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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

A genetic contribution to dental caries, occlusion, and morphology as demonstrated by twins reared apart.

The heritability of dental characteristics has been systematically studied in animals, human populations, families, and twins, but not in twins reared apart. Under the assumption that environmental factors are no different for monozygotic twins reared apart than for dizygotic twins reared apart, the present study measured the genetic variance of several dental characteristics in twins reared apart. Ninety-seven subjects (44 twin pairs, three triplet sets) of mean age 40.6 years (S.D. 11.7) were examined over a six-year period by means of clinical and radiographic examinations, study models, and dental history questionnaires. Characteristics assessed retrospectively were: dentate status, treatment status, treatment/caries status, tooth size, malalignment, occlusion, and morphology. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA, intraclass correlations, heritability estimates, and concordance. There was statistically significant resemblance within monozygotic but not dizygotic pairs in the number of teeth present (p less than 0.001), percentage of teeth and surfaces restored (p less than 0.001), percentage of teeth and surfaces restored or carious (p less than 0.001), tooth size (p less than 0.001), and malalignment (p less than 0.009). Intercanine and intermolar arch width showed significant resemblance within both monozygotic (p less than 0.001) and dizygotic (p less than 0.01, p less than 0.05) pairs, whereas overjet and overbite showed no significant resemblance within pairs. Morphological features (Carabelli's trait and mandibular first premolar groove configuration) were more highly concordant in monozygous than in dizygous twins. This study provides new evidence for a marked genetic component to dentate status and dental caries experience and confirms previous reports of acknowledged inherited contributions to tooth size, malalignment, occlusion, and morphology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

A multiple logistic regression analysis of the risk and relative odds of temporomandibular disorders as a function of common occlusal features.

A multiple logistic regression analysis was used to compute the odds ratios for 11 common occlusal features for asymptomatic controls (n = 147) vs. five temporomandibular disorder groups: Disc Displacement with Reduction (n = 81), Disc Displacement without Reduction (n = 48), Osteoarthrosis with Disc Displacement History (n = 75), Primary Osteoarthrosis (n = 85), and Myalgia Only (n = 124). Features that did not contribute included: retruded contact position (RCP) to intercuspal position (ICP) occlusal slides < or = 2 mm, slide asymmetry, unilateral RCP contacts, deep overbite, minimal overjet, dental midline discrepancies, < or = 4 missing teeth, and maxillo-mandibular first molar relationship or cross-arch asymmetry. Groupings of a minimum of two to at most five occlusal variables contributed to the TMD patient groups. Significant increases in risk occurred selectively with anterior open bite (p < 0.01), unilateral maxillary lingual crossbite (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01), overjets > 6-7 mm (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01), > or > 5-6 missing posterior teeth (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01), and RCP-ICP slides > 2 mm (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01). While the contribution of occlusion to the disease groups was not zero, most of the variation in each disease population was not explained by occlusal parameters. Thus, occlusion cannot be considered the unique or dominant factor in defining TMD populations. Certain features such as anterior open bite in osteoarthrosis patients were considered to be a consequence of rather than etiological factors for the disorder.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

Acrylic bite plane for treatment of malocclusion in a young horse.

A 5-month-old quarter horse filly was presented for evaluation of a congenital overbite. The horse was diagnosed with a class 2 malocclusion. A non-removable, acrylic bite plane was constructed to provide a surface for the occlusal forces to be directed in a manner maintaining the normal anatomic position of the premaxilla. The preservation of normal anatomic relationships provided free range of motion of the mandible and maximized its growth potential, limiting the malocclusion. Although normal occlusion was not attained, partial incisor occlusion was present 20-months following initial treatment. Regular occlusal equilibration is mandatory to optimize occlusion and minimize future complications associated with malocclusion.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2004

Extractions as a form of interception in the developing dentition: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the extractions of lower primary canines are an effective procedure to relieve crowding of the labial segment. STUDY DESIGN: randomized controlled trial. Subject sample: 83 cases were collected in clinics in Italy, Germany and Wales. The groups were followed over a 2-year period. METHODS: Subjects were randomly allocated to a primary canine non-extraction or extraction group. Dental casts of the patients were collected at the start and at the recall period of the trial. The outcome measures recorded were lower incisor crowding, arch length, intermolar width, overbite, overjet, lower clinical crown heights and lower incisor inclinations. STATISTICS: The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the differences between the extraction and non-extraction groups. RESULTS: In both groups, crowding reduced 1.27 mm in the non-extraction group and 6.03 mm in the extraction group. The difference between the 2 groups was 4.76 mm (P<0.05). The arch perimeter decreased more in the extraction group by 2.73 mm (P<0.05). As the incisor inclination stayed essentially the same, the loss in arch length was attributed to the molars moving forward. The net gain from extracting deciduous canines was 2.03 mm. CONCLUSIONS: There was a reduction in lower incisor crowding as a result of lower primary canine extraction. However, arch perimeter decreased more in the extraction group leaving less space for the eruption of the lower secondary canines.

Child↗
PubMed1984

An investigation of treatment provided in the General Dental Service for patients with Class II division 1 malocclusions.

The study models of a sample of 51 cases with Class II division 1 malocclusions treated in the General Dental Service in Scotland, were investigated and analysed with respect to the changes which had taken place in the overjet, overbite and incisor alignment. Residual spacing in the arches was also measured. Occlusal Index scores were calculated at the start and finish of treatment. The results suggest that only a limited measure of success was achieved; they indicate a need to improve orthodontic treatment standards.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Reproducibility of an index for recording the alignment of individual teeth.

In order that relationships between dental irregularities and the caries and periodontal status of individual teeth can be examined, the STRAIT index (standardized technique for recording the alignment of individual teeth) was developed. Tooth position scores representing vertical relationship, rotation, mesio-distal inclination, displacement and radial relationship are recorded using three- or five-category scales. Contact point scores representing bucco-lingual and mesio-distal relationships are measured directly. These characteristics are recorded for each tooth in the dentition, together with overjet and overbite measures for maxillary incisors and canines. Repeat measurement of 50 sets of models was undertaken by two examiners in order to assess intra-and interreproducibility of the index. A formula for adjusted agreement was employed for analysis of the categorized variables, and reproducibility was typically 80 per cent or better. Analysis of the reproducibility of the continuous variables was based on calculation of root mean square values of the difference between data sets and t-tests. In the main, intra- and interreproducibility was within 0.5 mm. These levels of accuracy meet the requirements of the index and it has since been used in an investigation of 1000 subjects.

Dental Arch↗
PubMed1985

The Function Regulator III: effects and indications for use.

Analysis of 20 cases of Class III malocclusion treated with the FR.III showed that correction of the anterior crossbite was effected by adjustment of incisor inclinations and backward rotation or repositioning the mandible accompanied by an increase in face height. Subjects which responded most favourably to the FR.III were those with severe Class III malocclusion and a deep incisor overbite.

Activator Appliances↗
PubMed1986

Occlusal changes from primary to permanent dentitions.

A longitudinal study was undertaken to assess the persistence of occlusal features of the primary dentition at five years into the permanent dentition at 12 years. It was found that although there was a broad measure of predictability there was variation in detail which made forecasting unreliable in the individual patient. Generally speaking, incisal overjet and overbite changed very little between the two dentitions, but those changes which occurred were in both directions, and the direction of change could not be predicted. The sagittal relationships of the dental arch were also relatively stable, but where change occurred it tended to be in a Class II direction, with the mandibular arch becoming more retroposed in relation to the maxillary arch. The prediction of crowding of the permanent dentition from a simple count of spaces in the primary dentition, while generally reliable, was not accurate in every individual patient.

Child↗
PubMed1988

First premolar extractions and fixed appliances in the Class II division 1 malocclusion.

This cephalometric study investigates the changes in the facial skeleton and dento-alveolar structures which occur during orthodontic treatment of the Class II Division 1 malocclusion by extraction of four first premolars followed by fixed appliances. The Begg and edgewise appliances are compared, and both are contrasted with a group of untreated Class II Division 1 subjects. The main effects of treatment were in the dento-alveolar structures, the changes in the overall facial pattern being small and largely due to extrusion of the molars during overbite reduction. Molar extrusion tended to interrupt forward growth rotation of the mandible, temporarily making it more backwards in direction, and increasing the lower anterior face height. An increase in the posterior lower face height was also noted in the edgewise group. Whilst SN A, and therefore AN B, reduced significantly during treatment, this was probably the result of palatal root torque to the upper incisors. The Begg appliance was more successful than edgewise in this respect.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Mandibular position in class III malocclusion.

Lateral skull radiographs of 66 subjects with Class III malocclusion, characterized by lingual occlusion of the upper incisors and a degree of overbite, taken before and after treatment were compared with a Control Group of similar mean age and interval between films. Vertical, Horizontal and Oblique measurements were made to establish the part played by overclosure and anterior displacement of the mandible in the aetiology of Class III malocclusion. The results suggest that both may play a part but that the former is of more general significance than the latter.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1990

The Barry Project--a three-dimensional assessment of occlusal treatment change in a consecutively referred sample: the incisors.

The serial occlusal changes for a consecutively referred sample of malocclusion from a Welsh town are presented. The patients were assigned to one of four treatment regimes (meant to represent those commonly used in the U.K.) and treated to a rigid protocol. Twenty-five per cent of the cases were reviewed by an eight clinician panel. No bias in the original assignments was found although there was considerable interobserver variation. At defined pretreatment, post-treatment, and post-retention stages, records were collected and the study casts quantitatively measured using a reflex metrograph and an occlusal analysis programme. The results found for the overjet, overbite, crown inclination, and crown angulation are presented and discussed.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Chernoff faces: an orthodontic application.

This retrospective study examined 21 children (12 males and nine females) with Class III malocclusions, who had been successfully treated by a non-extraction technique and for whom follow-up records were available at least 2 years after all treatment and retention had ceased. On the basis of their post-retention records, children were divided into two groups: those who remained stable (n = 10) and those whose treatment relapsed (n = 11). A graphical technique of data description, Chernoff faces, in which variables for each individual may be portrayed by appropriate scaling of selected facial features, was used to construct cartoon faces for each child. Seven variables, overjet, overbite, upper and lower incisor inclination, the numbers of anterior and posterior teeth in lingual occlusion and the angle ANB were chosen and diagrammatic faces drawn using data from both the start of treatment and post-retention stages. These were arranged according to relapse status and scrutinized to determine whether the groups possessed any common features which were related to the outcome of treatment. The faces showed a wide range of variation, especially at the pretreatment stage. Whilst the cartoons were easy to read, no typical features could be identified at the start of treatment which might indicate that therapy would later relapse.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Class II/Division 2 malocclusion: a method of planning and treatment.

This paper presents a method of cephalometric treatment planning for Class II division 2 malocclusions. The method combines improvement in dental and facial aesthetics, with reduction in overbite and inter-incisor angle. An individual case is illustrated; examples of the appliances commonly used being shown in the treatment of an adolescent patient.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1981

Quantitative assessment of the occlusal features.

There is no widely accepted quantitative method for assessing occlusion. The wide variation in epidemiological studies is due to the use of quantitative terms, which are subjective and allow a broad range of interpretation. A new, simple reproducible and valid quantitative method of assessing occlusion which is suitable for epidemiological and clinical use is described. Four instruments are used for direct measurement of occlusal traits. An overbite gauge has been devised and three other measuring instruments have been modified to measure overjet and crowding of the teeth. Each dental arch is divided into three segments, an incisal segment and two buccal segments. Each segment is assessed in terms of intra-arch alignment and inter-arch relationship (in occlusion). The method has been field tested and proved to be practical and valid.

Child↗
PubMed1982

An assessment of Andresen therapy on class II division 1 malocclusion.

The cephalometric radiographs of 29 Class II division 1 cases treated with the Andresen appliance were assessed and compared with those of 19 untreated Class II division 1 cases. The findings do not support the opinion that the Andresen appliance influences the growth of the skeletal structures of the maxilla and mandible. The overjet was reduced by lingual tipping of the maxillary incisors, whilst the overbite was reduced by increased eruption of both the maxillary and mandibular molars. Associated with this was a small improvement in molar relationship. The amount of lower incisor proclination was also small, presumably due to the effectiveness of the acrylic capping in controlling their axial inclination.

Activator Appliances↗
PubMed2004

Cervical lordosis angle measured on lateral cephalograms; findings in skeletal class II female subjects with and without TMD: a cross sectional study.

The literature reports evidence of various types of correlations between cervical alterations and cervical pain, and the existence of cervical pain in subjects with temporomandibular joint internal derangement (TMD). The hypothesis of this study is that cervical lordosis angle (CVT/EVT angle) alteration on cephalometrics could be correlated to the presence of TMD. The cephalometric records of 50 females with documented TMD were compared with those of a control group of 50 females. The subjects in the sample were 25-35 years of age, average 28.9 years (SD, 3.2). Radiographs were taken in mirror position, and seventeen variables, including the CVT/EVT angle, were traced. Double measurements were made to evaluate method error using Dahlberg's formula. Pearson's correlation coefficient and Mann-Whitney's t-test were used to evaluate the data. Intra-group analysis showed significant correlations between the CVT/EVT angle and mandibular length (p<0.01), mandibular position (p<0.05), mandibular divergence (p<0.01), and overjet (p<0.01) in both groups. Between groups, the analysis showed significant differences in CVT/EVT angle (p<0.05), maxillary protrusion (p<0.01), mandibular protrusion (p<0.01), mandibular length (p<0.01), mandibular divergence (p<0.05), and overbite (p<0.05).

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Long-term skeletal and dental changes in patients with cleft lip and palate after maxillary distraction: a report of three cases treated with a rigid external distraction device.

We examined long-term skeletal and dental changes in three patients with cleft lip and palate who underwent maxillary distraction using a rigid external distraction device. Two were children, and one was an adult. Changes in the overjet (OJ), overbite (OB), and positions of the anterior nasal spine (ANS), upper incisors (U1), pogonion (Pog), and lower incisors (L1) were measured on preoperative to 36 months postoperative lateral-cephalograms. In the adult, the positions of all examination points were relatively stable from 6 to 36 months postoperatively, and the OJ and OB were maintained at over 2 mm at 36 months. In the children, the positions of ANS and U1 changed inferiorly, Pog and L1 changed anteroinferiorly, and OJ and OB tended to decrease from 6 to 36 months postoperatively. Long-term skeletal and dental stability following maxillary distraction was relatively well maintained in the adult patient. In the children, the maxillomandibular growth was observed after maxillary distraction, but the mandibular overgrowth might have been inhibited by the correction of class III dentoskeletal deformity resulting from the maxillary distraction.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and oral parafunctions in urban Saudi Arabian adolescents: a research report.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and oral parafunction habits among Saudi adolescents in the permanent dentition stage. METHODS: A total of 385 (230 females and 155 males) school children age 12-16, completed a questionnaire and were examined clinically. A stratified selection technique was used for schools allocation. RESULTS: The results showed that 21.3% of the subjects exhibited at least one sign of TMD and females were generally more affected than males. Joint sounds were the most prevalent sign (13.5%) followed by restricted opening (4.7%) and opening deviation (3.9%). The amplitude of mouth opening, overbite taken into consideration, was 46.5 mm and 50.2 mm in females and males respectively. TMJ pain and muscle tenderness were rare (0.5%). Reported symptoms were 33%, headache being the most frequent symptom 22%, followed by pain during chewing 14% and hearing TMJ noises 8.7%. Difficulty during jaw opening and jaw locking were rare. Lip/cheek biting was the most common parafunction habit (41%) with females significantly more than males, followed by nail biting (29%). Bruxism and thumb sucking were only 7.4% and 7.8% respectively. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of TMD signs were 21.3% with joint sounds being the most prevalent sign. While TMD symptoms were found to be 33% as, with headache being the most prevalent. Among the oral parafunctions, lip/cheek biting was the most prevalent 41% followed by nail biting 29%.

Adolescent↗