the postpartum period. The most important risk factor is dyschezia. Traumatic delivery appears to be associated with thrombosed external hemorrhoids.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Fecal incontinence in females with a past history of vaginal delivery: significance of anal sphincter defects detected by ultrasound.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the significance of anal sphincter defects detected by ultrasonography, in a population of fecal incontinent parous females without previous anoperineal surgery. METHODS: From 100 consecutive incontinent patients, 61 females with at least one previous vaginal delivery and no past anoperineal surgery were studied. The severity of fecal incontinence was assessed by the Cleveland Clinic questionnaire score. Lesions of the internal or external anal sphincters, and the radial size of these defects were assessed by ultrasonography. Anal vector manometry was performed to measure anal pressures at rest and during voluntary squeeze, and the anal asymmetry index. RESULTS: Twenty-three had a normal sphincter (38 percent), and 38 (62 percent) had a defect detected by ultrasonography: 20 isolated defects of the external sphincter and 18 combined defects of the internal and external sphincters. Combined defects were significantly larger. The radial size of the defects was positively correlated with the severity of clinical symptoms. Anal pressure asymmetry index was significantly increased in the group with combined defects compared with the two other groups. An index of 25 percent or greater had a very high (100 percent) negative predictive value for the presence of a defect larger than 90 degrees. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the high prevalence of anal sphincter defects detected by ultrasonography in a population of incontinent parous females without previous proctologic surgery. The clinical symptoms are related to the size of these defects. Anal vector manometry may be a useful tool to confirm the relation between echographic anal sphincter lesions and fecal incontinence.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Anal canal strictures after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to define the different types of strictures, the factors favoring their occurrence, and their treatment after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. METHODS: Between January 1981 and June 1996, 1,884 ileal pouch-anal anastomoses were constructed at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. Data were collected prospectively and included age, gender, type of underlying diseases (chronic ulcerative colitis familial adenomatous polyposis), proctologic antecedents, technique of anastomosis, intraoperative difficulties, and postsurgical complications. Strictures were categorized as nonfibrotic and fibrotic on the basis of the presence or absence of a fibrotic segment at the anal canal anastomosis that was responsible for pouch-outlet obstruction requiring at least one dilation. RESULTS: Strictures occurred in 213 patients (11.2 percent; 11 percent for chronic ulcerative colitis and 12 percent for familial adenomatous polyposis; P = not significant). Strictures were nonfibrotic in 86.4 percent of patients and fibrotic in 13.6 percent. A greater number of strictures were observed after a handsewn anastomosis (12 percent) than after a stapled anastomosis (4 percent; P = 0.03). Intraoperative technical difficulties were associated with 13 percent of all strictures regardless of the type of stricture (fibrotic, 7.5 percent; nonfibrotic, 14 percent; P = 0.4). Postoperative complications such as abscess, fistula, and pouch retraction were found in 13 percent of cases and were primarily associated with fibrotic strictures. Treatment included dilation, which was successful in 95 percent of nonfibrotic strictures but in only 45 percent of fibrotic strictures (P = 0.0001). Surgical treatment was required in 25 strictures (12 percent), including excision of the strictured segment with mucosal advancement flap (5 patients), excision of the pouch with permanent ileostomy (9 patients), or redo pouch (3 patients). With one exception, all excised pouches were associated with other perianastomotic complications, such as abscess, fistula, and pouch retraction. The remaining eight patients had other surgical procedures because of abscess (n = 3), division of an obstructive bridge (n = 2), and débridement and curettage of a fistula (n = 3) with dilation for associated strictures. CONCLUSIONS: Strictures were observed in 11.2 percent of the patients in this study. Nonfibrotic strictures responded well to anal dilation, whereas fibrotic strictures were more commonly associated with intraoperative or postoperative complications, often necessitated surgical therapy to salvage pouch function, and were eventually responsible for pouch failure in nine patients.

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli↗
PubMed2007

Proctalgia fugax: demographic and clinical characteristics. What every doctor should know from a prospective study of 54 patients.

PURPOSE: This prospective study was designed to describe a typical attack of proctalgia fugax. METHODS: Patients were recruited from May 2003 to June 2004. Whatever the reason for consultation, they were systematically asked: "Do you ever suffer intermittent and recurring anorectal pain lasting for at least three seconds?" If the answer was yes, they were interviewed with a questionnaire and had a proctologic examination. The criterion for proctalgia fugax was a positive answer with a negative examination. RESULTS: The study included 1,809 patients. Fifty-four of these patients (3 percent) had proctalgia fugax and 83 percent of them had never sought medical advice for this problem. The mean age was 51 (range, 18-87) years. Thirty-seven patients were females (69 percent). The onset of pain was sudden and without a trigger factor in 85 percent of cases. Attacks occurred in the daytime (33 percent) as well as at night (35 percent). The pain was described as cramping, spasm-like, or stabbing in 76 percent of cases. It did not radiate in 93 percent of cases. There were no concomitant symptoms in 81 percent of cases. Attacks stopped spontaneously in 67 percent of cases. The average duration was 15 minutes (range, 5 seconds to 90 minutes). The average annual number of attacks was 13 (range, 1-180). CONCLUSIONS: Proctalgia fugax affects twice as many females as males at approximately aged 50 years. Commonly the roughly once-monthly attack occurs as a sudden pain with no trigger factor, diurnally as often as nocturnally. The nonradiating cramp, spasm, or stabbing pain, without concomitant symptoms, is most severe on average after 15 minutes and declines spontaneously.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Anal fissure].

Anal fissures are present in about 10-15% of proctological patients. The cause of the illness is unknown, but is probably multifactorial. Cardinal symptoms are pain during and after defecation, as well as persistent sphincter spasm. In most cases an acute anal fissure heals spontaneously or with adequate conservative therapy. Chronic anal fissures can be cured in some cases by conservative treatment. Where there is treatment resistance, surgical cleansing is necessary.

Fissure in Ano↗
PubMed2004

[Conservative treatment of haemorrhoids].

Haemorrhoidal symptoms have been known from time immemorial; they are considered to be a widespread problem, which is progressive if untreated. Treatment is according to the proctological qualification of the doctor and the degree of the changes. If possible, it should be carried out from the point of view of causal therapy. The most frequently occurring 1st degree haemorrhoids can almost always be treated conservatively, i.e. with sclerotherapy. To prevent recurrence, the life style and defecation habits should be changed. Regular monitoring by specialists aids prevention.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
PubMed2004

[Diagnostics and conservative treatment of anal incontinence].

Anal incontinence is diagnosed primarily by clinical and proctologic examination. Etiological factors of the disease are found in 85% of the patients by additional examinations. Motility dysfunction of colon and rectum has to be excluded (stenosis, dyschezia, internal hernias). Because anal incontinence is a multifactorial disease as a rule, the single compounds have to be diagnosed and have to undergo therapy. Accordingly, useful investigations are: endorectal ultrasound (defect of muscle, inflammatory or tumour infiltration), manometry (alteration of either anal resting pressure and/or anal squeezing pressure) and surface electromyography (ability of contraction, duration of contraction, strength). Neurophysiological examinations are: needle electromyography, pudendal nerve latency time measurement (PNLT). The occurrence of nerve damage determines the outcome of operative intervention! Conservative treatment is indicated in 80 to 90% of all patients, even higher when one includes all patients in the perioperative period. Possible therapy modalities are: nutrition consultation, physiotherapy, pelvic floor training, biofeedback training of pelvic floor and sphincter muscles, electrostimulation and the combination of both (EMG-triggered electrostimulation). Short-term results are satisfying in up to 85% of patients, but later, successful results depend on the patient's willingness or ability to continue training, and on his/her age.

Anal Canal↗
PubMed2004

[When is ileocolonoscopy indicated in chronic inflammatory intestinal diseases?].

The question frequently arises in proctological practice whether there is an indication for ileocolonoscopy in chronic inflammatory intestinal diseases. Endoscopy is an essential constituent of the initial diagnosis of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Control colonoscopies are not necessary for assessing remission and in renewed acute attacks with confirmed diagnosis are without therapeutic consequences. Ileocolonoscopy with stepwise biopsy is currently the only accepted monitoring programme for carcinoma prophylaxis in the presence of an increased risk of colorectal carcinoma in both diseases.

Colitis, Ulcerative↗