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PubMed2004

Communication problems with environment-related health disorders as illustrated by a multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) chatroom.

The problem of communication in treating multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) was analysed and evaluated using the documentation of an MCS chatroom which was set up in April 2001 following the TV programme Gesundheitsmagazin Praxis (Health Magazine: Practice). Approaches were developed for solving communication problems in the chatroom. A total of 490 cases were evaluated, most of which (355) were directly or indirectly affected, 76 came from self-help groups and 10 were from 4 guest experts invited by ZDF (Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen, Second German TV channel). Of these 4 experts, 2 were environmental medicine specialists, 1 psychosomatics expert and 1 psychiatrist. Fourty-nine of the cases included a petition for chatroom participants to join a class-action law. Aside from exchanging basic information on MCS, frequent topics of discussion on the air were the assessment of physicians, clinics, self-help groups and experts. The participants also expressed their views on problems with society, politics, the economy, science and social security. Another common topic was communication in the chatroom itself, which for the most part consisted of sarcasm and insults, which were cause for conflicts in the chatroom. These communication problems led to the conclusion that a chatroom is not the best medium for discussing MCS. If a chatroom is to be used profitably to this end, it is imperative to have a well-defined organisational framework which allows the exchange of current, scientifically accurate information while keeping discussions from escalating and degenerating into arguments.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1998

Manual performance in cold conditions while wearing NBC clothing.

Manual performance while wearing a whole body covering NBC garment was studied at -10 degrees C. Hands were protected by thin cotton gloves, which were covered with rubber gloves. The test subjects were exposed for 40 min in one of the four conditions: standing at -10 degrees C, standing for 10 min followed by walking (5 km/h) for 30 min on a treadmill, standing while holding a solid steel bar (see section 2.2), or standing at 20 degrees C. Six different manual tasks were performed after each 40-min exposure. All tests were also performed with bare hands at 20 degrees C. Moreover, the effect of contact cooling on skin temperatures and rewarming thereafter was examined by means of gripping a steel bar (-10 degrees C) during cold exposure. During exposure to -10 degrees C conditions finger skin temperature rapidly decreased to 10.7 +/- 2.2 degrees C (mean +/- SD). Improvement of body heat balance by exercise increased finger temperatures to 19.6 +/- 9.0 degrees C. Hand temperature remained at a higher level both during rest and exercise at -10 degrees C (20.1 +/- 1.7 and 20.6 +/- 6.1 degrees C, respectively). Cold exposure deteriorated manual performance and especially those functions that are related to finger dexterity. Finger skin temperature had high correlation with screwing, peg-board and magazine loading tests (r = -0.90, r = -0.77 and r = -0.72, respectively, p < 0.01) but no relation was found with hand grip strength (r = -0.03). Manual performance was impaired in every test both by gloves and cooling. Contact cooling decreased skin temperatures on the palm side of the hand and fingers around twice as effectively in normothermic subjects and 3.9-6.5 times more effectively in cooled subjects in comparison to cooling by cold air alone. Contact cooling had no significant effect on skin temperatures on the dorsal side of the fingers. The rewarming rate after the release of the steel bar was clearly higher in the dominant hand in comparison to the non-dominant hand. In conclusion, the present results show that the thermal insulation of rubber gloves was clearly insufficient, allowing unacceptably low finger temperatures during work in the cold. However, only those tasks requiring finger dexterity were clearly adversely affected. Heat production by physical exercise was able to increase finger skin temperature and to partly restore manual performance. Handling of cold tools is especially harmful for the palm side temperature of the non-dominant hand.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1999

The man from Big Sur.

Nine Ninety-Nine is a novel about the life and literary work of a paranoid schizophrenic writer, who was hospitalized between 1958 and 1984. He rarely looked people in the face, but, instead, stared at their shoes, ankles, and socks. Living in a closed ward, daily he studied the Bible and edited the Ward M Quarterly, a magazine devoted to the struggle against all authority figures. Over the decades, David Hoffnung, the narrator, received many treatments. In this chapter, he describes his experiences in long-term group psychotherapy.

Female↗
PubMed1998

Secular changes in standards of bodily attractiveness in American women: different masculine and feminine ideals.

Silverstein, Peterson, and Perdue (1986) studied changes in curvaceousness of the models in Vogue magazine over time and found that curvaceousness was inversely correlated with American women's participation in higher education and the professions. In the present study, it was predicted that the male standard for women's bodily attractiveness would differ from the female standard and would change differently over time, based on evolutionary theory. Published data on the bodily curvaceousness of models in Playboy and Vogue and on Miss America winners were used to test this hypothesis. Although they did not differ on average, the male and female standards changed differently over time. There was less variation in the male standard, represented by Playboy and by Miss America winners, than in the female standard, represented by Vogue. Results suggest that cultural standards of attractiveness are influenced by an evolved psychology of mate selection that has implications for understanding changes in the standard of attractiveness and its relation to eating disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Mass media influences on sexuality.

The mainstream mass media (television, magazines, movies, music, and the Internet) provide increasingly frequent portrayals of sexuality. We still know relatively little about how this content is used and how it affects sexual beliefs and behaviors. The few available studies suggest that the media do have an impact because the media keep sexual behavior on public and personal agendas, media portrayals reinforce a relatively consistent set of sexual and relationship norms, and the media rarely depict sexually responsible models. More longitudinal research, especially with early adolescents is needed to learn more about how media content is attended to, interpreted, and incorporated into developing sexual lives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Perceived intergroup threat and attitudes of host community members toward immigrant acculturation.

The authors expected the extent to which host community members (a) perceive immigrants as threatening, (b) believe that the immigrants are able to assimilate to the host community (permeability), and (c) consider their presence in the host community as legitimate to predict attitudes towards immigrant acculturation. The authors designed Study 1 to examine attitudes of Germans toward Turkish immigrants. Participants were 227 German white-collar and blue-collar workers. As expected, ethnocentric acculturation attitudes positively correlated with perceived threat and negatively correlated with perceived legitimacy and perceived permeability. However, only perceived threat contributed uniquely to the prediction of the attitudes. In Study 2, the authors applied an experimental manipulation of perceived threat. Before answering attitude questions, participants read magazine articles with a threatening, enriching, or irrelevant content. The manipulation had the predicted impact on the self-reported attitudes toward immigrants. However, the salience of threatening or enriching aspects of the Turkish culture did not affect implicitly measured attitudes.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1976

Knightmare in Armor: reflections on Wilhelm Reich's contributions to psychoanalysis.

One of the more curious by-products of the political and social unrest of the late 1960s, has been the emergence of and survival of interest in the writings of Wilhelm Reich (1897-1957). In the last few years, new translations of his books have appeared and some of his early work has been translated for the first time. A biography, magazine articles, and various surveys of his work convey the impression that his ideas are timely, or at least that they are historically important. However, I believe that the current enthusiasm for Reich owes more to the problems that interested him than to the light he shed on them. His great appeal for radical youth is based on his advocacy of social and sexual reform, for which he provided ideological support through a Marxist-psychoanalytic synthesis. By the technique of anthropological, economic, and psychological analysis, Reich tried to provide a scientific justification for revolutionary hopes.

Austria↗
PubMed2001

Unequal associative changes when excitors and neutral stimuli are conditioned in compound.

In four experiments a compound of a previously conditioned excitor and a neutral stimulus was either reinforced with food or nonreinforced. Two experiments used a magazine approach procedure in rats, and two used an autoshaping procedure in pigeons. All experiments employed a novel compound test procedure, which permitted evaluation of the size of the associative change that took place for the excitatory and neutral stimuli. Reinforcement of the compound resulted in greater increments in the associative strength of the neutral stimulus than of the excitor. Nonreinforcement of the compound resulted in greater decrements in the associative strength of the excitor than of the neutral stimulus. These results agree with earlier experiments with compounds of excitors and inhibitors and provide an additional challenge to contemporary error-correction models of conditioning.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Context modulation of US signal value.

Context modulation of unconditioned stimulus (US) signal value was examined in two experiments. In Experiment 1, rats showed significantly more magazine entries after a single food pellet US in Context A (in which three additional pellets shortly followed) than in Context B (in which the delivery of three additional pellets was delayed). Experiment 2 replicated this effect and showed that any differences in contextual associative strength at the time the single food pellet was delivered did not importantly contribute to context modulation. Implications for theories of occasion setting and context modulation are considered.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Latent inhibition of US signal value.

Three experiments with rats examined the effects of preexposure to an unconditioned stimulus (US; a single food pellet) on the subsequent ability of that US to effectively signal the delivery of three food pellets during a US-US conditioning procedure. In Experiment 1, latent inhibition (LI) rats showed attenuated conditioning, compared to control (C) rats, when a single food pellet, delivered 10 minutes into a session, was followed by three additional pellets. In preexposure, one pellet had been delivered 10 minutes into each session (in group LI), or placed into the magazine at the beginning of each session (in group C). Experiment 2 showed that this effect was evident when the conditions of preexposure matched those of conditioning for group C, and Experiment 3 showed that the difference between groups LI and C was not a product of context conditioning, or latent inhibition to the noise of the feeder in group LI. Implications of these results for theories of latent inhibition are considered.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Surreptitious learning: menarche and menstrual product advertisements.

The purpose of this study was to examine the messages conveyed in menstrual product advertisements with specific concern given to information that could be learned about menstruation and the female body by menarcheal girls. Over 200 advertisements from popular women's magazines were analyzed using constant comparative analysis. The core variable was Heightening Insecurities. The themes identified in menstrual product advertisements function to heighten insecurities in the female adolescent reader. The findings revealed that the advertisements were a reflection of the negative societal views of menstruation and, because the advertisements function to heighten insecurities, they also function to perpetuate and maintain the silence and shame which surrounds menstruation in our society.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Women's preferences for cancer-related information from specific types of mass media.

We examined women's preferences for specific types of cancer-related information from three different mass media: television, newspapers, and magazines. Statistical analyses revealed significant content differences across the three media. These results raise important issues for health marketing campaigns, suggesting that women prefer to receive specific information about cancer, prevention information, and information relating to dealing emotionally with cancer from certain types of mass media.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Breast cancer and the older woman: information and images.

Breast cancer is the most prevalent form of cancer in elderly women. Information on breast cancer explicitly relevant to elderly women was examined in 113 articles in the professional nursing literature and popular magazines. Content analysis on the nature or extent of information about breast cancer indicated that authors in the professional nursing literature and the popular media have inadequately addressed the degree of risk and the special needs of the elderly woman. Few authors in either the lay or professional literature have explicitly discussed the needs of elderly women, nursing research on breast cancer typically did not include elderly women, and popular articles and accompanying photographs tended to feature younger women.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The impact of media attention, family history, politics and maturation on women's decisions regarding hormone replacement therapy.

A purposeful sample of 21 well-educated European American women (42-53 years) were interviewed to explore how women make decisions about hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for natural menopause. Menopausal status included women who were premenopausal (n = 1), perimenopausal (n = 11), menopausal (n = 4), and postmenopausal (n = 5). Participants were grouped into 3 categories: taking or in favor of taking HRT (n = 6), undecided (n = 10) and stopped taking or opposed to taking HRT (n = 5). The impact of media attention was an important influence on women's thoughts and decisions-whether in favor, undecided, or opposed--particularly in conjunction with risk factors based on family history and what other family members were doing. Women in favor of taking HRT were interested in short-term symptomatic relief as well as prevention of disease in old age. Women who were undecided cited the scientific confusion in the media as contributing to their reticence about making a decision. The unprecedented number of magazine, book, and newspaper coverage of HRT during the study undoubtably influenced women's thoughts and decisions.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

College students' use of widely advertised medications.

The authors describe college and university students' use of widely advertised pharmaceutical products. Four hundred seventy-one students from three institutions completed self-administered questionnaires that addressed the use of advertised medications, attention to magazine ads for medications, communications with physicians about medications, and the conditions the medications address. Results indicated that the majority of the students used at least one of the advertised products. Most students did not discuss the pharmaceutical products with their physicians or discuss the conditions for which they reported they were taking the drugs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Relationship between safe sex and acculturation into the gay subculture.

There is some evidence, although conflicting, to suggest that socialization or acculturation into the gay community is associated with lower levels of unsafe sex. We attempted to determine the relationship between acculturation and sexual safety. We examined data from 282 men (from the Dallas AIDS Community Demonstration Project) who had sex with men and were not in a monogamous relationship to determine the associations between safer sex and indices of acculturation. The indices of acculturation included regular reading of local and national gay newspapers and magazines, and belonging to an organization for gay men. The data indicated that there were significant relationships between acculturation, talking to sexual partners about HIV risk reduction and sexual identity, and the dependent variable of frequency of condom use for anal sex. A regression equation indicated that 21% of the variance of anal condom use was predicted by these variables. These data suggest that acculturation into the gay community is associated with safer sexual behaviour, and we discuss the implications of these data for using role models and normative beliefs in HIV prevention programmes.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Sexual HIV risk behaviour among men who have sex with both men and women.

The aim of this study was to describe the sexual behaviour of men who had sex with both men and women in the preceding five years (behaviourally bisexual men), specifically to examine their needs in relation to HIV prevention. Anonymous telephone interviews were carried out with respondents recruited though advertisements in UK newspapers and magazines with (sexual) 'personal' or 'contact' sections. Data are reported from 745 respondents. Respondents report relatively high and approximately equal numbers of male and female sexual partners in the year preceding interview. There is a clear patterning of sexual activity by type of partner (regular or casual). A high proportion report anal intercourse with female and male partners. A third disclose their homosexual practices to regular female partners. Although self-reported HIV seroprevalence is low (less than 1%), the levels of unprotected sex with multiple sexual partners indicate substantial potential for transmission of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. While low seroprevalence suggests that there is little overlap with existing core groups of HIV infection, the study provides information to judge the priority of targeting HIV prevention initiatives and suggests ways in which initiatives could be undertaken.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Ethnicity and the experience of work: job stress and satisfaction of minority ethnic teachers in the UK.

This paper presents the findings of a nationwide investigation into the mental well-being and job satisfaction of minority ethnic teachers in the UK. Data were collected via a questionnaire containing both open and closed questions. The sample, totalling 208 participants was derived from the National Union of Teachers (NUT) database of minority ethnic teachers and an advertisement in the NUT's Teacher magazine. Univariate analysis of the results revealed that this group of teachers, as compared with other groups were experiencing poorer mental health and lower job satisfaction. Multivariate analysis revealed four reliable factors regarding the 'sources of stress' these minority ethnic teachers perceived they were experiencing. They are the 'hierarchy and culture of the school', workload', 'cultural barriers', and the 'lack of status and promotion'. Some minority ethnic teachers reported that ethnic discrimination on a daily basis or at least several times per week was a contributory factor in their experience of stress. Many of the teachers believed they worked within an institutionally racist environment. Multiple regression analysis discovered that 'total stress', 'total self-esteem', 'working conditions job satisfaction' and 'total discrimination' were the major predictors of mental ill-health in the minority ethnic teachers. Job dissatisfaction was predicted by 'total discrimination', 'workload', 'total general health', 'resolution strategy', and the 'lack of status and promotion'.

Adult↗