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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

High-resolution MR imaging of the elbow using a microscopy surface coil and a clinical 1.5 T MR machine: preliminary results.

OBJECTIVE: To obtain high-resolution MR images of the elbow using a microscopy surface coil with a 1.5 T clinical machine and to evaluate the feasibility of its use for elbow injuries. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: Five asymptomatic normal volunteers and 13 patients with elbow pain were prospectively studied with MR imaging using a microscopy surface coil 47 mm in diameter. High-resolution MR images using a microscopy coil were obtained with fast spin echo (FSE) proton density-weighted sequence, gradient recalled echo (GRE) T2*-weighted sequence, and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequence, with a 1-2 mm slice thickness, a 50-70 mm field of view, an imaging matrix of 140-224 x 512 using zero fill interpolation, and 2-6 excitations. RESULTS: High-resolution MR images of normal volunteers using a microscopy coil clearly showed each structure of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments on GRE T2*-weighted images and FSE proton-density weighted images. Partial medial collateral ligament injury, a small avulsion of the medial epicondyle, and osteochondritis dissecans were well demonstrated on high-resolution MR images. CONCLUSION: High-resolution MR imaging of the elbow using a microscopy surface coil with a 1.5 T clinical machine is a promising method for accurately characterizing the normal anatomy of the elbow and depicting its lesions in detail.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Imaging of the microarchitecture and dynamics of the break-up phenomena of the preocular tear film with the aid of laser scanning microscopy].

BACKGROUND: Sufficient and regular wetting of the cornea with a normal preocular tear film is an essential requirement for the accurate visual functioning of the eye. Multiple factors may cause tear film instability. Measuring the break-up time of the preocular tear film is a necessary, clinically reliable means for evaluating tear film stability. We designed a new instrument to observe the preocular tear film at high magnification which can contribute to the in vivo imaging of the physiological and pathophysiological dynamics of the tear film and its break-up phenomena. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To image the tear film phenomena at sufficient magnification (x200) we used a confocal laser scanning microscope. Modification of an additional adaptor allows the tear film to be imaged at high magnification. This study evaluated the dynamics and microarchitecture of the break-up phenomena in the preocular tear film of normal patients and patients with "dry eye". RESULTS: Laser scanning microscopy allows high magnification imaging of the preocular tear film and evaluation of a number of break-up mechanisms. The dynamics and structure of the tear film was analyzed and documented. Based on our observations we formulate a new hypothesis on the break-up mechanism of the preocular tear film caused by alterations in the epithelial surface, for example, an elevation or tear film microparticle. By evaluating video sequences in the fluorescence and reflection modus of the laser scanning ophthalmoscope we also found early thinning of the aqueous layer simultaneously with an intact lipid layer covering the aqueous layer. CONCLUSION: Additional criteria result from using high-magnification microscopy, for example, laser scanning microscopy. This method reveals more microstructures of the corneal surface and the preocular tear film. The morphological representation of break-up phenomena leads to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms and can be used for further investigations. Confocal laser scanning microscopy supplements the examination facilities and can be used in addition to slit lamp microscopy and to diagnose "dry eye".

Cornea↗
PubMed2000

Characterization and prevention of phototoxic effects in intravital fluorescence microscopy in the hamster dorsal skinfold model.

Intravital microscopy is widely used to study the microcirculation. However, the use of fluorescent dyes can induce phototoxic effects which may affect the measurements, particularly in tissue exposed to oxidative stress. The aim of the study was to determine the threshold light dose at which fluorescent microscopy is associated with phototoxic effects in the hamster dorsal skinfold chamber under normal and pathological conditions. The extent of phototoxicity in the microcirculation in the hamster skinfold chamber was investigated using intravital fluorescent microscopy during 60 min of illumination (1048 mW/cm2) applying two different concentrations of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran under baseline conditions (groups A and B) and following 4 h of ischemia (groups C and D). In the second part of the study the microvasculature was analyzed regarding phototoxic effects during a standardized intravital microscopic examination after 4 h of pressure induced ischemia. Groups I and II (n=7) were studied using epiillumination after injection of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran plus rhodamine 6G or rhodamine 6G only. In group III (n=7) only transillumination was used. Arteriolar vasospasm, microvascular perfusion failure, thrombus formation, and enhanced leukocyte endothelium interaction were observed as signs of a phototoxic effect in normal tissue. However, the light doses needed to induce these effects clearly exceeded those during standard examinations. The induction of a 4-h ischemia and reperfusion further enhanced these effects. Despite the predamage by ischemia/reperfusion the comparison of epiillumination and transillumination microscopy using a standard protocol showed no differences regarding the parameters analyzed at any time. This indicates that epiillumination and the fluorescent dyes per se did not affect the experimental results. These results show that ischemia/reperfusion studies in the dorsal skinfold chamber of the Syrian golden hamster can be carried out safely without the risk of inducing phototoxic effects by fluorescent microscopy. Nevertheless every laboratory using epiillumination and fluorescent dyes should take precautions to avoid these effects by the use of sensitive cameras to lower the light dose.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Use of energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy for routine ultrastructural analysis of high-pressure-frozen or chemically fixed plant cells.

In the present study energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy by use of an in-column spectrometer is employed as a powerful tool for ultrastructural analysis of plant cells. Images of unstained very thin (50 nm) and thick (140 nm) sections of the unicellular green alga Micrasterias denticulata, as a model system for a growing plant cell, taken by conventional transmission electron microscopy are compared to those obtained from filtering at zero energy loss (elastic bright field) and to those generated by energy filtering below the carbon-specific absorption edge at about 250 eV. The results show that the high-contrast images produced by the latter technique are distinctly superior in contrast and information content to micrographs taken at conventional transmission electron microscopy mode or at elastic bright field. Post- or en bloc staining with heavy metals, which is indispensable for conventional bright-field transmission electron microscopy, can be completely omitted. Delicate structural details such as membranous or filamentous connections between organelles, organelle interactions, or vesicle and vacuole contents are clearly outlined against the cytoplasmic background. Also, immunoelectron microscopic localization of macromolecules benefits from energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy by a better and more accurate assignment of antigens and structures and by facilitating the detection of immunomarkers without renunciation of contrast.

Freeze Substitution↗
PubMed1984

Endplate topography of denervated and disused rat neuromuscular junctions: comparison by scanning and light microscopy.

The effect of denervation and tetrodotoxin-induced muscle disuse on endplate structure was investigated in rat hind-limb muscles. The endplate was visualized by light microscopic cholinesterase staining and by scanning electron microscopy. Denervation resulted in a reduction in histochemically determined endplate dimensions proportionate to the decrease in muscle fiber circumference. Scanning electron microscopy, on the other hand, revealed a flattening or more often collapse of primary grooves with a reduction in the width of the endplate but no longitudinal shrinkage. Primary groove area per se was not measurable due to the loss of primary groove structural integrity. Thus, the apparent histochemical diminution of endplate length after denervation was artefactual, probably due to loss of cholinesterase activity and impeded access of substrate. In disuse, cholinesterase staining revealed a similar reduction in endplate girth with fiber atrophy but with a corresponding increase in endplate length. Scanning electron microscopy of disused muscle fibers confirmed these histochemical findings and the overall preservation of primary groove area. Disuse also resulted in an increase in the number of intrasynaptic primary groove branches as visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Finally, a specialized endplate "raised area", prominent in soleus muscle, was greatly reduced after disuse but much less so after denervation. Thus, after denervation, primary groove structural integrity is lost and the shape of the endplate passively follows that dictated by circumferential loss of surface membrane. In disused muscle, presence of an intact axon preserves the structure and area but not the orientation of the primary grooves which are distorted by fiber atrophy. Disuse also strongly affects other endplate surface structures visualized by scanning electron microscopy.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Immunoelectron microscopy of enzymes, multienzyme complexes, and selected other oligomeric proteins.

The collective term "immunoelectron microscopy" subsumes a number of techniques in which the biological material is decorated with specific antibodies, prior to being visualized in the electron microscope. In this article, we have reviewed literature on immunoelectron microscopy that focusses on the analysis of the molecular architecture of proteins, in particular of enzymes and of multienzyme complexes. Molecular immunoelectron microscopy has been remarkably successful with multi-subunit enzymes of complex quaternary structures, and in many cases the data have been the basis for the eventual development of detailed three-dimensional molecular models. The elucidation of subunit composition and juxtaposition of a given enzyme, an important accomplishment in itself, has in turn stimulated and guided discussions on the catalytic mechanism; illustrative examples include F1 ATPase and citrate lyase, among others. Here we have chosen a variety of enzymes, multienzyme complexes, and non-enzymatic proteins to demonstrate the versatility of immunoelectron microscopy, to illustrate methodological prerequisites and limitations, and to discuss significance and implications of individual immunoelectron microscopy studies.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Fluorescence microscopy to follow the targeting of liposomes and micelles to cells and their intracellular fate.

Fluorescence microscopy may provide important information regarding interactions between nanoparticulate drugs carriers, such as liposomes and micelles, with target cells as well as their intracellular fate. Current paper describes various applications of fluorescence microscopy to investigate specific targeting of antibody-modified drug carriers to cancer cells. The enhanced antibody-mediated targeting of drug-loaded immunomicelles confirmed by fluorescence microscopy resulted in enhanced cancer cell killing compared to free drug or drug-loaded nontargeted micelles. Fluorescence microscopy was also used to prove the endosomal escape of properly assembled polymeric micelles (based on polyethylene glycol-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate, PEG-PE) containing various additives destabilizing the endosomal membrane. When loaded with the anticancer drug (paclitaxel or vitamin K3), such micelles demonstrate increased cytotoxicity. Fluorescence microscopy was also applied to investigate the capture of cell-penetrating TAT peptide-modified liposomes by various cells and stability and intracellular trafficking of captured TAT-liposomes inside cells. It was also used to confirm the successful transfection of cells with TAT-liposomes bearing the plasmid encoding for the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP).

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2006

Corneal and conjunctival manifestations in Fabry disease: in vivo confocal microscopy study.

PURPOSE: To describe the microscopic corneal and conjunctival findings in patients with Fabry disease (FD) related keratopathy by using in vivo confocal microscopy. DESIGN: Prospective observational case series. METHODS: Twelve eyes of six patients affected by Fabry disease, belonging to two different families, underwent in vivo confocal microscopic examination. Corneal and conjunctival morphology were assessed by means of a scanning slit corneal confocal white-light microscopy and confocal laser-scanning microscope. RESULTS: Confocal microscopy examination evidenced two different types of corneal epithelial changes. The three hemizygous patients presented bright hyper-reflective intracellular inclusions located within the basal epithelial cells, while the three heterozygous patients showed fine diffusion of reflective substance at the level of superficial, basal epithelial cells and basal membrane, in all eyes. The complex basal-Bowman's membrane appeared irregular, distorted, and nonhomogeneous in all subjects. Stromal increased reflectivity attributable to haze and epithelial ingrowth with bright intracellular inclusions was noticed in one hemizygous patient. In all patients, conjunctival epithelial involvement represented by bright roundish intracellular inclusions was evidenced, appearing more pronounced in tarsal than in bulbar conjunctiva. CONCLUSIONS: Although FD-related cornea verticillata attributable to glycosphingolipids accumulation is considered to be primarily a corneal disease, in vivo confocal microscopy demonstrated structural alterations throughout the entire ocular surface epithelia. It is still unclear whether the different type of corneal epithelial lesions observed for hemizygous and heterozygous patients is related to different physiopathological mechanisms. Confocal microscopy may assist ophthalmologists in the diagnosis of FD-related ocular surface and corneal manifestations.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Observation of tongue papillae by video microscopy and contact endoscopy to investigate their correlation with taste function.

OBJECTIVES: Contact endoscopy is a technique used to obtain detailed images of living epithelium in the fields of gynecology, rhinology and laryngology. Video microscopy is useful for observation of the surface of tongue papillae. In the present study, we attempted to apply the contact endoscopy technique together with video microscopy to observe tongue papillae, and to study the correlation between the condition of fungiform papillae and taste function. METHODS: Ten subjects (3 men, 7 women) were divided into two groups based on the results of a taste examination by electrogustometry. We compared the shape and blood vessels of the papillae between normal taste and taste disorder groups. RESULTS: In the normal taste group, round shaped papillae and clear blood vessels were observed with both microscopy and contact endoscopy. In the taste disorder group, flat and irregular papillae were observed with microscopy. Blood vessel flow of the papillae was observed to be poor with contact endoscopy. CONCLUSION: These findings suggested that the images of microscopy and contact endoscopy were related to taste function, and both techniques were useful for evaluating taste function.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The effects of a PSII inhibitor on phytoplankton community structure as assessed by HPLC pigment analyses, microscopy and flow cytometry.

Measurements of the stress imposed by a PSII inhibiting herbicide (Irgarol 1051) on the composition of a phytoplankton community was investigated by comparing chemotaxonomy, as determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), optical microscopy and analytical flow cytometry (AFC). Changes in community structure were induced in microcosms containing a natural marine phytoplankton community exposed to different concentrations of Irgarol 1051 (0.5 and 1.0 microgl-1). Microcosms were maintained under controlled laboratory conditions in semi-continuous culture over 120 h. Class-specific phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a) was estimated using CHEMTAX analyses of pigment concentrations. Microscopic identification and carbon content estimates were cross-correlated with CHEMTAX and also with AFC enumeration/size classifications of major phytoplankton groups. CHEMTAX-HPLC analyses and microscopy results demonstrated that prasinophytes and prymnesiophytes were the most affected groups following exposure to Irgarol 1051. The selective reductions in both classes as estimated by both techniques revealed similar trends. Results for chlorophytes and dinoflagellates showed these groups to be most tolerant to Irgarol 1051. Indeed, class-specific biomass for chlorophytes as determined by CHEMTAX and microscopy were correlated (R2=0.53) which demonstrated an increase in both abundance and carbon content following exposures to Irgarol 1051. Abundances of nanoeukaryotes as determined by microscopy afforded good agreement with results from AFC (R2=0.8), although for picoeukaryotes, abundances were underestimated by microscopy (R2=0.43). The relative performance of the selected techniques is discussed.

Biomass↗
PubMed2004

A new method for imaging and 3D reconstruction of mammalian cochlea by fluorescent confocal microscopy.

Traditional methods for anatomical and morphometric studies of cochlear tissues have relied upon either microdissection of the organ of Corti or the generation of serial sections of the cochlea. Such methods are time-consuming, disruptive to three-dimensional relationships and often restrict sampling to very limited numbers of cells. We have found that cells and tissue components of the cochlear duct may be labelled by fluorescent markers within intact cochleae, which are then embedded in epoxy resin for subsequent viewing by fluorescent microscopy methods. This approach allows imaging through thick optical volumes with preservation of three-dimensional relationships. Unlike sectioned tissue, alignment of the sample relative to the focal axis may be easily corrected by re-orientation of the optical volume with common image processing software. Fluorescently labelled cochleae embedded in epoxy can be viewed by most fluorescent microscopy methods including laser scanning confocal microscopy, multi-photon confocal microscopy and widefield epi-fluorescence microscopy with deconvolution. Furthermore, semi-thin sections made from these preparations are compatible with traditional histological stains, as well as allowing brightly labelled epi-fluorescent images.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

In vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy of pigmented Spitz nevi: comparison of in vivo confocal images with dermoscopy and routine histopathology.

BACKGROUND: Spitz nevus is a benign melanocytic lesion sometimes mistakenly diagnosed clinically as melanoma. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate in vivo reflectance-mode confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) aspects of globular Spitz nevi and to correlate them with those of surface microscopy and histopathology. METHODS: A total of 6 Spitz nevi, with globular aspects on epiluminescence observation, were imaged with CSLM and subsequently excised for histopathologic examination. RESULTS: A close correlation among CSLM, epiluminescence, and histopathologic aspects was observed. Individual cells, observed in high-resolution confocal images, were similar in shape and dimension to the histopathologic ones. Lesion architecture was described on reconstructed CSLM images. Melanocytic nests corresponded to globular cellular aggregates at confocal microscopy and to globules at epiluminescence observation. Melanophages were clearly identified in the papillary dermis both by confocal microscopy and histopathology. CONCLUSION: In vivo CSLM enabled the identification of characteristic cytologic and architectural aspects of Spitz nevi, correlated with histopathology and epiluminescence microscopy observation.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Application of transmission electron microscopy to the clinical study of viral and bacterial infections: present and future.

Transmission electron microscopy has had a profound impact on our knowledge and understanding of viruses and bacteria. The 1000-fold improvement in resolution provided by electron microscopy (EM) has allowed visualization of viruses, the existence of which had previously only been suspected as the causative agents of transmissible infectious disease. Viruses are grouped into families based on their morphology. Viruses from different families look different and these morphological variances are the basis for identification of viruses by EM. Electron microscopy initially came to prominence in diagnostic microbiology in the late 1960s when it was used in the rapid diagnosis of smallpox, by differentiating, on a morphological basis, poxviruses from the less problematic herpesviruses in skin lesions. Subsequently, the technique was employed in the diagnosis of other viral infections, such as hepatitis B and parvovirus B19. Electron microscopy has led to the discovery of many new viruses, most notably the various viruses associated with gastroenteritis, for which it remained the principal diagnostic method until fairly recent times. Development of molecular techniques, which offer greater sensitivity and often the capacity to easily process large numbers of samples, has replaced EM in many areas of diagnostic virology. Hence the role of EM in clinical virology is evolving with less emphasis on diagnosis and more on research, although this is likely only to be undertaken in specialist centres. However, EM still offers tremendous advantages to the microbiologist, both in the speed of diagnosis and the potential for detecting, by a single test, any viral pathogen or even multiple pathogens present within a sample. There is continuing use of EM for the investigation of new and emerging agents, such as SARS and human monkeypox virus. Furthermore, EM forms a vital part of the national emergency response programme of many countries and will provide a frontline diagnostic service in the event of a bioterrorism incident, particularly in the scenario of a deliberate release of smallpox virus. In the field of bacteriology, EM is of little use diagnostically, although some bacterial pathogens can be identified in biopsy material processed for EM examination. Electron microscopy has been used, however, to elucidate the structure and function of many bacterial features, such as flagellae, fimbriae and spores and in the study of bacteriophages. The combined use of EM and gold-labelled antibodies provides a powerful tool for the ultrastructural localisation of bacterial and viral antigens.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

In vivo confocal microscopy study of blebs after filtering surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze bleb structure after filtering surgery at the cellular level using a new generation in vivo confocal microscope. DESIGN: Observational case series. PARTICIPANTS: We retrospectively evaluated 17 filtering blebs of 13 patients after trabeculectomy. METHODS: Ophthalmologic examinations included slit-lamp examination, applanation tonometry, and in vivo confocal microscopy (Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II, Rostock Cornea Module). Eyes were classified into 3 groups: (1) functioning blebs (6 eyes), (2) nonfunctioning blebs (6 eyes), and (3) functioning blebs after application of mitomycin C (5 eyes). Cellular patterns, morphologic appearance, and functional aspects of functioning and nonfunctioning blebs were compared in a masked manner. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: In vivo confocal microscopy images were analyzed for number of intraepithelial microcysts, density of subepithelial connective tissue, presence of blood vessels, or encapsulation. RESULTS: All functioning blebs had numerous intraepithelial optically-empty microcysts, whereas all nonfunctioning blebs had none or few. Subepithelial connective tissue was widely spaced in all functioning blebs, whereas the tissue was dense in 83.3% of nonfunctioning blebs. Functioning blebs with mitomycin C had numerous microcysts and loosely arranged subepithelial connective tissue as compared with nonfunctioning blebs. CONCLUSIONS: In vivo confocal microscopy study of blebs is an original method that agrees well with ex vivo histologic examination. The number of microcysts and the density of the subepithelial connective tissue observed with in vivo confocal microscopy are correlated with bleb function. By providing details of the structures of filtering blebs at the cellular level, in vivo confocal microscopy constitutes a new promising way to understand wound healing mechanisms after filtering surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Morphological observations on liposomes bearing covalently bound protein: studies with freeze-fracture and cryo electron microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering techniques.

The appearance of protein bound to the surface of intact and microfluidized liposomes and its possible influence on their morphology was examined by freeze-fracture electron microscopy, cryo electron microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) techniques. Results obtained by the two microscopy techniques were in agreement with one another in terms of vesicle size and localization of protein (tetanus toxoid or immunoglobulin G) on the surface of vesicles. Surface-bound protein was observed as particles (10-12 nm diameter) by freeze-fracture electron microscopy and was confirmed by immunogold cryo microscopy. SAXS was shown to be a suitable means to further characterize liposomes with, or without bound protein.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Liquid domains in vesicles investigated by NMR and fluorescence microscopy.

We use (2)H-NMR, (1)H-MAS NMR, and fluorescence microscopy to detect immiscibility in three particular phospholipid ratios mixed with 30% cholesterol: 2:1 DOPC/DPPC, 1:1 DOPC/DPPC, and 1:2 DOPC/DPPC. Large-scale (>>160 nm) phase separation into liquid-ordered (L(o)) and liquid-crystalline (L(alpha)) phases is observed by both NMR and fluorescence microscopy. By fitting superimposed (2)H-NMR spectra, we quantitatively determine that the L(o) phase is strongly enriched in DPPC and moderately enriched in cholesterol. Tie-lines estimated at different temperatures and membrane compositions are based on both (2)H-NMR observations and a previously published ternary phase diagram. (2)H- and (1)H-MAS NMR techniques probe significantly smaller length scales than microscopy experiments (submicron versus micron-scalp), and complex behavior is observed near the miscibility transition. Fluorescence microscopy of giant unilamellar vesicles shows micrometer-scale domains below the miscibility transition. In contrast, NMR of multilamellar vesicles gives evidence for smaller ( approximately 80 nm) domains just below the miscibility transition, whereas large-scale demixing occurs at a lower temperature, T(low). A transition at T(low) is also evident in fluorescence microscopy measurements of the surface area fraction of ordered phase in giant unilamellar vesicles. Our results reemphasize the complex phase behavior of cholesterol-containing membranes and provide a framework for interpreting (2)H-NMR experiments in similar membranes.

1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine↗
PubMed1975

Problems in the development of a clinically oriented program in electron microscopy.

The educational, organizational, and fiscal aspects of electron microscopy are discussed.. with emphais on the desirability of making electron microscopy an integral part of the formal training of residents in pathology and of the overall educational program of the medical staff. The rapidity of feedback of information from the pathologist to the clinician is stressed. The number of specimens processed and the variety of tissues submitted for electron microscopy can be regulated by the pathologist but should reflect the particular strength of the hospital or its department of pathology. The organization of the electron microscopy facility, its funding, and sharing of the electron microscopy program in the local community of clinical scientists are discussed

Biopsy↗
PubMed1988

The use of electron microscopy for the diagnosis of cancer in bronchial biopsies.

To investigate whether electron microscopic examination of bronchial biopsy specimens was of any additional value in the diagnosis of lung cancer, we examined 235 consecutive biopsy specimens embedded in Epon. Semithin sections were used to establish a light microscopic diagnosis, and the results were compared with those of electron microscopy. Ninety-six biopsies contained tumor. In 13 instances, the light microscopic diagnosis had to be revised after electron microscopic examination. Another 5 biopsies contained tissue suspected to be tumor; in 1 biopsy this possibility could be ruled out. Three biopsies contained tumor suspected of being small cell cancer, and this diagnosis was confirmed by electron microscopy. Electron microscopy was helpful in 17 of 106 biopsies. Histopathologic examination of surgically resected material from 18 patients confirmed the electron microscopic results of biopsies. We conclude that electron microscopy of bronchial biopsy specimens gives important additional information for accurate diagnosis. For practical purposes, however, specimens should be embedded in Epon or glycol-methacrylate for light microscopy. Developments in immunohistologic techniques will change choices of histologic techniques.

Adenocarcinoma↗