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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

A myopic shift in Australian Aboriginals: 1977-2000.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The prevalence of myopia has been reported to have increased in a number of population groups. We compared the refraction of Australian Aboriginal adults in 2000 with data collected in 1977 to assess whether there had been a change in the prevalence of myopia. METHOD: Australian Aboriginal adults aged 20 to 30 years old were selected from Central Australian communities in 2000. Refraction was determined by noncycloplegic autorefraction. This was compared to mydriatic retinoscopy data collected in 1977. "Observer trials" were undertaken to assess the comparability of noncycloplegic autorefraction measurements and cycloplegic retinoscopy. Spherical equivalence cylinder and spheric were determined for all right and left eyes and compared using an analysis of variance. RESULTS: A total of 128 adults (58 males, 70 females) were examined in 2000 and compared with 161 adults (107 males, 54 females) examined in 1977. The mean spherical equivalent in 2000 was -0.55 D +/- 0.88 D and in 1977 was +0.54 D +/- 0.81 D. The difference of -1.09 D was highly significant (F = 126, P < .001). Intraclass correlation coefficients showed good agreement between noncycloplegic autorefraction and cycloplegic retinoscopy. Neither gender, schooling, nor diabetes was associated with an increased risk of myopia. CONCLUSIONS: There appears to have been a significant shift toward myopia in Australian Aboriginals between 1977 and 2000. The cause of this myopic shift is unknown but mirrors that observed in other populations in recent years.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Ocular changes in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome].

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a rodent-originating zoonotic disease caused by Puumala and Dobrava viruses, which belong to the genus Hantavirus. The most prominent ocular change in HFRS is transient myopia, which lasts for up to one week and is due to a forward movement of the ocular anterior diaphragm and thickening of the lens. Other ophthalmic manifestations of HFRS are eyelid edema, conjunctival injection with or without hemorrhages, chemosis, anterior uveitis, retinal edema with or without hemorrhages, and photophobia. Acute glaucoma attacks, which are rare, could be explained by the increased intraocular pressure (IOP) due to edema and hemorrhage in the ciliary body, causing anterolateral rotation, relaxation of the zonules, and anterior movement of the lens. They are treated with mydriatic-cycloplegic and corticosteroid eye drops and with furosemide. However, there are also controversial reports on decreased IOP during the acute phase of HFRS. Despite the fact that ocular symptoms in HFRS are common generally they do not require any medical therapy and the recovery of the patients is complete.

Eye Diseases↗
PubMed2003

[Non-insulin-dependent diabetes: an expanding disease. Diabetic ophthalmopathy: diabetic retinopathy facts].

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the 5th cause of blindness in the population of less than 50 years old in industrialized countries. Sample survey showed a lack of detection of DR and a discrepancy between the medical practices and the guidelines during the follow-up. Moreover the number of ophthalmologists is decreasing and the number of diabetics increasing. Faced with this public health problem, an organization for detecting the DR is in progress: non mydriatic digital camera are used by non medical technicians connected with reading centres. Diabetic macular edema (DME) is the most common cause of visual impairment. Recently, optical coherence tomography (OCT), a new imaging tool has showed the role of vitreous tractions in some DME. OCT provides clear diagnostic elements for vitrectomy indications. Very recently, vitrectomy proved to be favorable in DME with vitreous tractions.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2↗
PubMed2004

Management of corneal abrasions.

Corneal abrasions result from cutting, scratching, or abrading the thin, protective, clear coat of the exposed anterior portion of the ocular epithelium. These injuries cause pain, tearing, photophobia, foreign body sensation, and a gritty feeling. Symptoms can be worsened by exposure to light, blinking, and rubbing the injured surface against the inside of the eyelid. Visualizing the cornea under cobalt-blue filtered light after the application of fluorescein can confirm the diagnosis. Most corneal abrasions heal in 24 to 72 hours and rarely progress to corneal erosion or infection. Although eye patching traditionally has been recommended in the treatment of corneal abrasions, multiple well-designed studies show that patching does not help and may hinder healing. Topical mydriatics also are not beneficial. Initial treatment should be symptomatic, consisting of foreign body removal and analgesia with topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or oral analgesics; topical antibiotics also may be used. Corneal abrasions can be avoided through the use of protective eyewear.

Analgesics↗
PubMed2004

Flexible coils with a drug-releasing hydrophilic coating: a new platform for controlled delivery of drugs to the eye?

Delivery of drugs to the front-side of the eye is routinely done through eye drops. It is known that approximately 80% of each eye-drop is lost, as a result of rapid clearance of the tear fluid via the naso-lacrymal canal. Consequently, repeated administration through several droplets is usually necessary to achieve a desired effect, e.g., mydriasis (widening of the pupil) prior to corneal surgery. Studies with a new ocular drug delivery device are reported. The new device is believed to provide a basis for more convenient and efficient method for ocular drug delivery. The device is a metallic coil with a hydrophilic, drug-containing polymeric coating. The coil is placed in the conjunctival fornix (under the lower eye-lid), and the drug is released slowly, by diffusion into the tear fluid. The capacity of the device could be increased by using the lumen of the coils as a depot for the drug to be released. Preliminary experiments with the new device are reported. These experiments were performed largely in vitro, but partly also in vivo. The latter experiments comprised release of the fluorescent dye, and delivery of atropine (a potent mydriatic agent), in the eyes of several healthy volunteers. The first results obtained with the new device indicate its potential utility. It is discussed that much more research and development work is required, e.g., to define the optimal design of the coil in order to minimise the risk for irritation. Furthermore, the parameters that define the kinetics of the intraocular drug release must be defined and optimised with respect to the exact application.

Atropine↗
PubMed2005

[Prevalence study of age-related macular degeneration in Caojiadu blocks, Shanghai].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of age-related maculopathy (AMD) in Shanghai residents older than 50 years. METHODS: 1023 individuals were examined in the years 2002 and 2003 for clinical and subjective signs of dry and exudative AMD. A interview concerning clinical symptoms of AMD as also a complete eye exam was performed. Non-mydriatic retinoscopy was done by use of a direct opthalmoscopy. Fundus photography was used to confirm and document the diagnosis. The diagnosis of both forms of AMD was made according to the criteria of the Sub-society of Fundus Disease, Chinese Ophthalmological Society. RESULTS: 15.5% of the included population had AMD and 19 of them were exudative AMD. The prevalences of AMD in the age groups of 50-59, 60-69, 70-79 and more than 80 were identified as 5.7%, 13.5%, 20.2% and 23.5%, respectively (chi(2) = 27.97, P < 0.01). No statistical differences were found concerning atrophic and exudative AMD related to gender, education, daily focus time, smoking, alcohol consumption and systematic diseases. In the AMD patients, 5.1% and 36.2% of the eyes were identified as blind or with low vision. In exudative AMD patients, 23.3% and 63.3% of the eyes were identified as blind or with low vision. The visual acuity of eyes with exudative AMD was significantly lower than the visual acuity of atrophic AMD eyes. (chi(2) = 15.4, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of AMD is high, and increasing with aging. The AMD, especially the exudative AMD, leads to severe visual impairment.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

[The surgical therapy of equine recurrent uveitis].

Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is the most frequently encountered cause of eye problems and blindness in horses. Classic treatment of ERU includes mydriatics, corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Despite vigorous topical and systemic treatment, however, in many cases, the prognosis for preserving vision remains poor. Experiences with surgical treatment of chronic endogenous uveitis in human patients have shown that vision-impairing axial opacities in the vitreous body can be removed by pars plana vitrectomy, and that a considerable decrease in the frequency and severity of uveitic relapses results. So far, 11 eyes of 10 horses were subjected to vitrectomy. All horses had suffered from 3 or more uveitic attacks and had a hazy vitreous. In all cases, at discharge from the clinic, the vitreous chamber was less hazy compared to preoperative findings. At follow-up examinations, 8 eyes (8/10) had normal i.o. pressure, and 2 (2/10) had subnormal i.o. pressure and the vitreous chambers were clear or contained only small floaters. Uveitic attacks had not been observed in the operated eyes. Postoperative complications included fibrinous, or fibrinous-haemorrhagic exudate in the anterior chamber of all eyes, and in one eye, a minor haemorrhage in the vitreous chamber. Our preliminary results indicate that pars plana vitrectomy assuring proper case selection and accurate surgical technique, may contribute to improvement of vision and may delay the progression of uveitic complications in horses.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Grading of diabetic retinopathy from non-stereoscopic color fundus photographs--relationship to fluorescein angiography findings and three-year prognosis].

PURPOSE: To evaluate the grading of diabetic retinopathy from non-stereoscopic color fundus photographs, we examined the relation of the photos to fluorescein angiography findings and to the three-year prognosis. METHODS: Fifty diabetic patients(70 eyes) who had severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy or early proliferative retinopathy without photocoagulation treatment were graded regarding 11 items of four-field fundus photographs using a 50-degree mydriatic camera. Fluorescein angiography was performed and the relation of the images to the grades of diabetic retinopathy were analyzed. In 51 eyes, the relation between the grading and the progression and treatment of diabetic retinopathy were evaluated. RESULTS: The grading of microaneurysms and retinal hemorrhages (p < 0.001), soft exudates (p = 0.01), intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (p < 0.001), arteriolar white threads (p = 0.003), venous loops (p = 0.01), and new vessels (p < 0.001) was significantly related to the nonperfused areas on fluorescein angiograms. The grading of diabetic retinopathy was also significantly related to the threeyear prognosis. CONCLUSION: These results indicated that the grading of diabetic retinopathy from fundus photographs may have a potential advantage over conventional classifications of diabetic retinopathy.

Color↗
PubMed2006

[The effects of medications on the eyes].

The visual system is very sensitive to side effects of medicines, either regarding systematic complications of eye drops or ocular complications following oral or intravenous treatments. For the latter, ophthalmologic regular monitoring is mostly the best preventive measure since most of iatrogenic abnormalities are reversible after ruling out the treatment. However, some ocular complications are poorly reversible, as for example with antimalarial drugs or vigabatrin. Concerning systemic complications of ocular treatments, their risk is often underestimated, while the passage of drugs in the blood can sometimes reach similar rates than those observed after an oral administration, as it is the case with some beta-blockers ophthalmic solutions. It is also advisable to distrust overdoses, or accidental oral ingestions, of parasympatholytic mydriatics which can induce neurological and cardiac complications in children or in elderly.

Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions↗
PubMed2006

[The use of tissue plasminogen activator in the post-operative treatment of fibrinoid uveitis].

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of tissue plasminogen activator in management of postoperative fibrinous uveitis. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Prospective study, interventional case series including 13 patients who developed fibrinous membrane in anterior chamber; patients were operated for cataract (4 cases), for cataract and glaucoma (7 cases) and for corneoscleral lacerations (2 cases). Initial treatment consisted of corticosteroid administration (topically, subconjunctival +/- systemic) and mydriatic-cycloplegic drugs. Inadequate response imposed intracavitary administration of tissue plasminogen activator (25 microg/ml, 0.2 ml). The main outcomes were: complete resolution of fibrinous membrane, presence of adverse events and visual rehabilitation. RESULTS: Fibrinous membrane resorption starts in the next hours and complete resolution was proved in all cases after a mean time 53.55 +/- 37.65 (24-146) hours. In 12 patients we used only one administration of tissue plasminogen activator, but in one case we repeated it. It was not signaled any adverse event drug related. It was an important increase of visual acuity in all cases. CONCLUSION: Intracavitary administration of tissue plasminogen activator is a safe and efficient alternative in the management of postoperative fibrinous membrane.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1991

[Central anticholinergic syndrome].

Two new cases of anticolinergic central syndrome are described. The first case, a 8 year old girl, suffered a severe encefalopathy after topical application of mydriatic cholirio as an aid in a rutine study of ocular refraction. The second case, 67 year old man presented a severe neurological picture after accidental intake of a silvester plantground (Atropa belladonna). His neurological condition returned quickly to normal whith administration of physostigmine. Differents aspects of the etiology, clinical picture and diagnosis are discussed with special emphasis in patients with delirium or acute confusional states. Finally, attention is drawn in the necessity of a properly use of anticholinergic drugs overcoat in aged or children.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Growth retardation in juvenile chronic arthritis patients treated with steroids.

Steroids are widely used for treating chronic connective tissue diseases in both adults and children. Unfortunately steroid treatment may produce many side effects and growth retardation is one of these. In juvenile chronic arthritis patients (JCA) oral steroids are mainly administered in severe systemic or polyarticular onset or in JCA complicated by chronic uveitis which is unresponsive to mydriatic and steroid eye drops. Intraarticular steroid treatment is used in pauciarticular onset JCA. This paper will review the literature on steroid treatment and growth rate, and report 35 cases of children with JCA treated with steroids.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Advanced closed-angle glaucoma with intercalary staphylomas].

The case of a 70-year-old woman displaying a quasiabsolute glaucoma with large scleral juxtalimbic ectasias at both eyes is reported. The gonioscopic examination shows a closed-angle glaucoma developing for about 10 years with subacute crises, neglected by the patient. Vision at the right eye 1/50 nc, intraocular pressure at the right eye = 34.4 mmHg vision at the left eye = 3/50 nc, intraocular pressure at the left eye = 41.4 mmHg. The ocular examination reveals a small anterior chamber, sectorial iridic atrophies, a mydriatic pupil, the camerular angle closed. The fundus of the eye shows the atrophy of the papilla and excavation with the C/D ratio 0.9 at the right eye and 0.8 at the left eye. It is pointed out that the closed-angle glaucoma may have a subacute course, leading finally to the quasiabsolute stage, with large scleral ectasias like in the open-angle glaucoma.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1991

[Atypical postattack symptoms in closed-angle glaucoma].

The patient, a woman of 67 years old, has been diagnosed and treated about 19 years for glaucoma with open angle. After a leg fracture, she had great ocular aches at the left eye, perikeratic congestion and a great diminution of the eye-sight. After the application of the orthopaedic cure and of the general sedatives she went to the oculist who established the diminution of the eyesight at the left eye at 1/500 with synekies in semi-mydriasis and ocular pressure of 12 mm Hg at both eyes. She was hospitalised with diagnosis Uveitis at the left eye and the instillation with mydriatics improved the eye-sight. The patient presented glaucoma with closed angle after attack phase at both eyes for which the basal iridectomy is used. It is shown the importance of anamnesis in glaucoma with closed angle and the difficulties in diagnosis that can occur sometimes in glaucoma with closed angle.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

[A follow-up study of pupillary dynamics in patients with ocular hypertension and primary open angle glaucoma].

The authors previously reported light reflex abnormalities and adrenergic supersensitivity to topical epinephrine (DPE; dipivalyl epinephrine) of the pupils in patients with ocular hypertension (OH) and those with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). In this investigation, we attempted to reconfirm pupillary light reflex abnormalities we reported previously, and to investigate the relationship between the normotensive effect of 0.1% DPE and the pupillary light reflex abnormalities in OHs and POAGs. A total of 11 OHs and 11 POAGs under good oculotensive control with neither mydriatics nor miotics were examined. They were measured by an open-loop photically stimulated infrared videopupilogram, and were neurologically diagnosed by comparing the simulated patterns of the light reflex made by topical autonomic agents. When we considered the progress of the stage of POAG, both OHs and POAGs showed satisfactory reproducibility of pupillary light reflex abnormalities. Other cases in which light reflexes altered, showed worsening of the visual field deficit, which was prominent when OHs developed into POAG. OHs with significant reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) after topical administration of 0.1% DPE showed various kinds of abnormal pupillary light reflexes. On the contrary, cases with little reduction of IOP after 0.1% DPE instillation showed normal pupillary light reflexes in OHs and afferent pupillary defect on POAGs.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Antituberculosis therapy in the treatment of peripheral uveitis.

Tuberculous uveitis usually appears as chronic anterior uveitis or disseminated choroiditis. From 1982 to 1989, we conducted a retrospective study of 23 patients with presumed tuberculous uveitis. All patients had a positive tuberculin purified protein derivative skin test. The diagnosis was based on history, positive skin test, and physical examination. We excluded other conditions that could induce uveitis, based on the absence of signs, symptoms, or laboratory results suggesting any other diagnosis. Tuberculous uveitis was also considered in the differential diagnosis when progressive ocular inflammation was resistant to corticosteroid therapy. The patients received the following treatment: (1) isoniazid (300mg/day) and rifampin (600mg/day) for nine to 12 months, (2) ethambutol (1200mg/day) in some cases for two to three months, and (3) corticosteroids orally where indicated. In cases with anterior uveitis, we added local instillation of mydriatics and corticosteroids. There was no regression, nor were there any side effects of antituberculosis therapy in all 23 patients. We noted clinical improvement in 78% of cases. Five patients had other conditions (cataract or retinal detachment) that worsened their vision.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1991

Cataract extraction in a fur seal.

Cataracts are common in pinnipeds, but ocular examination and surgery are complicated because of the small pupil, which is difficult to dilate with mydriatics. Vision was evident after a cataract was removed from a fur seal, using a manual technique of irrigation and aspiration. Access to the lens was limited by the constricted pupil, which could not be dilated with tropicamide, phenylephrine, or atropine.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intraocular drugs used in cataract surgery and their effect on the corneal endothelium.

Cataract surgery has evolved dramatically over the last 20 years largely because of developments in intraocular drugs and solutions, as well as intraocular mechanical devices used for removing cataracts. These include viscoelastic materials, intraocular miotics, intraocular irrigating solutions, and intraoperative mydriatics. It also involves attention to subtle details which may cause idiopathic postoperative corneal edema such as the avoidance of using surfactant cleaners or soaps on instruments that are used in the eye. The following discussion briefly outlines some of the intraocular drug issues of which cataract surgeons need to be aware.

Cataract Extraction↗