Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Orchitis”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

An overview of acute scrotal pain.

Acute scrotal pain requires immediate medical attention to determine the underlying cause and to treat accordingly. The diagnosis may not be straightforward and in some patients, immediate surgery may be necessary in order to treat torsion of the testes early to achieve good results. The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the underlying causes and the outcome of acute scrotal pain. It includes a total of 116 patients over a period of 18 months who were admitted to the general urology ward. Seventy-six percent of the patients complained of pain only, 13% complained of pain with fever, 7% complained of urinary symptoms and 4% a combination of the three. After evaluation, 44 patients were diagnosed to have torsion of the testes and all of these patients were below 20 years old. Thirty-eight of the patients complained of pain only and 2 had pain with fever. Two patients were thought to have torsion and exploration was performed. They were found to have infection. The rest had orchidopexy done and only 2 had orchidectomy due to infarction. Fifty-two patients had acute epididymo-orchitis, 50 of these were above 20 years old and half (n = 25) of this group of patients admitted to having had exposure to sexually transmitted diseases, 11 patients had a history of instrumentation and 14 had no known causes. From this study, age appeared to be the main differentiating point between torsion and epididymo-orchitis. for equivocal cases, new technology such as the Doppler ultrasound and testicular scan may be useful in future to improve the diagnosis of this urogenital emergency.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1996

[Evolutive orchiepididymitis or ischemic testis?: that is the question].

We report a case of deferred acute scrotum in a young teenager. Even though initially the aetiological diagnosis seemed clear (partially treated epididymo-orchitis), glandular viability remained uncertain due to ultrasound findings and the time elapsed since initial diagnosis. Colour Doppler Ultrasound is examined as the most useful ancillary method in differential diagnosis in this setting, as well as the different ultrasound findings in subsequent stages of spermatic cord torsion and epididymo-orchitis. Possible testicular ischaemia in this clinical setting is emphasized, explaining its pathophysiology.

Child↗
PubMed1997

Scrotal gray-scale and color Doppler sonographic findings in genitourinary brucellosis.

PURPOSE: Brucellosis is an enzootic disease that is frequently transmitted from Brucella-infected animals and their products to humans through the gastrointestinal tract. Genitourinary complications are seen in 2-10% of cases. We used sonography to investigate such complications in patients from a Brucella-endemic area. METHODS: Between 1992 and 1996, 246 patients were clinically and serologically diagnosed as having brucellosis and were examined by sonography. RESULTS: Genitourinary complications were identified by sonography in 26 patients. Fifteen of these patients had unilateral epididymo-orchitis, 6 had diffuse orchitis, and 5 had a focal hypoechoic testicular lesion. An increase in the vascularity of the lesions was seen in the 14 patients who also underwent color Doppler examination. Spectral waveform analysis showed a decrease in the resistance index in 9 patients. After medical treatment, all but 1 of the lesions disappeared within 2 months; the last lesion persisted for 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: In areas in which brucellosis is endemic, when scrotal abnormalities are seen with gray-scale or color Doppler sonography, the possibility of genitourinary tract complications of brucellosis should be considered. Simple Brucella tests may prevent unnecessary surgery.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Significance of scrotal calcifications detected by sonography.

A total of 468 patients were evaluated using a high-resolution scanner with a high-frequency transducer. Scrotal calcifications were diagnosed by sonographic criteria in 22 patients. Size, number, arrangement, and especially location (testicular or extratesticular) were precisely determined. Calcifications, located within testicular parenchyma, particularly if multiple and grouped, were considered highly suspicious for malignancy, and surgery was mandatory. Based on these sonographic features, 9 patients underwent surgery with pathological examination. In all, calcifications were confirmed and found in 4 necrotic germ-cell tumors, in a germ-cell tumor scar but with intratubular occult seminoma, in 1 epidermoid testicular cyst, in 1 tuberculous epididymo-orchitis, in 1 granulomatous orchitis, and at last, in 1 ruptured testis with an old hematoma. In the 13 remaining patients, calcification was usually defined as solitary, large, and extratesticular by sonography and considered benign. No changes were seen in follow-up examinations.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Granular transformation of Sertoli cells in testicular disorders.

In order to study the granular transformation of Sertoli cells the following testicular specimens were reviewed: 58 postmortem biopsies from 21 children and 37 young adult males with normal histologic pattern; 165 biopsies from prepubertal cryptorchid testes; 38 biopsies and 18 surgical specimens from postpubertal-cryptorchid testes; bilateral biopsies from eight men with Del Castillo's syndrome, 14 men with retractile testes, and five men with obstructive azospermia; 17 bilateral and seven unilateral biopsies from 24 men with varicocele; seven unilateral biopsies plus five surgical specimens from 12 men with male pseudohermaphroditism; one biopsy and one surgical specimen from two men with macroorchidism; and the autopsy specimens from 28 adult men with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Sertoli cells with eosinophilic granular cytoplasm were found in the testes of one prepubertal and four postpubertal cryptorchid males, two males with Del Castillo's syndrome, two males with retractile testes, four males with varicocele, two male pseudohermaphrodites, two males with macroorchidism, and one male with AIDS and interstitial orchitis. Histochemical and ultrastructural examination of granular Sertoli cells revealed that these cells accumulate secondary lysosomes and show scant cytoplasmic organelles. In the males with varicocele or retractile testes, these lysosomes were probably heterolysosomes that had degraded the germ cells and testicular fluid accumulated in the lumen of the ectatic seminiferous tubules of these testes. A similar mechanism is also probable in the male with interstitial orchitis that had caused germ cell destruction. In the other cases, in which the tubules showed reduced lumen and severe germ cell depletion, the abundant lysosomes are probably cytolysosomes. The development of these cytolysosomes might be related to the Sertoli cell dysgenesis present in these testes.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Effect of infection of the genital tract on the concentration of IgG and albumin in bull serum and semen.

Bovine IgG and albumin concentrations were determined from serum and semen of 59 bulls that were divided into 4 groups: 35 non-infected bulls (Group 1); 10 with vesiculitis due to Corynebacterium pyogenes (Group 2); 10 bulls with orchitis due to Chlamydia psittaci (Group 3); and 4 bulls with infectious vesiculitis (Group 4) sampled both before and after antibiotic treatment. Serum IgG concentrations (25 mg/ml approximately) were similar in non-infected (Gp 1) and infected bulls (Gp 2,3,4) whereas serum albumin concentrations were greater in infected than in non-infected bulls (51 mg/ml vs.41 mg/ml; p less than 0.01). By contrast, both semen IgG and albumin concentrations in infected bulls (0.47 and 0.54 mg/ml respectively) were significantly different from those of non-infected bulls (0.14 and 0.32 mg/ml; p less than 0.01). In addition, bulls with chlamydial orchitis had both semen (but not serum) IgG and albumin levels higher than those suffering from vesiculitis (p less than 0.01). Antibiotic therapy led to recovery and simultaneously to decreased concentrations of semen IgG and albumin. These results strongly suggest a local IgG synthesis or selective diffusion after such genital infections and further indicate that semen IgG and albumin assays could be a new and valuable tool for diagnosis and evaluation of genital infections.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Management of acute scrotum in children--the impact of Doppler ultrasound.

BACKGROUND: Investigation of the value of scrotal Doppler ultrasound (DUS) in the diagnosis of acute scrotum and its impact on the treatment strategy was undertaken. METHOD: Seventy-nine children (mean age, 9.2 years) with acute scrotum were prospectively studied. The protocol included history, clinical examination, scrotal DUS, and standard laboratory analysis. Depending on scrotal DUS findings, the children were treated either nonoperatively (normal or increased testicular blood flow) or surgically (reduced or absent testicular blood flow). A follow-up investigation 6 weeks after discharge included a scrotal DUS. RESULTS: In 66 children (84%), the result of DUS determined the management; 26 children with hyperperfusion (epididymitis and orchitis), 18 children with appendix testis torsion (ATT), and 9 children with normal perfusion (edema and hematoma) were treated nonoperatively. The follow-up examination revealed no testicular atrophy and confirmed the primary diagnosis. Ten children without testicular perfusion and suspected torsion and 3 children with orchitis and pyocele were surgically explored, and again, the initial DUS diagnosis was verified. In the remaining 13 patients (16%), the result of the ultrasound examination was unclear. Of these, 6 children were noncompliant and refused to undergo ultrasonography. Another 4 children were explored because of persistence of symptoms. In 3 additional patients, a testicular tumor was suspected. All these 13 children underwent surgical exploration, revealing inflammation (epididymitis) in 6 children and acute ATT in 4 children, whereas the suspected tumor emerged as postacute ATT in 3 boys. CONCLUSION: In 84% of children with acute scrotal pain, the DUS was able to differentiate between surgical emergencies and other etiologies. In 16% of our pediatric patients, the DUS remained unclear, thereby necessitating surgical exploration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Do men become infertile after having sexually transmitted urethritis? An epidemiologic examination.

OBJECTIVE: To critically assess the possibility that gonorrhea or chlamydia causes male infertility. DESIGN: Comprehensive literature review structured to evaluate the epidemiologic tenets for causality, including biologic plausibility, strength of association, dose response, consistency, temporality, and treatment effect. RESULT(S): It is biologically plausible that gonorrhea and/or chlamydia could cause male infertility. There is clinical and pathologic evidence linking these pathogens to urethritis, linking urethritis to epididymo-orchitis, and linking epididymo-orchitis to infertility. Retrospective epidemiologic results also support an association between chlamydia serologies and male infertility, which in most of these small studies does not reach the level of statistical significance. However, there is no consistent epidemiologic evidence that these pathogens alter sperm characteristics. We discuss the methodologic limitations of previous epidemiologic studies and suggest strategies for future research. CONCLUSION(S): Whether gonorrhea and/or chlamydia cause male infertility is currently unclear. Sound methodologic research strategies must be applied to future studies.

Chlamydia Infections↗
PubMed2006

Suprapubic prostatectomy with a novel catheter.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the postoperative morbidity and technical complications of a new handmade catheter used for suprapubic prostatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 146 patients with lower urinary tract symptoms who had indications for open prostatectomy were enrolled in the study from January 2003 to August 2004. Of the patients 96 were treated with a novel technique without a urethral catheter but with a special handmade cystostomy catheter, while the other 50 underwent the traditional procedure using cystostomy and a urethral catheter. The same surgical team operated on the 2 groups. Clot retention episodes, hemoglobin decreases, irritative symptoms, voiding status after cystostomy removal and incontinence were evaluated postoperatively. Three months later we followed the patients with symptom score, maximum flow rate and cystoscopic examination. RESULTS: Preoperatively mean International Prostate Symptom Score was 31.6 in each group. Postoperatively none of the patients with the novel catheter complained of significant irritative urinary symptoms, clot retention and true or stress urinary incontinence. Of the cohorts 94% were satisfied with voiding but 86% of controls were satisfied. There was no report of urinary tract infection or epididymo-orchitis in the cohorts, while we found epididymo-orchitis in 4 controls (8%). Three months after the operation the mean International Prostate Symptom Score was 4.4 (range 1 to 7) and the mean maximum flow rate was 22.6 ml per second (range 14 to 25) in patients with the novel catheter, and 4.2 (range 1 to 7) and 22.5 ml per second (range 15 to 25), respectively, in those with the traditional catheter. At followup there was no bladder neck contracture but 4 patients (4.1%) showed some degree of membranous urethral stricture. We also noted 7 controls (14%) with urethral stricture. CONCLUSIONS: Transurethral prostate resection has been introduced as the surgical treatment of choice in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. However, open adenomectomy still has a place. Urethral catheter-free suprapubic prostatectomy can be safely applied with a low postoperative risk of infection, incontinence and stricture formation.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injury: part 1: prevalence of medical complications.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of medical complications of adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injury (SCI) and their association with demographic, impairment, and functional limitation factors. METHOD: Structured interview including standardized measures. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals who sustained spinal cord injuries at age 18 years or younger and were 24 years of age or older at interview. OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of medical complications: Urinary tract infections (UTI) requiring intravenous antibiotics or hospitalization (severe UTI), pressure ulcers, hemorrhoids and rectal bleeding, chronic medical conditions, and hospitalizations in the past 3 years. Urinary stones, orchitis or epididymitis, pneumonia, ventilatory assistance, thromboembolism, and latex allergy since injury. Current experience with UTI, bladder and bowel incontinence, bowel program length, constipation or diarrhea, dysreflexia, and hyperhidrosis. RESULTS: Two hundred sixteen individuals were interviewed, with a mean age of injury of 14 years and a mean age at follow-up of 29 years. Most commonly experienced complications were UTI (74%), bowel incontinence (63%), pressure ulcers (44%), autonomic dysreflexia (42%), and respiratory complications (33%). Pressure ulcers were more common in men and latex allergy more common in women. Age at injury was not associated with any of the complications. Older age at interview was associated with orchitis or epididymitis, bowel incontinence, respiratory complications, thromboembolism, and chronic medical conditions; longer duration of injury was associated with these same complications, except for bowel incontinence. Greater neurologic impairment was related to UTI, severe UTI, stones, bowel incontinence, respiratory complications, autonomic dysreflexia, hyperhidrosis, latex allergy, and pressure ulcers. With the exception of latex allergy and UTI, Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores were associated with the same factors as neurologic impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Medical complications are common sequelae for adults with pediatric-onset SCI. Demographic, impairment, and functional limitation factors are associated with these complications and can be used to identify at-risk individuals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Rosai-Dorfman disease of the testis: an unusual entity that mimics testicular malignancy.

A 47 year old Chinese man with diabetes mellitus and previously treated pulmonary tuberculosis presented with painless right testicular enlargement of 1 month's duration. He underwent an orchidectomy for presumed testicular neoplasm corroborated clinicoradiologically. Histological examination of the testicular mass revealed an inflammatory lesion comprising lymphocytes, plasma cells and sheets of pale staining histiocytes, some containing lymphocytes within their ample cytoplasm, suggestive of emperipolesis. S100 immunohistochemistry stained the histiocytes, while ultrastructural examination confirmed emperipolesis. A diagnosis of Rosai-Dorfman disease was made, an exceedingly rare testicular lesion. Clinicoradiological findings mimicked a neoplasm, while the inflammatory histological appearances with occasionally discerned multinucleated cells raised the possibility of xanthogranulomatous orchitis. Tuberculous orchitis was excluded through negative Ziehl-Neelsen stains and PCR for mycobacterium, while seminoma, which sometimes features a predominant inflammatory component obscuring neoplastic cells, was excluded by absent immunostaining for placental alkaline phosphatase and CD117.

Diabetes Complications↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gray-scale and color Doppler sonography of scrotal disorders in children: an update.

Ultrasonography (US) is well suited to the study of pathologic conditions of the scrotum in children. US provides excellent anatomic detail; when color Doppler and power Doppler imaging are added, testicular perfusion can be assessed. Gray-scale, color Doppler, and power Doppler US were used to study a spectrum of scrotal disorders in 750 boys aged 1 day to 17 years. The entities studied included processus vaginalis-related disorders (cryptorchidism, inguinal-scrotal hernia, and hydrocele); varicocele; acute scrotum (epididymo-orchitis, torsion of the testicular appendages, and testicular torsion); scrotal tumors; testicular microlithiasis; scrotal trauma; and systemic diseases with scrotal involvement. When combined with the results of clinical and physical examination, the information obtained with US is sufficient to enable diagnosis in most cases of scrotal disease. Moreover, color Doppler imaging is essential for differentiation between processes such as epididymo-orchitis or torsion of the testicular appendages and testicular torsion, which have similar clinical manifestations (pain, swelling, and redness) but are managed differently.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Scrotal ultrasound in male infertility.

During an 18-month period, 200 male infertility patients had scrotal sonography examination. Fifty-seven percent showed abnormal sonogram; such as epididymitis, epididymo-orchitis, orchitis, varicocele, spermatocele, epididymal cyst and undescended testis. Among all lesions, infection was the commonest finding. There was no obvious relation between oligospermic and azospermic patients with scrotal sonographic findings except for testicular atrophy, which was very common among azospermic patients. This study indicates the role of scrotal sonography in male infertility patients.

Epididymis↗
PubMed1980

Value and limitations of testicular scanning by in vivo labelling of RBC with 99mTc.

When a scrotal affection cannot be diagnosed confidently by correlation of clinical history and physical examination, testicular scanning with 99mTc is a useful adjunct diagnostic modality. In vivo labelling of red blood cells with 99mTc was achieved by prior oral administration of 200 mg of stannous chloride. This helped to obtain satisfactory scintigraphy with a rectilinear scanner. This procedure was found to be useful in the adult with recent tender testicle in whom the torsion of the testis could not be clinically differentiated from epididymo-orchitis. Another area of scan's valuable clinical application was in the early diagnosis of testicular abscess in patients with epididymo-orchitis not responding immediately to antibiotic therapy. The study also proved to be a useful, non-invasive method for follow-up assessment of a case of torsion of the testis where detorsion and orchiopexy was performed as well as in case of rupture of a testis after orchiorrhapy.

Erythrocytes↗
PubMed1992

Epididymitis in children and adolescents on clean intermittent catheterisation.

The records of 119 children and adolescents on clean intermittent catheterisation (CIC) were reviewed to assess the incidence and predisposing factors, if any, of epididymo-orchitis. CIC had been performed for a total of 448 patient years with a mean of 4.5 years (range 3 months to 19 years). Of the evaluable 99 patients, 10 suffered attacks of epididymo-orchitis after commencing CIC. There was an equal incidence on both sides. Three patients had recurrent attacks. Epididymitis occurred at the rate of 1 episode for 10 patient years. Those who had neuropathic bladders and more than 2 symptomatic urinary tract infections annually had a higher incidence. Prophylactic antibiotics did not reduce the incidence but long-term specific antibiotic therapy may prevent further attacks. Vasectomy and orchidectomy had to be done in 2 patients for recurrent attacks and intractable sepsis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[The Rives technique (direct inguinal approach) in treatment of large inguino-scrotal and recurrent hernias].

In solving inguinal hernias, surgeons today have in front of them many variations of different operative procedures (both tensional and non-tensional techniques). They are performed through operative or endoscope approach. Classical tension techniques present the operation of choice for smaller indirect, direct or femoral hernias among younger patients while non/tensional techniques are the best solution for all types of inguinal hernia among older patients with big destruction of transversal fascia and the best solution for most of recurrent hernias. Positioning of mesh with non-tensional techniques can be completed on different levels, with big hernias where the biggest part of transversal fascia of miopectineal orifitium is destroyed it is anatomically the most useful to place the mesh in preperitoneal space. Rives technique is the base of that concept and it presents one of good solutions in that kind of situations. In the period January 2001 until december 2002 using different operative techniques the authors treated 99 inguinal hernias of which 78 were primary and 21 recurrent hernias. Rives technique was performed in 46 cases (46.5%) among which 26 cases were primary inguinoscrotal hernias (3 patients IIIA, 22 patients IIIB, 1 patient IIIC, according to Nyhus classification) and 20 cases were recurrent hernias (6 patients IVA, 11 IVB, 3 IVD). Complications after Rives technique were the following: 1 recurrence (2.17%), 1 ischemic orchitis (2.17%) and 1 scrotal hematoma (2.17%). Infections and chronic pain were not present. The follow up was from 30 days to 2 years. Authors have shown that Rives technique is reliable solution for primary indirect, direct and femoral hernias with big hernial defect (especially for big, so called "giant" inquinoscrotal hernias) and for all types of recurrent hernias. The advantage of the technique is an easy performance without some previous special training because of the fact that dissection and preparation is the same as for the tension techniques. With small amount of prosthetic material all weak points of miopectineal orifitium are closed. The real risks of this technique are ischemic orchitis and chronis neuralgia in treatment of recurrent hernias and the presence of polypropylene mesh in Bogras space.

Hernia, Inguinal↗
PubMed2006

Sonographic differential diagnosis of acute scrotum: real-time whirlpool sign, a key sign of torsion.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to prospectively investigate the role of high-resolution and color Doppler sonography in the differential diagnosis of acute scrotum and testicular torsion in particular. METHODS: Patients who underwent sonography for acute scrotum between April 2000 and September 2005 were included in the study. Gray scale and color Doppler sonography of the scrotum was performed. The spermatic cord was studied on longitudinal and transverse scans from the inguinal region up to the testis, and the whirlpool sign was looked for. RESULTS: During this period, 221 patients underwent sonography for acute scrotum. Sixty-five had epididymo-orchitis with a straight spermatic cord, a swollen epididymis, testis, or both, an absent focal lesion in the testis, and increased flow on color Doppler studies along with the clinical features of infection. Three had testicular abscesses. Sonography revealed features of torsion of testicular appendages in 23 patients and acute idiopathic scrotal edema in 19. Complete torsion was seen in 61 patients who had the whirlpool sign on gray scale imaging and absent flow distal to the whirlpool. There was incomplete torsion in 4 patients in whom the whirlpool sign was seen on both gray scale and color Doppler imaging. Nine patients had segmental testicular infarction, and 1 had a torsion-detorsion sequence revealing testicular hyperemia. In 14 patients, the findings were equivocal. There was a complicated hydrocele, mumps orchitis, and vasculitis of Henoch-Schönlein purpura in 1 patient each. Five patients had normal findings. Fourteen were lost for follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Sonography of acute scrotum should include study of the spermatic cord. The sonographic real-time whirlpool sign is the most specific and sensitive sign of torsion, both complete and incomplete. Intermittent testicular torsion is a challenging clinical condition with a spectrum of clinical and sonographic features.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1999

[Lymphocytic meningitis by mumps virus: epidemiologic, clinical, serologic and evolutive analysis of 28 cases].

BACKGROUND: Mumps is a viral infection which is particularly found in children and adolescents and one of its manifestations is as lymphocytary meningitis. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical, epidemiologic and serologic characteristics of the cases of meningitis by the mumps virus (MMV) observed during an epidemic of mumps. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight cases of MMV diagnosed from December 1, 1994 to August 31, 1995 during an epidemic of mumps in the south of the province of Badajoz (Spain) were analyzed. Demographic, clinical, analytical and evolutive data were obtained. RESULTS: Cases predominated in the winter and summer in adolescents and youths (mean age 16.9 years) with a male:female relationship of 3:1. On admission most patients presented fever, headache, and parotid hypertrophy. Orchitis was observed in half of the males. No case of encephalitis was seen. Hyperproteinorrhachia was observed in the cephalorrhachidian fluid of 79% of the cases and hypoglucorrhachia was found in only two patients (7%). The course was benign, except in four patients (14%) who had sequelae (headache, unilateral hyperacusia and testicular discomfort). CONCLUSIONS: The epidemiologic and liquoral data of MMV in adolescents agree with those described in series of children. Nonetheless, the absence of encephalic involvement and the high proportion of orchitis is of note.

Adolescent↗