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Results for “Moral Development”

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PubMed2003

Disrupting the sexual double standard: young women's talk about heterosexuality.

Despite significant changes in the social landscape over the past two decades, much ethnographic research suggests that young women's negotiations of (hetero)sexuality remain dominated by the sexual double standard. Within the sexual double standard, an active, desiring sexuality is positively regarded in men, but denigrated and regulated by negative labelling in women. This article analyses young women's talk on the subject of negotiating (hetero)sexual relationships, drawn from focus-group interviews with six groups of young women aged 16-18 years. A feminist, post-structuralist form of discourse analysis is used to analyse the material, the aim being to examine young women's talk about (hetero)sexuality from the standpoints of agency and resistance. Analyses identified various ways in which the sexual double standard was disrupted, including challenging the language of the sexual double standard, articulating sexual desire, and positioning of self and (hetero)sex within alternative discourses. The findings also suggest, however, that voices of resistance to the sexual double standard may be muted and individual rather than collective, and that, accordingly, every effort should be made by those working with young women to recognize and support attempts to disrupt the sexual double standard.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

On and off the playing field: ethics in medicine.

The sportscasters' metaphor, "on and off the playing field," is used to describe the altruistic demeanor of good ethical and moral behavior and empathy toward patients that is required of medical students and physicians. It has been noted that these altruistic qualities often compete unsuccessfully with scientific skills and scholarly pursuits. Many schools hold the "White Coat Ceremony" annually and host a chapter of the Honor Medical Society to instill these traits in students. Teaching of altruistic demeanor is most successful using a combination of techniques, which include philosophy, virtue theory, small-group discussions using case vignettes, and the structured objective clinical examination with "standardized patients." On the playing field, current major issues are intellectual honesty, mandatory testing/treatment for HIV/AIDS, abortion, end-of-life issues, and gene therapy. Off the playing field, family, religion, community service, and leadership will immortalize medical students in the mythical Health Care Hall of Fame.

Altruism↗
PubMed1996

Feminism, law, and bioethics.

Feminist legal theory provides a healthy skepticism toward legal doctrine and insists that we reexamine even formally gender-neutral rules to uncover problematic assumptions behind them. The article first outlines feminist legal theory from the perspectives of liberal, cultural, and radical feminism. Examples of how each theory influences legal practice, case law, and legislation are highlighted. Each perspective is then applied to a contemporary bioethical issue, egg donation. Following a brief discussion of the common themes shared by feminist jurisprudence, the article incorporates a narrative reflecting on the integration of the common feminist themes in the context of the passage of the Maryland Health Care Decisions Act. The article concludes that gender does matter and that an understanding of feminist legal theory and practice will enrich the analysis of contemporary bioethical issues.

Bioethical Issues↗
PubMed2005

Moral maturity and delinquency after prenatal alcohol exposure.

OBJECTIVE: Prenatal exposure to alcohol is associated with cognitive, behavioral and social deficits, including delinquency. Although delinquent populations and those with intellectual and behavioral deficits exhibit impaired moral judgment and reasoning, this area remains unexplored in alcohol-exposed individuals. METHOD: Moral maturity and delinquency were evaluated in 27 participants with prenatal alcohol exposure (ALC group) and 29 nonexposed controls (CON group) matched on age (range: 10-18), gender, handedness, socioeconomic status and ethnicity. Moral maturity was evaluated using the Sociomoral Reflection Measure-Short Form, and delinquency was evaluated with the Conduct Disorder (CD) Questionnaire. Additional measures included social desirability and inhibition. RESULTS: The ALC group performed at a lower level of moral maturity than the CON group. Whereas Verbal IQ primarily predicted this difference, a deficit on the moral value judgment having to do with relationships with others was specific to prenatal alcohol exposure. Furthermore, delinquency was higher in the ALC group, and specific sociomoral values were predictive of delinquent behavior. Finally, half of the children and adolescents with a history of prenatal alcohol exposure but without fetal alcohol syndrome had probable CD. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that interventions aimed at reducing delinquency in those with prenatal alcohol exposure are necessary, and targeting moral judgment for this purpose may be beneficial.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Experiences from active membership and participation in decision-making processes and age in moral reasoning and goal orientation of referees.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of experiences of active membership and participation in decision-making processes and age on moral reasoning and goal orientations of referees in sport. The sample consisted of 148 referees of whom 56 judged soccer, 55 basketball, and 37 handball. Their ages ranged from 17 to 50 years (M=36.6, SD=7.4). Of the total number of referees, 8.3% have no experiences from active membership and participation in decision-making processes in organizations (social, athletic, political), 53.1% were simply active members, and 38.6% were involved in decision-making in their respective organizations. A two-way multivariate analysis of variance showed an interaction between experiences and age on moral reasoning and goal orientation of referees.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Sociomoral reflection and prosocial and antisocial behavior: two Italian studies.

Two Italian studies on the development of moral judgment based on the 1992 Sociomoral Reflection Measure-Short Form of Gibbs, Basinger, and Fuller were performed. In Study 1, 49 male and female adolescent volunteers involved in prosocial activities and a control group of 60 nonvolunteers completed the form. In Study 2, 60 male drug abusers in a drug-rehabilitation community were compared with a matched group of 60 nondrug abusers. Analysis showed that involvement in prosocial activities was associated with higher stages of moral judgment and Type B responses, while drug abuse was associated with lower stages of moral judgment and more Type A responses. The moral type scores were less closely associated with behavioral outcomes than the moral stage scores, perhaps reflecting the interplay between universal sociocognitive processes and specific real-life situations.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Integrity, conscientiousness, and honesty.

Undergraduate volunteers from the Psychology participant pool (N=86, age M=22.7, SD=4.8 yr.; 72 of 86 were female) took two tests, a commercially available integrity test (the Personnel Selection Inventory) and the NEO-Five Factor Inventory. Later in the study, each participant was given an opportunity to report dishonestly the amount of time spent in the laboratory and thus to receive more extra-credit points than earned. An observer recorded participants' actual times in the laboratory to provide an accurate assessment of participants' honesty. Analysis indicated that the Personnel Selection Inventory did not predict whether the participant was honest or dishonest in reporting time spent. Conscientiousness as measured by the NEO-Five Factor Inventory, however, not only predicted behavior, but did so significantly better than did the Personnel Selection Inventory. The study provides new information about the value of integrity tests by comparing integrity and personality tests in the simultaneous prediction of a specific criterion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Abortion ethics--women's post abortion assessments.

BACKGROUND: Induced abortion is often discussed in terms of ethics. The aim of the present report is to describe the abortion ethics as it was expressed by women undergoing a legal abortion. OBJECTIVE: Moral considerations expressed during semistructured interviews by 128 women two weeks after a first trimester abortion in Stockholm 1987-90 are reported. RESULT: The women had faced a choice between abortion and parenthood. At the time of the abortion many of them were living under conditions that meant they were unable to offer a child the security they regarded as a child's right. The conflict the women spontaneously described as their main moral dilemma was not a conflict between the woman and the fetus, but a conflict between several close relationships, also concerning the prospective father. The ethics that the women applied to the problems of abortion was founded on a long-term responsibility to care for persons in their relationships. CONCLUSION: The women interviewed had three levels of moral reasoning simultaneously present. 1. A theoretical level--most of all concerning other women--a liberal view of rights: abortion should be a freely obtainable option. 2. A theoretical level--above all, concerning themselves--a restrictive deontological view: the extinction of life is morally wrong and should be avoided. 3. A practical level--when the problem was a reality: a consequentialist ethics of care. According to this ethics of care it was important that the abortion could be performed as early as possible during pregnancy.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The process of ethical decision making in psychiatric nursing practice.

The process by which nurses make ethical decisions in clinical practice has significance for the practitioners, educators, and administrators concerned with professional standards and quality of care. Twenty nurses participated in semistructured interviews during which they discussed ethical problems of their choice that had occurred in their clinical practice. Content analysis of interview transcripts revealed a 10-stage process used in ethical decision making. The process begins with an emotional response on hearing of an event that affects clinical practice and ends in an aftermath that includes feelings, talking with others, reconsiderations, and change or vows to change. The study identifies both affective and cognitive components of the decision-making process. The importance of the emotional aspect of ethical decision making, absent from previous studies, is recognized and evaluated. Implications based on the study suggest that the problems of ethical decision making may be a significant part of the stress in nursing. In addition, there is evidence that the process of ethical decision making affects nurses' views of self and of the profession and may have direct bearing on their leaving nursing for another professional career.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The effect of a course in nursing ethics on the relationship between ethical choice and ethical action in baccalaureate nursing students.

This study examined the effect of an ethics course on the variables of ethical choice and ethical action in baccalaureate nursing students. Data were collected from 17 students who were enrolled in a three-credit elective course in ethics and from 20 students who were matched for placement in the curriculum but who were not enrolled in the ethics course. The ethics course consisted of study of the major ethical principles and theories as well as guided ethical case analysis with emphasis on the role and responsibilities of the nurse. Ethical choice and ethical action were measured by Ketefian's Judgment About Nursing Decisions. The variables of moral choice and moral action were positively correlated r = .87 (p less than .001) in the students who were enrolled in the ethics course and they were negatively correlated at r = -.32 (p .34) in the students who were not enrolled in the ethics course. Overall scores of the two groups on both column A (Ethical Choice) and column B (Ethical Action) were not significantly different. The total scores of the ethics group were higher. The results of this study lend support to the inclusion of a course in ethics in nursing curricula. Continued research into this area should continue to be a high priority.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Professional autonomy and ethical decision making among graduate and undergraduate nursing majors.

The purpose of this study was to determine differences in perceptions of ethical dilemmas and attitudes toward autonomy among four groups of nursing students. A randomly selected sample (n = 130) of students enrolled in associate degree, generic baccalaureate, degree completion, and master's study completed the Judgments About Nursing Decisions (JAND), the Nursing Autonomy and Patient's Rights Scale (NAPRS), and a demographic data sheet. Using one-way analysis of variance procedures, significant differences were found among groups on autonomy, patients' rights, and rejection of traditional role limitations. No significant differences were found on perceptions of idealistic and realistic moral behavior. Additional analysis produced significant findings when student groups were compared by age, RN status, and participation in ethics courses and seminars. Lack of significant differences on perceptions of ethical dilemmas may have resulted from the relatively low level of reliability of the JAND with the groups studied. Differences in attitudes are attributed to experience as a registered nurse, participation in an educational offering, and exposure to the bureaucratic environment of the health-care system.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Importance of professional nursing values: a national study of baccalaureate programs.

Research about professional nursing values is scarce. The purpose of this study was to determine if there were different perceptions about professional nursing values between senior baccalaureate nursing students and their faculty. The Professional Nursing Behavior Instrument (PNB) used in this research was based on the nursing role behaviors identified in the AACN's (1986) Essentials Report as exemplars of seven essential values. A national sample of 10 public and 16 private baccalaureate programs resulted in a return of 656 students (57%) and 350 faculty (70%). Faculty values were significantly higher than students' (p < .045) with faculty valuing equality, human dignity, and freedom more highly. Enrollment or employment in a public or private institution or studying ethics, theology, and philosophy did not significantly affect values. Faculty with more teaching experience had higher value scores (p < .004).

Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate↗
PubMed2004

Ethics and the proposed treatment for a 13-year-old with atypical gender identity.

The case of a 13-year-old girl given permission by the Family Court of Australia to begin a sex-change process involves complex issues. Nevertheless, the ethical justification for the decision is not complicated. In this case, it can be argued that the net benefit eclipses concerns about competence, autonomy and the appropriateness of the intervention. The debate this case generated in the media reminds us that one of the essential tasks in ethics debates is to get our facts straight.

Adolescent↗