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PubMed2006

Biological control of sheep parasites using Duddingtonia flagrans: trials on commercial farms in Sweden.

Trials were conducted on 3 commercial sheep farms in Sweden to assess the effect of administering spores of the nematode trapping fungus, Duddingtonia flagrans, together with supplementary feed to lactating ewes for the first 6 weeks from turn-out on pastures in spring. Also control groups of ewes, receiving only feed supplement, were established on all 3 farms. Groups were monitored by intensive parasitological investigation. The ewes and their lambs were moved in late June to saved pastures for summer grazing, the lambs receiving an anthelmintic treatment at this time. After approximately 6 weeks on summer pasture the lambs were weaned, treated a second time with anthelmintic, and returned to their original lambing pastures for finishing. Decisions as to when lambs were to be marketed were entirely at the discretion of the farmer co-operators. No difference in lamb performance was found between the two treatments on all three farms. This was attributed to the high levels of nutrition initially of the ewes limiting their post-partum rise in nematode faecal egg counts in spring, which in turn resulted in low levels of nematode infection on pastures throughout the autumn period. Additionally, pastures were of good quality for the lambs during the finishing period, so they grew at optimal rates as far as the farmers were concerned.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Intestinal parasitoses in the child in French Guiana. Evaluation of a 4-year systematical survey in the C.H. of Cayenne].

A systematic study on intestinal parasites in children of the Cayenne Hospital Center from 1974 to 1977 showed the following: 1(0) With a 26.1 0/0 total infestation index, nematodes are four times more frequently more responsible than protozoa; cestodes are extremely rare (T. saginata 0.8 0/0); trematodes are found only in allochthonous people from the Antilles (S. mansoni). 2(0) Age distribution shows an early nematode infestation. The nematodes infecting children by the oral way have a maximal incidence at the age of 3 to 6 years. Those infecting by the skin way are maximal at 6 to 12 years and keep afterwards a relatively stable incidence. Most carriers of E. dysenteriae cysts are those children who present vegetative forms of histolytica in 4.1 0/0 of the cases.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

[Prevalence of Eimeria and intestinal nematodes in wild boar in north-west Poland].

In the time from September 2003 to March 2004 feacal samples of 147 wild boars from north-west Poland were examined. The prevalence and intensity of the Coccidia and gastro-intestinal nematodes infection were determined by means of Willis-Schlaaf. The species were determined basing on morphology of oocysts (shape, colour, form index, presence or absence of micropyle and its cap, presence or absence of residual, polar and Stied bodies) and time of sporulation. Sporulation was performed in wet chamber at 24-26 degrees C in a 2.5% aqueous solution of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) (Pellerdy, 1974). Oocysts from the genus Eimeria were found in 58.5% wild boars. Four coccidia species occurred in wild boars (E. deblecki, E. suis, E. perminuta, E. scabra). Gastro-intestinal nematodes were found in 83.67%. The following nematode species were found: Oesophagostomum dentatum, Metastrongylus sp., Trichuris suis and Ascaris suum.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Encysted parasitic larvae in the mouth.

Oral appearances of intestinal parasitic disease are rare. One such appearance is the presence in oral tissues of encysted or encapsulated larvae of organisms from the classes Cestoidea and Nematoda. Cestode larvae form cyst-like lesions that are often clinically diagnosed as mucoceles. In these lesions, the cyst cavity is lined by fibrous tissue with inflammatory cells, and contains fluid and the larval stage of a parasite. The diagnosis of these parasitic cysts is more frequently made in younger persons. The cysts may be treated by simple excision, but care must be taken that the cyst does not rupture, as in some parasites this may result in new cyst formation. Nematode infection in the oral cavity, the most common of which appears to be trichinosis, is rarely reported. Patients with oral or maxillofacial (or both) parasitic disease must undergo a thorough medical investigation to exclude possible life-threatening involvement in other parts of the body.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

[Halicephalobus (Syn. Micronema) deletrix as a cause of granulomatous gingivitis and osteomyelitis in a horse].

Therapy resistant swellings of the maxillary region and unilateral nasal discharge in older horses are mainly thought to be consequences of neoplasias of the oral cavity, especially of the gingiva and the teeth, or to develop from tumours of the nasal cavity. We report an unilateral swelling of the left nasal and buccal region in a 13-year-old gelding, which was accompanied by an aggressive destruction of involved osseous tissue due to a severe proliferative granulomatous inflammation. The granuloma was caused by the nematode Halicephalobus (syn. Micronema) deletrix. This nematode infection is known for over 30 years, even though the here reported form is uncommon and rarely diagnosed. However, this report shows that even in cases of unilateral maxillary swellings in horses a granulomatous inflammation due to nematodiasis should be considered as an additional differential diagnosis.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Influence of host nutrition on the development and consequences of nematode parasitism in ruminants.

Control of gastrointestinal nematodes of ruminants is based largely on use of anthelmintics combined, where practical, with pasture management. The increasing prevalence of resistance to anthelmintics has led to the search for alternative sustainable control strategies. Here, we consider how nutrition, as a short-term alternative, can influence the host--parasite relationship in ruminants, using gastrointestinal nematode infections of sheep as the model system. Nutrition can affect the ability of the host to cope with the consequences of parasitism and to contain and eventually to overcome parasitism. It can also affect the parasite population through the intake of antiparasitic compounds.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1983

Normal and clinical haematology in the yak (Bos grunniens).

Haematological examinations have been carried out on 21 clinically normal male and female adult yaks (Bos grunniens). Animals sedated with xylazine had significantly lower red cell counts, haemoglobin levels and packed cell volumes, fewer lymphocytes and higher monocyte counts than those bled while manually restrained. There were few significant sex differences. Several animals had eosinophilia associated with asymptomatic intestinal nematode infection. Haematological reference values were calculated for clinically normal, xylazine sedated and manually restrained yaks. These were used to identify haematological changes in 10 animals with various abnormal clinical signs. It was concluded that blood counts can provide valuable diagnostic information in this species.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Ostertagiasis in the cow and weaned calf in the northeastern USA.

Most gastrointestinal nematode infections of cattle in the northeast USA are combinations of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora. These infections are usually of little consequence in adult cattle because of immunity and consequent low levels of infection. Some work has been done on the effects of infection on milk production but the results are equivocal. Clinical ostertagiasis in calves can lead to mortality. Such outbreaks are often associated with situations where calves are pastured at an early age onto special calf pastures that are used consistently for this purpose. Subclinical ostertagiasis is more usual in this region where light infections become established in calves with no obvious clinical signs. Such infections exact a toll on productivity in the form of decreased weight gains, decreased carcass quality, reduced nitrogen balance and negative effects on post-absorptive protein metabolism. Subclinical infections can also cause transient suppression of cell-mediated immune responses in calves. Increases in fecal worm egg counts of cows have been shown to occur during the spring months and these may contribute to increased contamination of pastures. Ostertagia infective larvae overwinter successfully on pasture and can persist until midsummer. Typical egg production patterns in calves involve a prepatent period, after introduction to pasture in mid to late May, of approximately 3 weeks. Peak egg production occurs at about 6-8 weeks and is followed by a gradual decline in egg counts into the fall. Hypobiosis is very apparent in this region and is most pronounced in late fall (October-November).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1992

Comparison of febantel tablets and Vercom paste against gastrointestinal nematodes of dogs.

Thirty adult dogs with naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematode infections were assigned at random to ten replicates and treated daily for 3 days with either a combination febantel/praziquantel (Vercom) paste, febantel tablets or placebo tablets. Numbers of hookworm and whipworm eggs after treatment were reduced similarly for both drug formulations when compared with pretreatment egg counts, whereas these counts increased in the controls. Vercom paste reduced the hookworm egg count by 99.9% and the whipworm egg count by 99.6%. The febantel tablet decreased the hookworm egg count by 99.9% and the whipworm egg count by 100%. As determined at necropsy, the controlled test efficacy against adult hookworms and whipworms was similar for the Vercom paste and the febantel tablets. The controlled test efficacies of Vercom paste against Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma braziliense, and Trichuris vulpis were, respectively, 99.7%, 100% and 95.8% and those of febantel tablets were 98.2%, 100% and 99.7%. These results indicate that the nematocidal efficacy of febantel against these nematodes remains unchanged in these two formulations. No adverse reactions to either febantel tablets or to Vercom paste were observed.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1994

Anthelmintic treatments against digestive-tract nematodes in grazing dairy goats with high or low levels of milk production.

The effect of a regular anthelmintic treatment during the grazing period on milk production and milk composition was measured in a dairy goat farm. One month before turnout, 92 goats were given 10 mg.kg-1 febantel and then allocated to 2 equivalent groups according to their levels of milk production. The first group was given febantel monthly, the second group was kept as an untreated control. Parasitological, haematological and serological data were collected monthly from March to September. Milk production data were recorded from March to August, goats being dried up in September. Results of strongyle egg counts, serum inorganic phosphate concentrations and 4 necroscopic examinations indicated a low level of nematode infection composed almost exclusively with Trichostrongylus colubriformis in untreated goats. No significant changes in milk yield, fat and protein content were detected between treated and untreated groups. Moreover, the impact of monthly anthelmintic treatment on milk production was different depending on the initial level of milk yield. Anthelmintic treatment induced a 4-8% increase in milk production for goats with the highest milk yield at the start of the experiment, whereas no beneficial effects were recorded for goats with the lowest milk yield.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1998

Comparative efficacy of pyrethrum marc with albendazole against sheep gastrointestinal nematodes.

The efficacies of pyrethrum marc and of albendazole against experimental sheep gastrointestinal nematode infection were compared. Sheep was infected orally with 10,000 larvae (Haemonchus spp. (60.1%), Oesophagostomum spp. (13.9%), Trichostrongylus spp. (13.2%), Cooperia spp. (8.3%), Nematodirus spp. (3.5%), Strongyloides spp. (0.8%) and Ostertagia spp. (0.2%). Faecal egg count reduction in albendazole-treated sheep was 100% by day 4 following treatment, compared to 37.03%, 31.3%, 38.9% and 51.8% on days 4, 6, 8 and 10 in pyrethrum mare-treated sheep. These reductions were statistically significant on days 8 and 10 post-treatment (p < 0.05). The potential for using pyrethrins for helminth treatment is discussed.

Albendazole↗

PubMed1979

Milk production of grazing dairy cattle after a single anthelmintic treatment.

The prevalence of nematode infections in lactating dairy cattle was determined by faecal egg counts and cultures from over 350 cows selected at random from twelve herds. The mean egg count was 3 eggs per gram (epg) and 43% of the cows sampled were passing detectable concentrations of eggs (greater than 6 eggs) in their faeces. In June 1976 171 cows in 10 herds were treated with 7.5 mg/kg fenbendazole and their milk production compared over the following 2 months with that of 164 untreated cows in the same herds. Anthelmintic treatment had no significant influence on milk production in any of the herds. The contrasting results of this study and recent studies in the United States of America are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Efficacy of a morantel sustained-release bolus for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in Florida dairy heifers.

The effectiveness of a morantel sustained-release bolus (MSRB) in controlling gastrointestinal nematode infections was determined in 70 Holstein heifer calves with no prior grazing experience. Calves were allotted to 2 treatment groups and were maintained in Florida during the grazing season on divided pastures of equal area. One MSRB was administered to each calf in 1 group at the time of turnout onto spring pasture, whereas calves in the other group remained as nonmedicated controls. By the end of the grazing season, treatment resulted in significantly (P less than 0.05) lower worm burdens and significantly improved weight gains. The MSRB-treated calves were able to reach breeding weight 2 to 4 weeks earlier than did nonmedicated calves.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Periparturient rise in fecal egg counts associated with prolactin concentration increase in French Alpine dairy goats.

Previous data on periparturient relaxation of immunity during gastrointestinal nematode infection in goats are scarce and conflicting; one study carried out in fiber (Angora) goats showed a positive association of fecal egg counts with prolactin concentrations around parturition, whereas the two other available studies dealing with dairy goats, gave divergent results. The objectives of the study were thus to assess the occurrence of a periparturient rise in fecal egg counts in dairy goats and to examine a possible relationship between the level of milk production and the intensity of the periparturient rise. A total of 28 French Alpine grazing dairy goats naturally infected with Teladorsagia, Trichostrongylus, and Oesophagostomum were allocated into two groups according to their reproductive status; group 1 (n = 7) consisted of nonpregnant lactating animals in the 3rd month of lactation, whereas group 2 (n = 21) was composed of dry goats at 6 weeks before term. Fecal egg counts, pepsinogen and phosphate blood concentrations, blood eosinophil counts, and prolactin concentrations were individually monitored at weekly intervals for 12 weeks (from midwinter to early spring). The mean fecal egg counts were significantly higher in pregnant goats during the 2 weeks before (668 versus 242 eggs per gram of feces (epg), P < 0.05) and the 2 weeks after (962 versus 279 epg, P < 0.01) parturition as compared with nonpregnant lactating animals. No significant difference was seen in the composition of larval cultures between the two groups of animals, with Oesophagostomum infective larvae being found predominantly, particularly at the time of parturition. Pepsinogen and phosphate concentrations as well as blood eosinophil counts were similar between the two groups throughout the survey and indicated a moderate larval challenge. The mean prolactin concentration measured in pregnant goats was significantly higher (P < 0.01) at the time of parturition (298 versus 130 ng ml(-1)) and at 4 weeks after parturition (387 versus 193 ng ml(-1)) than that determined in nonpregnant animals. Furthermore, a significant correlation (rs = 0.30, df = 79; P < 0.01) between fecal egg counts and prolactin concentrations was recorded for the pregnant goats during the 4-weeks period around parturition.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Anthelmintic efficacy of oxibendazole against some important nematodes in dogs and cats.

The anthelmintic efficacy and safety of the oxibendazole component in a combination oxibendazole-niclosamide paste were investigated in dogs and cats and in litters of pups with naturally acquired nematode infections. A single dose of 15 mg oxibendazole/kg body weight given to 70 dogs and to 29 cats reduced faecal worm egg counts (EPG) by 97.6% for Toxocara canis, 95.7% for Trichuris vulpis, 94.6% for Ancylostoma caninum, and 100% for Toxascaris leonina. In cats, 96.7% efficacy was demonstrated against Toxocara cati. In a second trial, 119 pups in 22 litters were treated with the same dosage at 2, 4, and 6 weeks of age. After treatment on two consecutive days, 95% of the pups did not shed T. canis eggs, compared with 85% after only a single treatment. Side effects were rare and only recorded in young animals. A 2-day treatment schedule is recommended for unweaned pups.

Ancylostoma↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Deworming of corralled fallow deer (Dama dama) using mebendazole].

The efficacy of mebendazole on nematode infections in farmed fallow-deer (Dama dama) was studied. The substance was administered as medicated feed, 6 mg/kg bodyweight during 10 days. At the same time the parasitic burden of the animals was investigated. A "springrise" of Trichostrongylidae, Trichuris and Capillaria was present during late winter--early spring following by a "self-cure" reaction. A "springrise" phenomenon in early spring was also evident for Chabertia and Dictyocaulus viviparus but excretion of eggs and larvae remained during spring. The effect of mebendazole on Chabertia was good while the effect on Dictyocaulus viviparus was incomplete probably due to arrested L5-larvae, which were unaffected by the anthelmintic during arrested state but after the deworming period developed into mature worms. Dewormed animals had a relative (%) growth increase which was 20% larger than the growth increase of non medicated animals.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2000

Subclinical infection with the nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis increases gastrointestinal tract leucine metabolism and reduces availability of leucine for other tissues.

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract leucine metabolism was measured in 6- to 9-mo-old lambs subjected to trickle infection with Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae and in separate animals that were not infected. Animals prepared with a jejunal catheter and with indwelling catheters into the aorta and the portal- (PDV) and mesenteric- (MDV) drained viscera were infused simultaneously with [1-13C] and [5,5,5-2H3] leucine to determine GI tract sequestration of leucine from arterial and luminal amino acid pools by tracer and tracee arteriovenous concentration differences. Leucine oxidative losses and net fluxes were also determined across the GI tract. Infection had no detectable effect on whole-body leucine flux, but it increased total GI tract leucine sequestration by 24% (P<.05) and GI tract oxidative losses of leucine by 22 to 41% (P<.01). Net PDV fluxes of leucine were decreased by 20 to 32% during the infection. The infection did not alter either the proportion of precursor leucine used by GI tract metabolism that was derived from the arterial leucine pool (.84 to .88) or the proportional sequestration of digesta-derived leucine during "first pass" absorptive metabolism (.12 to .18). These findings help to elucidate the metabolic basis for the reduced growth rates and nitrogen retention observed when animals are subjected to subclinical nematode infection.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Mechanism of control of root-feeding nematodes by mycorrhizal fungi in the dune grass Ammophila arenaria.

Root-feeding herbivores can affect plant performance and the composition of natural plant communities, but there is little information about the mechanisms that control root herbivores in natural systems. This study explores the interactions between the pioneer dune grass Ammophila arenaria, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and the root-feeding nematode Pratylenchus penetrans. Our objectives were to determine whether AMF can suppress nematode infection and reproduction and to explore the mechanisms of nematode control by AMF. A sequential inoculation experiment and a split-root experiment were designed to analyse the importance of plant tolerance and resistance and of direct competition between AMF and P. penetrans for the root herbivore and the plant. Root infection and multiplication of P. penetrans were significantly reduced by the native inoculum of AMF. Plant preinoculation with AMF further decreased nematode colonization and reproduction. Nematode suppression by AMF did not occur through a systemic plant response but through local mechanisms. Our results suggest that AMF are crucial for the control of root-feeding nematodes in natural systems and illustrate that locally operating mechanisms are involved in this process.

Animals↗