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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

13,14-Dihydro-15-keto-PGF2 alpha (PGFM) and sulprostone serum levels after application of sulprostone to postpartum women.

13 ,14 -Dihydro-15-keto-PGF2 alpha (PGFM) serum levels were determined by radioimmunoassay in 101 postpartum women who were treated with 200 micrograms methergin, 5 I.U. oxytocin and 500 micrograms sulprostone, respectively, 30 min after expulsion of placenta. All patients had normal deliveries. The present radioimmunoassay system did not show cross-reactivity with sulprostone. In addition, radioimmunoassayable sulprostone serum levels were monitored. Covariance analysis of area under PGFM serum levels between time zero and 180 min after application of oxytocics was performed. A higher but statistically not significantly PGFM serum level was maintained in subjects treated with sulprostone. Sulprostone serum levels are rapidly attained after application. Decrease of radioimmunoassayable sulprostone indicates a half-life of 75 min. These data corroborate clinical findings of an accompanying paper and combine to suggest that sulprostone may be a useful alternative therapy in high-risk patients with severe postpartum atony and hemorrhage in whom prior preventive measures have failed.

Dinoprost↗
PubMed1987

Rupture of the gravid uterus.

Seventeen cases of uterine rupture in late pregnancy managed over an eight-year period in one hospital in Hong Kong were analysed. Labour was associated with rupture in 16 cases, including ten with one or more previous caesarean section scars. Rupture occurring in an unscarred uterus was associated with high fetal losses and all required hysterectomy. All of these patients had at least one previous vaginal delivery, in contrast to the patients with a scarred uterus. Labour should be closely monitored in multiparous patients with or without a uterine scar, and oxytocics should be used carefully. Patients with previous sections who are scheduled for repeat elective sections should be delivered before 39 weeks.

Cesarean Section↗
PubMed1993

Intraurethral prostaglandin E-2 cream: a possible alternative treatment for erectile dysfunction.

Prostaglandin E-2 (PGE-2) is an oxytocic agent in suppository form with vasodilatory effects similar to prostaglandin E-1 (PGE-1). Because some men find intracavernosal injections disagreeable, we investigated whether intraurethral PGE-2 may provide an alternative method for treating erectile dysfunction. A PGE-2 cream was made using PGE-2 suppositories (20 mg or 40 mg), 10 cc of 2% lidocaine (Xylocaine) jelly, and 40 cc of surgical lubrication. Two cc of the cream was instilled into the urethral meatus using a syringe, the cream was massaged down the urethra, and the urethra was occluded for five minutes. Treatment response was rated as no penile tumescence, partial tumescence, and full tumescence. Overall, 70 percent showed a response and 30 percent had full penile tumescence. Two of 4 men who had no tumescence using PGE-2 had a subsequent full tumescence using intracavernosal PGE-1 (15 mg), while 3 of 4 men with a partial tumescence with PGE-2 had a subsequent full tumescence using intracavernosal PGE-1 (15 mg). These data demonstrate that full penile tumescence may be achieved in impotent men using intraurethral PGE-2 cream. This pilot study supports the necessity for further investigations in a randomized double-blind manner in the use of intraurethral PGE-2 cream as a less invasive treatment alternative for erectile dysfunction.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1976

Renal prostaglandins for induction of labour-a dual clinical advantage in toxemia of pregnancy.

Prostaglandin A is known to be an antihypertensive vasodepressor agent produced by the kidney and has the basic potentialities of a hormone. No information is available at present concerning its effect on the human pregnant uterus and whether it can be used as an oxytocic compound to induce labour. The uterine stimulating and labour inducing ability of PGA1 was evaluated in 10 cases; seven patients were suffering from pregnancy toxemia while three were normal pregnancies near full term. Cardiotocographic tracings showed that uterine activity was markedly stimulated to a degree sufficient to induce labour. Continuous i.v. infusions at a rate of 0.25-1.0 mug/Kgm/min given over a fixed period of only 6 hours resulted in delivery in all cases except one following the discontinuation of administration. Beneficial effects on blood pressure were observed in toxemic subjects. Potentially serious FHR patterns and occasional hypertonus during therapy were seen and stress the need for more information to evaluate the safety, optimum dosage and duration of infusion as well as the place of this approach in clinical practice for the management of pregnancy toxemia. The absence of antidiuretic effect, the hypotensive response and uterine stimulating property of PGA1 indicate a possible advantage in toxemia of pregnancy as compared to oxytocin infusions.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1976

Labour induction using buccal prostaglandin e2.

Prostaglandins may remain in the circulation for some two hours after oral therapy and any resultant hypertonus may be difficult to treat in these circumstances. Buccal administration based on the concept that tablets could be discarded should this occur, has been evaluated in 30 patients. Effective uterine stimulation occurred in 90% of subjects receiving a dose of 1mg hourly. No hypertonus occurred but two patients had a prolonged contraction on a single occasion during labour. The fact that the tablets dissolve rapidly and in addition produce an unpleasant buccal prostaglandins do not have advantages over alternative methods of oxytocic administration.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

The mechanism of prostaglandin action on the pregnant human uterus.

The concentrations of 15 methyl PGF2 alpha, progesterone and estradiol in the peripheral plasma were assayed sequentially and the resting and active pressures of the uterus were quantitated in 10 first trimester pregnant patients, treated with a vaginal suppository containing 3 mg U-36,384. The purpose of the study was to determine the sequence of the prostaglandin induced changes in regulatory profile and uterine function and thus expose further the mechanism of prostaglandin action. The temporal relationships of the changes revealed that the primary action of exogenous prostaglandin is the disruption of the normal endocrine function of the conceptus and that the delayed oxytocic effect of this compound is secondary, a consequence of the primary action. Apparently prostaglandins are only effective as postconceptional agents if they convert the refractory normal pregnant uterus into a reactive organ. The academic and therapeutic significance of this finding is discussed.

Abortifacient Agents↗
PubMed1987

Vaginal treatment with a prostaglandin F2 alpha derivative (alfaprostol) for inducing labor in pregnancy at term.

The effectiveness and acceptability of Alfaprostol (an analog of PGF2 alpha) in inducing labor were assessed in 20 pregnant women at term. All subjects had no spontaneous uterine activity before treatment and the mean (M +/- SE) Bishop score was 2.45 +/- 0.21. The drug was administered by vaginal route at the dose of 10 mg every 3 hours. Regular uterine contractions appeared in all patients and delivery occurred in 85% of the patients after a mean time of 9h50min +/- 0h55min following the start of treatment. The mean dose of Alfaprostol utilized to achieve delivery was 29.4 +/- 2.0 mg. No major side effects were noted in the mothers and their fetuses at any time during treatment. Two patients exhibited vomiting. The Apgar score of all newborns at birth was 8 or more. These results suggest the usefulness of Alfaprostol to induce labor in pregnant women at term, as it has oxytocic activity without adverse effects on either the mother or the fetus.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed1992

The mechanisms of preterm labour; the interaction between amnion cells and leukocytes in the metabolism of arachidonic acid.

Chorioamnionitis is frequently associated with preterm labour. We have used a cell culture model system to examine the effects of leukocytes upon the metabolism of endogenous arachidonic acid from within amnion cells. We have demonstrated that activated leukocytes release substances which increase the overall release and metabolism of endogenous arachidonic acid within amnion cells causing an increase in prostaglandin E2 production as well as a smaller increase in non-cyclo-oxygenase metabolism. When amnion cells and leukocytes are cultured together, in addition to prostaglandin E2 production by amnion cells, arachidonic acid released by the amnion cells appears to be metabolised by leucocytes to prostaglandin F2 alpha, prostacyclin and thromboxane A2. Prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha are the principal cyclo-oxygenase products of this interaction. We postulate that chorioamnionitis stimulates preterm labour not only by causing an increase in prostaglandin E2 synthesis by amnion cells but by metabolism of amnion derived arachidonic acid to the powerfully oxytocic prostaglandin F2 alpha by leukocytes.

Amnion↗
PubMed1981

The in vitro effect of boar semen on the contractility of rat uteri.

Contradictory reports in the literature provoked the investigation of a possible oxytocic effect of boar semen on in vitro rat uterus preparations. When fresh boar seminal plasma (SP), dialyzed seminal plasma (DSP) or a filtrate of acetone-extracted seminal plasma (AE) were added to uterine preparations, both the frequency and force of spontaneous contractile activity tended to be depressed. When the uterine preparations were primed with oxytocin (1.6 USP units/100 ml bathing solution), treatment with SP and AE resulted in an increased frequency of contraction but no increase in force. DSP increased neither the frequency nor force of contractions. A solution of salts and organic compounds that approximated the small molecular or dialyzable components of boar semen ("synthetic boar seminal plasma" or BS) affected contractility in a manner similar to SP and AE. When the rat uterus was bathed in a low calcium physiological salt solution, none of the seminal treatments (SP, DSP, AE, or BS) were capable of initiating a contraction. Further, the force of carbachol-induced contractions in these uterine preparations was markedly depressed by these seminal treatments. In contrast, treatment with oxytocin nearly doubled the contractile force. The depressant effect of SP, DSP and AE on both spontaneous and carbachol-induced contractions appeared to be irreversible. Mineral analysis of SP, DSP, AE, BS and the low calcium salt solution showed the SP, AE and BS contained amounts of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) which could have altered the uterine contractility. In addition, a non-dial-yzable factor in SP appeared to have a similar effect.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1984

The effects of xylazine hydrochloride on intrauterine pressure in the cow.

The effect of xylazine on bovine intrauterine pressure was studied in the diestrous and estrous cow. Ten milligrams of xylazine and 50 units of oxytocin were administered intravenously to 11 diestrous and 8 estrous nonlactating Holstein cows after an intrauterine catheter was placed per vaginam. Xylazine produced intrauterine pressure responses which did not differ statistically from those seen with oxytocin. Intrauterine pressure increased and waves of contractions were observed within 1.5 min after administering xylazine and oxytocin to estrous and diestrous cows. The pharmacological basis for the oxytocic-like action of xylazine is presently unknown.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Value of the alert and action lines on the partogram.

A partogram based on a World Health Organisation model has been used for many years in the peripheral maternity clinics of Pikine, Senegal, to monitor labour. We have assessed the value of the partogram and efficacy of the alert and action lines. 1022 pregnant women were monitored by partogram during 4 months. The alert line was crossed in 100 (9.8%) of these cases and the frequency of neonatal resuscitation was higher for this group (relative risk 4.0, 95% confidence interval 2.3-7.1; p less than 0.0001), as was the number of "fresh" stillbirths (5.3, 1.8-15.6; p less than 0.01) (recent death may have occurred during labour). Among the women who crossed the alert but not the action line, neonatal resuscitation was also four times more likely than for the normal labour group (4.0, 2.1-7.6; p less than 0.001), and the fresh stillbirth rate was higher but not significantly so. For women who crossed both lines, the fresh stillbirth rate was ten times higher than for women in the normal labour group (9.9, 2.8-34.7; p less than 0.001). Crossing the alert line had a sensitivity of 27%, a specificity of 93%, and a positive predictive value of 17% for neonatal resuscitation. If the action line was chosen as the decision level, the positive predictive value remained the same but the sensitivity was only 8%. Health workers intervened (eg, artificial rupture of the membranes, administration of oxytocics) in half the dystocic cases. Of the women who did not receive any such treatment 44% crossed the action line compared with only 26% of those who did receive treatment (p = 0.06). The results show the usefulness and efficacy of the partogram and underscore the value of medical intervention as soon as the alert line is crossed.

Bias↗
PubMed1990

Mesotocin in the brain and plasma of an Australian marsupial, the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula).

Oxytocic peptides extracted from the brain and plasma of the brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, were separated by reverse-phase high pressure lipid chromatography (HPLC) and quantified by specific radioimmunoassays for oxytocin (OT) and mesotocin (MT). The pituitary, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex were found to contain MT only in quantities of 3.9 +/- 0.2 (SE) ug, 17.6 +/- 0.6 ng and 21.0 +/- 2.6 ng respectively. The plasma concentration of MT varied according to the degree of stress of the possum. In anaesthetized animals values of 39.7 +/- 9.7 pg/ml (11 males) and 31.5 +/- 12.9 pg/ml (6 females) were obtained; in four conscious catheterized animals, 9.4 +/- 6.3 pg/ml. Samples taken from three anaesthetized animals during exsanguination contained 271 +/- 102 (SD) pg MT/ml. It was concluded that hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic MT is present in the marsupial brain and that as in placental mammals, stress stimulates the secretion of mesotocin.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Inhibition of serum oxytocinase activity by prostaglandins.

The effect of prostaglandins (PGs) and other compounds on human serum oxytocinase (EC 3.4.11.3) activity in vitro was studied by a sensitive assay using S-benzyl-L-cysteine-p-nitroanilide as substrate. PGE1, PGE2 and PGF2 alpha significantly inhibited serum oxytocinase activity in a dose-related manner and in decreasing order of potency. cGMP, 8-bromo-cGMP, indomethacin, polyphloretin phosphate, hypertonic saline and urea were also active. cAMP, db-cAMP, 8-bromo-cAMP, db-cGMP, 5'-AMP, 5'-ADP, 5'-ATP, 5'-GDP, 5'-GTP, aspirin, sodium salicylate, paracetamol, theophylline and IBMX did not inhibit the enzyme activity. The results suggest that the oxytocic action of prostaglandins may be due, at least in part, to an inhibition of oxytocinase activity.

Aminopeptidases↗
PubMed1985

Analysis of the dual mechanism of ACTH release by arginine vasopressin and its analogs in conscious rats.

Plasma ACTH and/or corticosterone levels were measured in conscious rats 30 min after subcutaneous administration of arginine vasopressin (AVP), oxytocin (OT) and various analogs with a large range of activity on the vasopressor (V1), antidiuretic (V2) or oxytocic receptors. The comparison of their dose-response curves indicated that two different mechanisms are involved in the release of ACTH by neurohypophysial peptides and their analogs. AVP itself and a specific vasopressor agonist (Phe2, Orn8, OT) displayed a similar, high slope dose-response curve. Non-vasopressor analogs, such as dDAVP were characterized by a low slope dose-response curve. Furthermore, dDAVP potentiated CRF and neither its own ACTH-releasing action nor its potentiation of CRF were sensitive to previous VI- or V2-receptor blockade. These results, together with other available data, are interpreted as indicative of the existence of two mechanisms of action for ACTH release by AVP and its analogs in vivo: an indirect action via endogenous CRF release, mediated by a VI receptor mechanism, and a direct action on the pituitary, shared by dDAVP and other non-vasopressor analogs, with receptor characteristics different to both the V1 and the V2 classical types.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1987

Effects of nonapeptide antagonists on oxytocin- and arginine-vasopressin-induced analgesia in mice.

Several peptides, including arginine-vasopressin (AVP), neurotensin, and substance P, produce analgesia that is not mediated by opiate systems. Using the hot plate test, we studied the analgesic effects of intracisternal (i.c.) administration of various doses of the nonapeptide oxytocin (OXY) in Swiss-Webster mice. We found that OXY (1-4 micrograms) significantly increased the latency of animals to jump or lick their paws after placement on a hot plate. This effect was not blocked by naloxone pretreatment, which suggests that it is not opiate dependent. Using the hot plate test, we confirmed that AVP (1 and 4 micrograms) also produces analgesia. We then studied the analgesia produced by OXY and by AVP using 3 nonapeptide analogues with antagonist properties: [Pen1, LpMePhe2, Thr4, Orn8]OXY (PLMPTO-OXY) that has anti-oxytocic properties in the uterine contraction assay, d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP(dTM-AVP) which antagonizes the antidiuretic properties of AVP and d(CH2)5D-Ile2,Abu4-AVP (dIA-AVP) which antagonizes the vasopressor effects of AVP. Simultaneous administration of PLMPTO-OXY completely blocked the analgesia produced by OXY whereas the antidiuretic antagonist dIA-AVP partially blocked OXY-induced analgesia and dTM-AVP had no effect. None of the antagonists used blocked AVP-induced analgesia. We concluded that the neural systems mediating the analgesic effects of i.c. OXY differ from those for AVP.

Analgesia↗
PubMed1992

Circulating vasotocin in the snake Bothrops jararaca.

1. There is biochemical and pharmacological evidence to suggest the presence of vasotocin in the blood and plasma of the snake Bothrops jararaca (Bj). 2. XE-64 extracts from Bj blood showed antidiuretic and hypotensive activities in rats and a contractile effect on rat isolated uterus, which was totally dialysable and inhibited by thioglycollate. 3. Extracts from Bj whole plasma presented an antidiuretic activity which was only partially dialysable. 4. The plasma extracts also showed oxytocic properties. 5. When EDTA and Sep-Pak C18 extraction were used, a better recovery and characterization of vasotocin by HPLC was obtained. 6. These results indicate the occurrence of free and bound circulating vasotocin in Bj, in an equilibrium dependent of its enzymatic hydrolysis.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Emerging concepts of structure-function dynamics in adult brain: the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system.

As the first known of the mammalian brain's neuropeptide systems, the magnocellular hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system has become a model. A great deal is known about the stimulus conditions that activate or inactivate the elements of this system, as well as about many of the actions of its peptidergic outputs upon peripheral tissues. The well-characterized actions of two of its products, oxytocin and vasopressin, on mammary, uterine, kidney and vascular tissues have facilitated the integration of newly discovered, often initially puzzling, information into the existing body of knowledge of this important regulatory system. At the same time, new conceptions of the ways in which neuropeptidergic neurons, or groups of neurons, participate in information flow have emerged from studies of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. Early views of the SON and PVN nuclei, the neurons of which make up approximately one-half of this system, did not even associate these interesting, darkly staining anterior hypothalamic cells with hormone secretion from the posterior pituitary. Secretion from this part of the pituitary, it was thought, was neurally evoked from the pituicytes that made the oxytocic and antidiuretic "principles" and then released them upon command. When these views were dispelled by the demonstration that the hormones released from the posterior pituitary were synthesized in the interesting cells of the hypothalamus, the era of mammalian central neural peptidergic systems was born. Progress in developing an ever more complete structural and functional picture of this system has been closely tied to advancements in technology, specifically in the areas of radioimmunoassay, immunocytochemistry, anatomical tracing methods at the light and electron microscopic levels, and sophisticated preparations for electrophysiological investigation. Through the judicious use of these techniques, much has been learned that has led to revision of the earlier held views of this system. In a larger context, much has been learned that is likely to be of general application in understanding the fundamental processes and principles by which the mammalian nervous system works.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Arginine vasotocin gene expression in neuroendocrine, reproductive and gastrointestinal tissues of the domestic fowl: detection by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.

Arginine vasotocin gene transcripts in various tissues of the domestic fowl were detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction followed by Southern blot analysis using a 209 bp fragment from the 3'-region of a cDNA encoding chicken arginine vasotocin as the probe. Relatively strong signals were observed with hypothalamic, adenohypophysial and proventricular RNA as the starting material. Lesser signals were obtained from RNA isolated from shell gland, adrenal gland, post-ovulatory follicles and ovarian thecal cells. Arginine vasotocin gene transcripts were undetectable in the posterior pituitary gland, small intestine and large intestine. These results suggest that in addition to its well-known antidiuretic and oxytocic actions, arginine vasotocin may act as a local neuromodulator or mediator and have other important autocrine or paracrine actions in non-hypothalamic tissues.

Animals↗