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PubMed1989

[Political refugees: an important risk group for AIDS and hepatitis B?].

This prospective study shows that the prevalence of HIV and HBV in political refugees who arrived in Belgium between November 1988 and January 1989 was as follows: --Africans (mostly coming from Central Africa) 3.7% positive for HIV antibodies; 12.4% positive for HBsAg. --Asians (mostly coming from Middle and Southeast Asia) 0.2% positive for HIV antibodies; 8.4% positive for HBsAg. --Europeans (mostly coming from Southeast Europe) 0% positive for HIV antibodies; 14.8% positive for HBsAg. These figures indicate that all political refugees arriving in Belgium belong to a high-risk group for HBV infections and that, in addition, Africans also are in the high-risk group for HIV infection. It seems appropriate to test all persons wishing to take up residence in Belgium for the presence of HIV, HBV and HTLV-I, not so much because these viral infections are less frequent in that country but rather to offer the carriers of these infections adequate counselling.

Africa↗
PubMed1989

Ageing, status politics and sociological theory.

As a feature of social change and as an aspect of social stratification, ageing and age groups have been seriously neglected by sociological theory. This article attempts to conceptualize age groups in a multi-dimensional model of stratification which considers ageing in relation to economic class, political entitlement, or citizenship, and cultural life-styles. This multi-dimensional model provides an analytical basis for rejecting functionalist theories of ageing, which emphasize the positive functions of social disengagement, activity theories, which show that self-esteem in ageing is an effect of continuing social involvement, and Marxist social gerontology, which argues that retirement is determined by labour-market requirements in capitalism. The article concludes by developing a reciprocity-maturation curve of ageing which explains age stigmatization through exchange theory as an effect of declining social reciprocity. Both young and elderly social groups in a period of economic recession are perceived to be socially dependent, and become the targets of 'the politics of resentment'. The processes of social ageing can be located in the core of sociological theory, because they are connected fundamentally to the conditions of social solidarity.

Aging↗
PubMed1981

Health policy and the politics of health: priorities and planning for health care in Puerto Rico.

Puerto Rico, with the rest of the Caribbean, inherited the historical legacy of colonialism, slavery, and ethnic diversity. With its neighbors, Puerto Rico shares a tropical climate, a strategic location, and an agricultural past. Despite such similarities, Puerto Rico's health systems have evolved at rates and in directions different from its Caribbean neighbors. The ways in which services are organized have varied as a function of each country's political relationship with its respective metropolitan power, its stage of economic development, its endowment in terms of natural and other resources, its size and population, and its cultural environment, among other factors. For this reason, the Caribbean presents a veritable kaleidoscope of patterns of delivering health care. The following comments are primarily devoted to Puerto Rico, where the author is directly involved with health policy and the politics of health.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1995

The politics of despair: AIDS and the failure of treatment.

The recent AIDS-related death of a friend forced Dr. Iain Mackie to think about the disease and the lack of positive news about it. Despite a flood of recent studies that brought pessimistic news about the treatments now in use, Mackie tries to remain optimistic. "I may be treating only myself as I feed off the politics of optimism," he says, "but at least I will not be feeding off the politics of despair." The article appears as Canada marks another National AIDS Week Oct. 2-8.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Confronting racial disparities in infant mortality: reconciling science and politics.

The public debate surrounding disparities in infant mortality has resulted from a profound failure to seek a common wisdom. Because of its essential social roots, infant mortality will always remain the province of fundamental ideological and political conflict. However, without a more integrated analytic approach, progress in reducing disparate infant mortality will remain limited by internecine struggles for disciplinary purview and false claims of societal relevance. For in the end, the struggle to address disparate infant mortality will be advanced best by integrated technical and political strategies that recognize that the pursuits of efficacy and justice are inextricably linked.

Black or African American↗
PubMedDate not supplied

From motivation to action: understanding nurses' political involvement.

Nurses comprise the largest group of health care provides in the nation, but few are in positions to definitively influence public health policy. If the nursing profession is to meet the challenges of the 21st century, political action is necessary, and an understanding of the factors that motivate or impede political action is needed.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1987

Overurbanization reconceptualized: a political economy of the world-system approach.

"After many years of relative neglect, the issue of 'overurbanization' in Third World countries has recently received renewed attention in the social science literature. Adopting a political economy of the world-system perspective on urbanization and development, this article critiques the theoretical adequacy of the overurbanization thesis. Conceptualizing a causal relationship between spatio-demographic imbalances (labelled 'over-urbanization') and relatively skewed and stagnant economic development is midleading. Both urban patterns and development trajectories are distorted by the international dependency of Third World nations in the world economy. The general argument is illustrated by discussing the role that the so-called 'urban surplus labor' of the 'informal sector' plays in surplus extraction under peripheral capitalism."

Demography↗
PubMed1992

The destination decision of political migrants: an economic approach.

"This paper deals with the destination decision of political migrants who, in spite of having strong cultural, ideological and religious ties to a particular potential destination, choose to emigrate elsewhere. The model presented characterizes the migrants, who have a choice of two possible destinations, by two properties, skill level and financial resources, and identifies those that move to each destination. The paper examines various immigration-encouraging policies and shows that although all of them will increase immigration, in some cases the economic quality of the new immigrants will rise and in some it will fall. This paper includes general evidence on the present immigration to Israel and some suggestions for empirical tests."

Asia↗
PubMed1995

Political instability and illegal immigration.

"Economic theory suggests that transnational migration results from the push-pull effect of wage differentials between host and source countries. In this paper, we argue that political instability exacerbates the migration flow, with greater instability leading to relatively larger flows. We conclude then that an optimal solution to the illegal immigration problem requires proper coordination of immigration and foreign policies by the host country. A narrow preoccupation with tougher immigration laws is wasteful and may be marginally effective." Emphasis is on the United States as a host country.

Americas↗
PubMed1997

The politics of sex research and constructions of female sexuality: what relevance to sexual health work with young women?

By examining the relationship between the cultural construction of female sexuality and the lack of potential for many young heterosexual women to be truly sexually healthy this paper submits that messages for women within HIV prevention programmes can be confused, confining and at times dangerous to women's health and well-being. It is suggested that these messages also reinforce a traditional, biologically determined medical understanding of female sexuality that does not take note of social or culturally based research or commentary on female experience or female desire, but rather confines many women to sexual restrictions, doing little to empower women to prevent sexual risk-taking. The ideological basis of the discussion within this paper is informed by the awareness that applications and understandings of 'sexuality' are diverse and contested within sex research traditions and will influence the choice of research concerns. The 'deterministic' explanation of sexuality that 'sexuality' (the abstract noun referring to the quality of being 'sexual', Williams 1983) is your fate or destiny and that biology causes the patterns of sexual life, is abandoned in this paper in favour of a search for a definition of sexuality which brings together a host of different biological and mental possibilities which are given meaning only in social relations. This allows for a framework for the study of sexuality that relates it to other social phenomena, particularly economic, political and social structures (Foucault 1979); in other words, a study of the 'social construction' of sexuality. This paper suggests that health care professionals need to develop an awareness of the diversities within female sexuality and gain insight into their own values and assumptions about female sexuality if these are not to inhibit effective approaches and interventions in the areas of HIV and sexual health.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1993

Political and economic factors influencing contraceptive uptake.

International, national and local level politics influence the uptake of contraception through consensuses, laws, financial and moral support or the creation of an enabling atmosphere. Opposition to contraception generally comes from some churches and groups opposed to particular technologies. Socio-economic factors, particularly education, the health care system and the perceived or actual cost of fertility regulation as compared to benefits expected from children also powerfully influence contraceptive use. For many poor women in developing countries their powerlessness in relation to their male partners is an important obstacle.

Contraception↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bioethics and political ideology: the case of active voluntary euthanasia.

In different countries responses to important bioethical issues are different, as exemplified by the attitudes towards the voluntary and active forms of medical euthanasia. But why is this the case? My suggestion is that the roots of the variety are, to be considerable degree, ideological. The most important present-day political ideologies all have their roots in the prevailing doctrines of moral and social philosophy. In the paper these doctrines are outlined and the predicted response towards active voluntary euthanasia within each model is sketched. The conclusion reached is that while it would in some countries be dangerous to allow euthanasia in the prevailing circumstances, the solution is not to hinder the legalization process but to alter the circumstances.

Attitude↗
PubMed2000

Political abuse of psychiatry.

The abuse of psychiatry in Nazi Germany 60 years ago was the abuse of the 'duty to care'. Its scale was enormous; 300,000 people were sterilized and 100,000 killed in Germany alone and many thousands further afield, mainly in eastern Europe. This episode occurred in a country with a high reputation for its medicine, including psychiatry, and for its interest in the ethics of medical research. The economic conditions which preceded the violent political upheaval had led to increasing concern about 'the burden on the State' of the mentally ill and disabled. These preoccupations are still with us today. There may still be lessons to be learnt from the Nazi episode.

Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMed1994

Intra-EU migration, citizenship and political union.

"Of the 14.1 million resident aliens living in the European Union (EU), 4.9 million are nationals of EU Member States residing in other Member States.... These resident alien EU nationals present a problem for maintaining democratic inclusiveness while EU Member States undergo integration....I explore this paradox of political integration by focusing on intra-EU migration and the Maastricht Treaty's attempted solution of European citizenship."

Demography↗
PubMed1993

The "new" immigration and the politics of cultural diversity in the United States and Japan.

"Certain parallels between the recent experience of Japan and that of the United States with immigration from Third World countries are increasingly evident. In this discussion, I shall focus on these key similarities rather than the obvious differences between the two countries, in terms of culture, economy, political system, and 'immigration profile'." Aspects considered include the structural nature of the demand for foreign labor, the composition of immigrant stocks and flows, public tolerance, and contradictions in government policies.

Americas↗
PubMed1996

Triangles and tribulations: the politics of Nazi symbols.

This article explores the politics of "reclamation." Its focus is on pink and black triangles, currently used as symbols for gay and lesbian pride and liberation. Previously, these same identifiers were worn by those destined for annihilation during the Holocaust. I suggest that, in [re]claiming these markers, activists, however well intentioned, run a path dangerously close to the denial of history.

Clothing↗
PubMed2000

The ambiguity of "watershed": the politics of people and conservation in northern Thailand.

The current conflict over watershed management between the lowlanders and highlanders in Chomthong has unveiled various aspects of the politics of people versus nature conservation. What is important is that the conflict has exposed the shifting and inconsistent views of the Thai state towards the peripheral areas and its people. Thus, on the one hand, the official discourse on "watershed" was appropriated by the urban middle-class conservationists and lowlanders to legitimize their control of highland resources to the exclusion of the highland minorities. The two groups also used ethnic differences to justify their control over the highland resources. On the other hand, the conflict also showed that the control by the dominant power could never be absolute. Highlanders responded to the "watershed regime" by redefining watershed integrity, adapting to the state conservation pressure, and seeking and forming alliances with other groups.

Asia↗