Origin of the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme pattern found in the serum of patients having primary muscular dystrophy.
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Isoenzymes↗
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The origin of the polydispersity in sedimentation patterns of rapidly labelled nuclear ribonucleic acid.
1. A study was made of the sedimentation properties of purified preparations of the rapidly labelled RNA in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of the HeLa cell. The sedimentation of the rapidly labelled nuclear RNA was very sensitive to changes in ionic strength and bivalent cation concentration. Under the conditions usually used in sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation the rapidly labelled nuclear RNA showed extreme polydispersity, and much of it sedimented more rapidly than the 28s RNA. At low ionic strength and after removal of Mg(2+), however, the rapidly labelled nuclear RNA sedimented as a single peak at about 16s. The conversion of the polydisperse material into the 16s form did not involve degradation of the RNA, since the effect could be reversed by increasing the ionic strength of the solution. 2. The cytoplasm did not contain any RNA that showed polydisperse sedimentation under the usual conditions of sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation, or that had the same sensitivity as the rapidly labelled nuclear RNA to changes in ionic strength. All the radioactivity in the cytoplasmic RNA sedimented with the 28s, 16s and 4s components over a wide range of physical conditions, but these components did contain a labelled fraction with some of the features of the rapidly labelled nuclear RNA on columns of methylated albumin on kieselguhr. 3. In both nucleus and cytoplasm the RNA detected by ultraviolet absorption could also be converted into a 16s form by removal of bivalent cations at low ionic strength; this effect was again, within certain limits, reversible. The nuclear RNA as a whole was more susceptible to changes in ionic strength than the cytoplasmic RNA. 4. It thus appears that all the RNA in the cell, except the 4s RNA, can be prepared, without degradation, as a single peak sedimenting at about 16s. The relationship of these various 16s components to each other is discussed.
Albumins↗
Vertebrate dentitions at the origin of jaws: when and how pattern evolved.
New evidence shows that teeth evolved with a greater degree of independence from jaws than previously considered. Pharyngeal denticles occur in jawless fish and also in early gnathostomes and precede jaw teeth in phylogeny. Many of these denticles form joined polarized sets on each branchial arch; these resemble whorl-shaped tooth sets on the jaws of stem and crown gnathostomes and are proposed as homologous units. Therefore, the source of patterning of these pharyngeal denticle and tooth sets is conserved from jawless conditions. It is proposed that developmental regulatory systems, responsible for all such tooth patterns on the jaws, are co-opted from the pharyngeal region and not from the skin as classically understood. This strongly implicates embryonic endoderm as opposed to ectoderm in the genetic control of dentition patterning. New interpretations of ontogenetic data on patterning dentitions of extant sharks are proposed, together with those of osteichthyan fish. Two entirely fossil groups, placoderms and acanthodians, at the base of gnathostome phylogeny are reassessed on the basis of a new model. It is concluded that within stem group and crown group gnathostomes several different strategies, unique to each taxon, were adopted to produce different developmental models of dentition patterning from pharyngeal denticles. One shared developmental pattern is that of initiation from primordial tooth sites, independently in each dentate zone of the jaws. The new model is proposed as a framework for data on evolutionary developmental genetics.
Animals↗
Mobility-induced instability and pattern formation in a reaction-diffusion system.
Ions undergoing a reaction-diffusion process are susceptible to electric field. We show that a constant external field may induce a kind of instability on the state stabilized by diffusion in a reaction-diffusion system giving rise to formation of pattern even when the diffusion coefficients of the reactants are equal. The origin of the pattern is due to the difference in mobilities of the two species and is thus markedly different from that of deformed Turing pattern in presence of the field. While this differential flow instability had been shown earlier to result in traveling waves, we realize in the context of stationary pattern formation in a typical reaction-diffusion-advective system. Our analysis is based on a numerical simulation of a generic model on a two-dimensional domain.
Journal Article↗
Fractal growth mechanism of sp3-bonded 5H-BN microcones by plasma-assisted pulsed-laser chemical vapor deposition.
Here we propose a repetitive photochemical reaction and diffusion model for the fractal pattern formation of sp(3)-bonded 5H-BN microcones in laser-assisted plasma chemical vapor deposition, which was observed experimentally and reported previously. This model describing the behavior of the surface density of precursor species gave explanations to (1) the "line-drawing" nature of the patterns, (2) the origin of the scale-invariant self-similarity (fractality) of the pattern, and (3) the temperature-dependent uniform to fractal transition. The results have implications for controlling the self-organized arrangements of electron-emitter cones at the micro-and nanoscale by adjusting macroscopically the boundary condition (L(X),L(Y)) for the deposition, which will be very effective in improving the electron field emission properties.
Journal Article↗
Congruence between the courses of the biliary ductal and the hepatic arterial systems.
The development of diagnostic methods and new surgical techniques means it is increasingly important to have accurate knowledge of the anatomy of the hepatic arterial and biliary systems, including their variations, at extrahepatic and intrahepatic levels. The aim of this study was to determine how often the biliary and arterial systems run together and branch in the same pattern. Fifty corrosion casts of the liver were used to analyse the origin and branching patterns of arteries and the confluences of bile ducts. In addition, both systems were analysed to determine the frequency of normal arrangements and variations. The congruence of the course of both systems was analysed at the porta hepatis and in the left and right hemilivers down to the segmental level. A congruent course of the arterial and the biliary systems was identified in 38% of cases at the porta hepatis, in 32% of cases in the left hemiliver and in 30% of the right hemiliver. The congruence of both systems at the porta hepatis and in the left hemiliver was identified only if both systems were normal. In the right hemiliver, however, the congruence of both systems was identified even when both systems were variable, but only in 10% of cases. The results of the study show that, on the basis of knowledge of the course and branching of one system, the other system cannot be predicted.
Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic↗
Origin of the tooth-replacement pattern in therian mammals: evidence from a 110 Myr old fossil.
Living placental and marsupial mammals (therians) use distinctive tooth-replacement patterns that have not yet been traced back fully to their time of divergence in the Early Cretaceous (>100 Myr ago). Slaughteria eruptens, a small 110 Myr old fossil mammal from Texas, USA, is near the base of that divergence. Using ultra-high-resolution X-ray CT analysis we demonstrate that Slaughteria preserves an unrecognized pattern of tooth replacement with simple posterior premolars replacing molariform precursors. Differing from both placentals that have a more complex posterior adult premolar, and from marsupials, in which only one premolar is replaced, Slaughteria provides the first direct evidence of a tooth-replacement pattern that is plausible for the common ancestor of all therians. By our interpretation Slaughteria has only one adult molar in place and contains two mental foramina in the jaw, thus changing characters that are critical to reconstruction of mammalian relationships and to species discrimination and interpretations of diversity for Early Cretaceous mammals.
Animals↗
Genetic analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by pulsed field gel electrophoresis.
We identified the serotypes and genomes patterns of 100 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) that had been isolated from patients who were admitted to the hospital of the Fukui Medical School between 1992 and 1995. A monoclonal diagnostic kit was used to identify the serotypes. Genome patterns were determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Serotypes A, B, C, D, E, F, G and I exhibited distinct genome patterns. Differences in genome patterns were also observed in strains of serotypes E and G, depending on the types of clinical samples collected and/or the area of the hospital from which they were isolated. Many of the multiple antibiotic-resistant strains of P. aeruginosa exhibited serotype E. The genome pattern differed between strains that were susceptible vs. resistant to multiple antibiotics. The latter strains exhibited similar genome patterns regardless of their origin. These findings suggest that analysis of genome patterns is important for identifying the origin of nosocomial infection caused by P. aeruginosa, serotype E.
Adult↗
Brca1 and Brca2 protein expression patterns in different tissues of murine origin.
We have analyzed by immunohistochemistry Brca1 and Brca2 protein expression in mouse during embryonic development, in adult tissues, and during postnatal mammary gland development. Our observations confirm previous localization of Brca1 and Brca2 mRNA on frozen sections by in situ hybridization, and demonstrate that Brca1 and Brca2 proteins are expressed in rapidly proliferating cell types undergoing differentiation. These results imply that Brca1 and Brca2 proteins are involved in the process of proliferation and differentiation in multiple tissues, notably in the mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation.
Animals↗
Relationship of the selective metastatic behavior of tumors of reticular tissues to the migration patterns of their normal cells of origin.
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Animals↗
Speciation patterns in woody Angiosperms of tropical origin.
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Biological Evolution↗
Patient origin study profiles service area, evolving patterns.
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Hospital Planning↗
Between Western Europe and the Middle East: changing patterns of Turkish labour migration.
The authors examine Turkish labor migration to Western Europe prior to 1973 and to the Middle East since that date. "The growth, organization and characteristics of these two phases in Turkish migration history are compared and contrasted. Particular emphasis is paid to the patterns of migrant worker origin and rates of emigration in the two periods. During the period 1961-73 the pattern of migration was dominated by the metropolitan and developed areas of Western Turkey. The re-direction of migration to Saudi Arabia, Libya and Iraq has been accompanied by a contraction and eastward shift in the main areas of migrant origins. Developments in the pattern of migrant worker origins are related to changes in the skill composition of the migrants and the mechanisms of the migration process. Opportunities for the employment of Turkish workers in the Arab world appear to have peaked and, although it has produced some short-term financial advantages, it has had little effect on Turkey's employment problems." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND TUR)
Africa↗
Polyacrylamide gel identification of bacterial L-forms and Mycoplasma species of human origin.
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns of acidified phenol extracts prepared from whole cells can be used for the identification of bacterial L-forms and Mycoplasma species of human origin. Ten human Mycoplasma serotypes and eight L-forms belonging to five different genera were studied. The gel patterns were sufficiently distinct and reproducible that it was possible not only to identify L-forms at the genus level (group with streptococci) and different Mycoplasma serotypes but also to differentiate between the two of them. The parentage of L-forms of Streptobacillus moniliformis L1, Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus MG, and Staphylococcus aureus Smith strain was established by relating their gel patterns directly to parent bacteria. It was found that an L-form designated S. moniliformis An (ATCC 14220) was actually an L-form of Proteus. In addition, it was shown electrophoretically that no relationship existed between the Streptococcus MG L-form and M. pneumoniae. The applicability of this method as a diagnostic and taxonomic tool for the differentiation of L-forms and mycoplasmas is discussed.
Acrylates↗
Evidence-Based Pattern Classification: A Structural Approach to Human Perceptual Learning and Generalization
Models of human pattern classification have been traditionally based on implicit pattern descriptions which involve lists of continuous attribute values or discrete features. Here we propose an alternative approach which makes explicit use of pattern structure in terms of components and their unary (part-specific) and binary (part-relational) properties. Such attributes "evidence" different classes of patterns and allow one to model processes of both perceptual learning and generalization to novel instances. An object in an evidence-based system is represented by a set of rules, where each rule provides a certain amount of class-specific evidence. The accumulated class evidence over all activated rules determines the classification probability. We have examined how well this concept reflects human performance by training observers to classify compound Gabor patterns and then testing them with segmented (grey-level-transformed) versions of the patterns in the original training set. If the observers were to construct rules to define each pattern class in terms of perceived parts and their relations, then it should be expected that classification performance would generalize to these new patterns. Results confirm this hypothesis and the specific feature extraction, learning, and rule generation model used to predict performance. Copyright 1997 Academic Press
Journal Article↗
A critical review on the participation of inferior colliculus in acoustic-motor and acoustic-limbic networks involved in the expression of acute and kindled audiogenic seizures.
The main goal of this article is to review the key role that the inferior colliculus plays in the expression of acoustic-motor and acoustic-limbic integration involved, respectively, in acute and chronic audiogenic seizures. In order to put this in context, we will review the behavioral characterization of acute and chronic audiogenic seizures, neuroanatomical substrates, neurochemistry, neuropharmacology, electrophysiology, as well as the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in their expression. Secondly, we will also correlate our results, collected from audiogenic seizures susceptible rats, before and after the genetic selection of our own audiogenic susceptible strain, and from those sensitized by lesions or drug microinjections, with those pertinent from the international literature. In brief, genetic or sensitized animals express acute audiogenic seizures as a wild running behavior preceding the onset of tonic-clonic seizures. The latter can have several presentations including opistotonus and fore- and hindlimb tonic hyperextensions, followed by clonic convulsions of fore- and hindlimbs. Chronic (kindled) audiogenic seizures change this behavioral expression, with similar patterns such as those present in temporal lobe epileptic seizures, intermingled with the original audiogenic seizure pattern, which is known to be dependent on brainstem networks.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
Coarse-graining and self-dissimilarity of complex networks.
Can complex engineered and biological networks be coarse-grained into smaller and more understandable versions in which each node represents an entire pattern in the original network? To address this, we define coarse-graining units as connectivity patterns which can serve as the nodes of a coarse-grained network and present algorithms to detect them. We use this approach to systematically reverse-engineer electronic circuits, forming understandable high-level maps from incomprehensible transistor wiring: first, a coarse-grained version in which each node is a gate made of several transistors is established. Then the coarse-grained network is itself coarse-grained, resulting in a high-level blueprint in which each node is a circuit module made of many gates. We apply our approach also to a mammalian protein signal-transduction network, to find a simplified coarse-grained network with three main signaling channels that resemble multi-layered perceptrons made of cross-interacting MAP-kinase cascades. We find that both biological and electronic networks are "self-dissimilar," with different network motifs at each level. The present approach may be used to simplify a variety of directed and nondirected, natural and designed networks.
Algorithms↗
Three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasonography for demonstrating associated arteries of hepatocellular carcinoma.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although 2-dimensional (2D) ultrasonography (US) with conventional color and power Doppler US has been applied widely in the differential diagnosis of hepatic tumors and in the follow-up of treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), it has limited capabilities for demonstrating associated arteries of HCCs. Three-dimensional (3D) US can provide more accurate depiction of stereotypic vascular patterns than 2D US. This study investigated the efficacy of 3D power Doppler US versus angiography for demonstrating associated arteries of HCCs. METHODS: A total of 24 HCCs with surrounding or intratumoral arteries detected by 2D power Doppler US were studied using a US machine equipped with power Doppler software and a built-in stereo image processing workstation. Serial 2D images were reconstructed into 3D images to analyze the distribution and routes of arteries associated with HCCs. These results were compared with angiographic findings. RESULTS: Three-dimensional US imaging of vasculature associated with HCCs in the 24 patients was categorized into 3 patterns: peripheral arteries around the tumor (pattern I, n = 9); no more than 4 intratumoral arteries with or without originating peripheral arteries (pattern II, n = 9); and prominent (more than 4) intratumoral arteries (pattern III, n = 6). Most feeding arteries shown in angiograms that could be demonstrated by 3D power Doppler US were in HCCs with pattern I and II vasculature. In HCCs with pattern III, the basket vascular pattern shown on angiograms could also be demonstrated on 3D power Doppler US. The vascular proficiency, including major feeding arteries and branches of feeding arteries,could be shown to significantly increase from pattern I to III on 3D power Doppler, but this method had a lower detection rate of smaller branches and neovascularization than angiographic study. CONCLUSION: Three-dimensional power Doppler US can effectively depict the associated arteries of HCCs, especially the major feeding arteries. Three vascularization patterns of HCCs were categorized in 3D images. There is a good correlation of the findings of 3D power Doppler US with angiographic study. These findings demonstrate the usefulness of 3D power Doppler as a non-invasive alternative to angiographic examination.
Adult↗