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[Evaluation of bronchoscopic examinations in Poland].

The aim of the study was to assess the state of bronchoscopical examinations in Poland. The analysis was based on a quantitative method using a questionnaire. It encompassed the year 1986. 22,936 examinations were performed in 76 centers (61.0 per 100,000 population, 1.19 per one hospital bed per year). 239 physicians performed bronchoscopies annually. The mean was 96 bronchoscopies ranging from 14-835. Only 20 out of 76 centers were well equipped, 17-satisfactory. In 39 the equipment was judged to be below satisfactory level. The number of examinations is well below the level needed. If one would narrow down the number of patients requiring a bronchoscopy to only two groups--those with malignancy and unconfirmed tuberculosis the number of bronchoscopies per one patient is only 0.9. The authors suggest means of improving this situation in Poland.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis in Poland.

Tick-borne encephalitis are connected with existence of natural foci in environment, where virus circulation between natural host (rodents, wood mammals) and virus vectors does occur independently from humans. In Poland the first confirmed cases of tick-borne encephalitis occurred in following voivodships: białostockie, olsztyńskie, opolskie in 1948-1952. Between 1970 and 1993-816 cases of tick-borne encephalitis have been reported and annual morbidity has been from 0.01 to 0.6/100,000. In 1993 a sharp 30 fold-increase of reported cases occurred in comparison with previous year. In this year 249 cases were reported were reported and 94% of them and serological confirmation. Most of them were notified in following voivodships: białostockie, opolskie, ostrołeckie. In 1994-181 cases were reported mainly from endemic areas in the north-eastern territories of Poland.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Occupational disorders of the larynx in Poland and in the Poznan province in the years 1985-1994].

The epidemiology of all occupational diseases was compared with occupational diseases of the voice organ in Poland according to age, sex and duration of employment. Then the incidence of occupational diseases of the voice organ in Poland was compared with the incidence in the Pozna++ń region. The author postulates that the causes of the present situation be identified and the principles of certification be improved and she also recommends close cooperation between laryngologists and phoniatrists.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Awareness and treatment of arterial hypertension in Poland.

In order to find out the general public's opinion on blood pressure (BP) control in Poland a poll was conducted on a representative sample of 2080 randomly selected subjects. Overall 71% of the subjects were aware of their BP level. The awareness of BP level increased progressively with age and education level. Among those who were aware of their BP level, 21% had hypertension. Only 43% of hypertensives were treated on a regular basis. Cigarettes were smoked by 33% of the patients. Only 16% of the hypertensives used a low-salt diet, and only 31% tried to reduce animal fat in their diet. More than a half of the hypertensives did not adjust their lifestyle and daily habits to the disease. In conclusion, these results indicate that the prevention and treatment of hypertension in Poland should be urgently improved.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Breast and pectoralis muscle hypoplasia. A mild degree of Poland's syndrome.

PURPOSE: Poland's syndrome is a congenital and unilateral aplasia of the pectoralis major muscle (PMM), with other anomalies of the ipsilateral upper extremity. We present 6 cases in which the only clinical expression was asymmetry of the breasts associated with partial absence of the PMM. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed 95000 mammograms (obtained 1985-1995) to find patients with asymmetrical breast size. Where the asymmetry could not be ascribed to any other cause, the patients were recalled for an examination of the PMM which was conducted at rest and with active contraction of the muscle. RESULTS: Unilateral volume reduction of the PMM was found in 5 women of whom 2 were studied with MR. A 6th case was a fortuitous finding in a male patient. CONCLUSION: Mild forms of Poland's syndrome are more frequent than severe forms, and may go undiagnosed. Hypoplasia of one breast or a horizontal anterior axillary fold may be the sole clinical manifestation of this syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Further studies on parasitic arthropods of the elk Alces alces in Poland].

In the northeastern part of Poland, 239 elks (5% of the Polish population) were examined and 7 species of ectoparasites were found. The most frequent included: Lipoptena cervi (94%) and Chorioptes texanus is new species in Poland and it was noted at 50 sites from Warmia and the Mazurian Lake District.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Detection of antibodies of Borrelia burgdorferi among inhabitants of north-eastern Poland].

The aim of this work was to estimate the detection of antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi among inhabitants in North Eastern Poland 1765 persons from Białystok, Lomza and Suwałki voivodships were examined. Among them 1101 persons were from high-risk of exposition to ticks group (forest workers, people living close to forests). 418 (23.68%) persons from group of 1765 had antibodies against B.b. There was no difference of incidence of antibodies against B.b. in high-risk group and the others. The results show that North Eastern Poland is the endemic region of occurrence of B.b.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Prevalence of pleural malignant mesothelioma in Poland in 1980-1993].

Malignant pleural mesothelioma is subject of special interest for environmental epidemiologists due to its proven cause-effect relationship with the exposure to asbestos dust, particularly crocidolite. The paper discusses the prevalence trends and geographical distribution of pleural mesothelioma in Poland based on the death rate analysis. In 1993 the crude death rate for that neoplasm was found to be 4.48 per 1 million for men and 3.14 per 1 million for women. While interpreting the numerical data, such aspects were considered as the problems with histopathological diagnosis of pleural mesothelioma; the long latency period of 30-40 years; and consequently, the possibility that for the male population the results may have been affected by other causes of death owing to its relatively short average lifespan. The volume and types of asbestos used in Poland were also taken into account.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Iodine deficiency in the Carpathian endemic region and iodine prophylaxis in Southern Poland].

The improvement of the health status of the population of Southern Poland resulted in great extend from the introduction of table salt iodination in 1935. This prophylaxis caused a decrease of serious iodine deficiency disorders. Twice was the salt fortification process interrupted (1939-1945 and 1980-1986); and this brought the increase of goiter incidence in the population. Laboratory examinations of water and food samples coming from goiter endemic area of Southern Poland presented a low iodine level. The unsatisfactory clinical results of the iodine prophylaxis and the unstable concentration of KI in salt, force to correct the previous action. Apart of the epidemiological studies to be performed in order to establish the optimal dose of KI in table salt, the improvement of the iodination technique and subsequent laboratory control of KI concentration in salt-is urgently needed. The fortification process should be not only restricted to table salt, but also the industrial salt used in the food production ought to be iodinated. Nutrition education should be strengthen to convince the population to use iodized salt in household food production.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Occupational neoplasms in Poland in the years 1971-1994].

The analysis of the incidence of malignant neoplasms, recognised as occupational disease, in Poland during the years 1971-94 was based on occupational disease certificates sent obligatory to the Nofer institute of Occupational Medicine (Lódz) by all sanitary and epidemiological stations under the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare and the Polish State Railways. During the period study 1118 occupational neoplasms were diagnosed, including 1042 cases (93.2%) of neoplasms in males. Among males malignant Ineoplasms of lung (36.1%), larynx (25.5%), bladder (14.7), skin (6%), lymphatic and haematopoietic tissue (3.4%) and pleura (2.9%) were most common. The rate occupational neoplasms in the total number of neoplasms registered accounted for 0.11% in males and 0.01% in females. PAH (29.1%), asbestos dust (18.8%), ionizing radiation (13.8%), chromium and its compounds (13.5%) and benzidine (9.8%) belong to the most frequent causes of malignant neoplasms in males, and ionizing radiation (31.5%) and asbestos dust (30.3%) in females. The number of neoplasms recognised as occupational disease is very low. Underestimation of occupational neoplasms is very common throughout the world, but it is particularly high in Poland if we take the incidence of pleura mesothelioma as an example. This is mainly due to: (1) the lack of clinical and morphological specificity of occupationally induced neoplasms; (2) a long latency; (3) the influence of other factors confounding the effect of occupational exposure; (4) a relatively small number of occupational carcinogens identified thus far; (5) limited knowledge of occupational carcinogens and criteria for occupational disease certification, and unsatisfactory interviewing skills among doctors who diagnose cancer disease. The identification of a harmful factor and the size of exposure to it, belongs to the weakest point in certifying the occupational background of the disease. The essential conclusions presented stress the urgent need for establishing the system facilitating the diagnosis and certification of occupational neoplasms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[A qualitative evaluation of health risk associated with occupational inhalation exposure to cadmium in production plants in Poland].

In Poland several thousand people work under exposure to cadmium with different concentrations. The concentrations observed range between the level which is not determinable and the level above 0.3 mg/m3, at the MAC value equal to 0.04 mg/m3. In 1993 the cadmium classification was modified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Previously cadmium had been proved to be carcinogenic to animals (group 2B). At present it is classified in group 1, namely in the group of substances proved to be carcinogenic to humans. The cadmium MAC value, mandatory in Poland, has been set on the basis of the data on its chronic, toxic renal effects, but its critical effect in the form of cancer has not been taken into consideration. The author, using the results of epidemiological studies carried out by Thun et al., presented three dose-response functions which describe the relationship between the size of exposure and the probable incidence of lung cancer. The author used a linear multistage model, a Poisson model and a Cox proportional-hazards model; the magnitude of the risk from occupational exposure to concentrations equal to MAC values (0.04 mg/m3) was different for each model and it accounted for 9.02 x 10(-3), 2.04 x 10(-2) and 4.68 x 10(-2), respectively. Each of these values exceeded the acceptable level of the risk from occupational exposure which usually falls within 10(-3).

Cadmium↗
PubMed1996

[Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of Lyme borreliosis in northeastern Poland].

Lyme borreliosis (LB) caused the tick-borne spirochete B. burgdorferi, is associated with a wide variety of manifestations including dermatologic, rheumatologic, neurologic and cardiac abnormalities, that can differ from one region to another. To define clinical picture of LB in Poland, particularly in north-eastern region, we studied in 46 patients. Diagnosis of LB was established according to criterion, including serological confirmation with ELISA LB seems to be disease, which renal prevalence in Poland is higher, than it was primarily estimated. Clinical picture of the disease does not differ significantly from observed in other parts of the world. The only, but important exception is more frequent manifestation of B. burgdorferi infections with meningitis or/and encephalitis (48% of patients).

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Malaria in Poland].

Malaria epidemiological situation in Poland since nineteenth century to 1995 has been described. The changes observed during this period are enormous. Poland has been transformed from endemic country with huge epidemics into the country with sporadic imported malaria cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Evaluation of medical supplies sterilization at health care institutions in Poland].

The assessment of the condition of sterilization of medical supplies in health care settings in Poland was done. The following issues were taken into consideration: preparation of medical supplies for sterilization, methods of sterilization, including used apparatus, and the control systems for monitoring the quality of sterilization process. It was shown that the system of sterilization of medical supplies in Poland is not satisfactory. There is the need for improvement actions, especially including: the change for dry-heat sterilizers to autoclaves; the organization of the centers for sterilization services; the installation of washer-disinfectors, and the wide introduction of monitoring of the quality of sterilization processes with the use of chemical indicators and the periodic control with biological indicators.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed1997

[Evaluation of pulmonary function tests in a population of young men from different regions of Poland].

The aim of study was the evaluation results of pulmonary function test (PFT) relationships between air pollution particular ozone concentration and smoking habit. PFT 417 volunteers (men aged 18-23) living in two regions of Poland were studied. These men were divided into 2 groups according to their living place: Warsaw and Gizycko (north-agricultural region of Poland). Inside each group smokers and non-smokers were separated. PNEUMOBIL-mobile PFT laboratory Compact Lab-Jaeger was used. Mean values of PFT between these two groups were not statistically significant. However the percent of population with low values of FEF50 (< 70%) living in Warsaw was five times higher then in population living in Gizycko (10.1% vs 1.7%). It possible that these results were associated with high concentration of ozone in atmosphere in Warsaw.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) in Poland in the years 1993-1995. The sixth stage of epidemiological research].

Data was collected about 49 newly diagnosed cases of SSPE in the years 1993-1995 in Poland. In the analyzed period of time a falling of tendency the incidence of SSPE was maintained. Overall incidence--0.42 per million population, was lower than the incidence in years 1990-1992, when it was 0.72. The tendency of a shift towards older age group was maintained--the peak incidence was observed among 19 year olds, as opposed to 15 year olds in the previous analyzed time period. The authors explain the dropping SSPE incidence in Poland with a drop in measales incidence, which is a consequence of growing measles vaccine coverage rates. The influence of a big measles epidemic which occurred in 1989-1990 on a potential rise in number of SSPE cases has not been noted, but further observations are needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

CTLA-4 gene polymorphism is associated with predisposition to IDDM in a population from central Poland.

Susceptibility to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is strongly associated with particular HLA class II alleles. However, non-HLA genetic factors are likely to be required for the development of the disease. The candidate genes include the cytoxic T-lymphocyte associated-4 (CTLA-4) gene located on chromosome 2q33, which encodes a cell surface molecule providing a negative signal for T-cell activation. We investigated CTLA-4 exon 1 polymorphism (position 49 A/G) in 192 IDDM children and 136 healthy controls from Central Poland, using allele-specific hybridisation. The CTLA-4/G allele was found on 56.0% of chromosomes in IDDM patients as compared to 43.4% in controls (p = 0.002), mostly in homozygous form (31.2% in patients vs 15.4% in controls, p = 0.002). This difference was even more pronounced in non-DRB1*03/non-DRB1*04 IDDM patients (G/G genotype frequency: 35.0% of IDDM patients vs 12.3% of controls, p = 0.04). Our data indicate that CTLA-4 exon 1 position 49 A/G dimorphism was significantly associated with predisposition to IDDM in our Central Poland population, particularly in patients lacking the strongly predisposing DRB1 alleles.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Analysis of bacterial meningitis during 1992-1996 in Poland.

Retrospective study of bacterial meningitis cases was performed by analysis of filled questionnaires received from 38 different hospitals located in 27 out of 49 provinces of Poland. Obtained data allowed to indicate that S. epidermidis, N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae were the most common bacterial strains isolated from cerebrospinal fluid of meningitis patients during the last five years. Besides data analysis performed, some strains of N. meningitidis (n = 97), H. influenzae (n = 28) and S. pneumoniae (n = 39) isolated from cerebrospinal fluid of meningitis patients hospitalized in different places in Poland sent by cooperating hospital laboratories (1995-1996), were phenotypically characterized. Neisseria meningitidis B:22:P1.14 was the most common isolate phenotype during the investigated time period. Streptococcus pneumoniae of twenty different serological types were isolated. Type 1 was the dominant--18% of strains. All but one Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated from cerebrospinal fluid belonged to serological type b. Biotyping showed presence of only two types: I and II, 39.3% and 60.7% of isolates respectively. The sensitivity of collected strains to selected antimicrobial agents (penicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, sulphametoxazol, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, rifampin and erythromycin) used in treatment and prophylaxis of bacterial meningitis was investigated. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined by agar dilution method or with the use of E-tests. All investigated strains but one N. meningitidis, were not resistant to penicillin (MIC < or = 1 microgram/ml).

Adolescent↗