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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Studies on equine recurrent uveitis. II: The role of infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona.

An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was developed for the detection of immunoglobulin class specific antibodies to Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona in the serum and aqueous humor of horses. Serum antibody was also assayed by microscopic agglutination tests. Although higher levels of antibody were found in sera from horses with signs of uveitis, the association was not statistically significant. Antibodies to pomona were detected in the aqueous of 12 eyes from the 101 horses sampled at a slaughterhouse, and in most instances, a comparison of the aqueous/serum antibody level with that of the total aqueous/serum IgG level indicated intraocular antibody synthesis. Antibodies were also found in 4 aqueous (or vitreous) samples out of 9 obtained from horses with clinically documented uveitis and the above comparison again indicated intraocular antibody synthesis. The data point to an important role for pomona as an etiology of equine recurrent uveitis but also emphasize that the initiating cause for this disease is often obscure in that association with leptospirosis cannot be shown in many instances.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2002

Human infection caused by Leptospira fainei.

We report a human case of leptospirosis in which the spirochete was detected by dark-field microscopy examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and isolated from both CSF and blood. Leptospira fainei was identified by sequencing the 16S rDNA gene, which had been amplified by polymerase chain reaction. This case confirms the role of L. fainei as a human pathogen and extends its distribution to southern Europe.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Comparative analysis of lipopolysaccharide and lipid antigens of Leptospira interrogans serovars.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or glycolipid antigens of Leptospira interrogans have been candidates as serogroup or serotype specific antigen. In this study, therefore, we prepared the LPS and lipid antigens from L. interrogans serovars lai, icterohaemorrhagiae, copenhageni, canicola, pomona, grippotyphosa, and a Korean isolate 30R. The LPS antigens were analyzed by a polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and lipid antigens by thin-layer chromatography, respectively. The seroreactivity of the antigens were also examined with homologous or heterologous antisera using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The LPS antigens from serovar lai and the strain 30R were closely related but different from serovar icterohaemorrhagiae. Particularly, the LPS antigens from serovars icterohaemorrhagiae and grippotyphosa were reactive only with the homologous antisera, thus indicating serovar specificity. However, the LPS antigens of the other serovars were reactive to the heterologous antisera. The lipid antigen of serovar icterohaemorrhagiae reacted only with the homologous antisera. In contrast, lipids of other serovars reacted broadly with heterologous antisera, particularly among serovars lai, copenhageni, canicola, pomona, and the strain 30R. The results thus indicated that the LPS and lipid antigens of L. interrogans may contain serovar-specific as well as cross-reactive epitopes.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed2005

[Immune-functional epitopes and inflammation-inducing effects of the major outer envelope proteins of Leptospira interrogans].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the immune-functional epitopes and inflammation-inducing effects of the major outer envelope proteins of Leptospira interrogans. METHODS: Ni-NTA affinity chromatography was established to extract the target recombinant proteins rOmpL1/1 and OmpL1/2, LipL32/1 and rLipL32/2, LipL41/1 and rLipL41/2 expressed by the different genotypes. By using Signal P-NN software in Signal P3.0 prediction server, EMBOSS software in propred MHC class-II binding peptide prediction-ProPred prediction server, the possible signal peptides, MHC-II binding peptides and lymphocyte B epitopes were analyzed. The IL-1, IL-8 and TNF-alpha secretion in human umbilical vein endothelial cell line EVC-304 induced by target recombinant proteins were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: Under the inducement of IPTG, the constructed prokaryotic systems efficiently expressed rOmpL1/1 and rOmpL1/2, rLipL32/1 and rLipL32/2, and rLipL41/1 and rLipL41/2 with outputs of 30% and 15%, 40% and 35%, and 15% and 10% of the total bacterial proteins, respectively. Each of the purified target recombinant proteins showed a single protein band in SDS-PAGE. The signal peptides of OmpL1s, LipL32/1 and LipL32/2, and LipL41s were located at the N ends of 1-24, 1-21 and 1-24, and 1-24 amino acid residuals, respectively. OmpL1s, LipL32s and LipL41s displayed 2,2 and 1 same major epitopes of MHC-II binding peptides and lymphocyte B and OmpL1/2 had another one (59-78). The different dosages of rOmpL1s, rLipL32s and rLipL41s increased the secretion of IL-1alpha , IL-8 and TNF-alpha (P<0.05) in EVC-304 cells. The IL-1alpha levels reached the highest at the 24 h and then declined,while the IL-8 and TNF-alpha levels after 48 h treatment were higher that those after 24 h. CONCLUSION: The expression products in ompL1/1, lipL32 or lipL41 genotypes of L.interrogans contain similar immune functional epitopes. rOmpL1/1 and rOmpL1/2, rLipL32/1 and rLipL32/2, and rLipL41/1 and rLipL41/2 are able to directly induce inflammatory reaction in EVC-304 cells.

Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins↗
PubMed2005

[Phospholipase C activity and alteration of intracellular free Ca2+ levels during internalization of Leptospira interrogans].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of leptospiral strains with different virulence on intracellular free Ca(2+)level and its relation with phospholipase C (PLC) activity of L.interrogans. METHODS: L.interrogans-j infection cell modals were established with Vero and J774A.1 cell lines. Vero and J774A.1 cells were co-incubated with L.interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae serovar lai strain 56601 (strong virulence) and serogroup Pomona serovar pomona strain 56608 (weak virulence) and L.biflexa serogroup Samaranga serovar patoc strain Patoc I (non-virulence). Intracellular free Ca(2+)levels were detected by laser scanning confocal microscopy with specific fluorescence labeling of fluoj3/AM. Using [(3)H] PIP2 as the substrate, the PLC activities in the culture supernatant, and cytoplasma and cytomembrane of the three strains of Leptospira were measured by isotope assay. RESULTS: The baseline intracellular free Ca(2+)levels in the normal Vero and J774A.1 cells were (102.3+/-8.2)% and (105.9+/-7.3)%,respectively. The fluorescence intensity in the two cell lines incubated with L.biflexa strain Patoc I were fluctuated in range of (102.3+/-8.2)%approximate, equals(102.2+/-8.3)% during the observation period. The intracellular free Ca(2+)levels in the two cell lines infected with L.interrogans strain 56601 showed elevation with double peak patterns, with first peaks of (430.5+/-35.7)%, (747.5+/-18.5)% and the second peak of (380.6+/-17.4)%, (804.6+/-22.4)%, respectively. When the cells were infected with L.interrogans strain 56608, the intracellular free Ca(2+)levels were rising slowly with a single slope-like pattern, with the maximal of (235.0+/-19.3)% in Vero cells and (402.4+/-17.4)% in J774A.1 cells, which were significantly lower than those in the cells infected with L.interrogans strain 56601 (P<0.01). The culture supernatants, and cytoplasma and cytomembrane proteins of all three strains displayed PLC activities (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The cells infected with L.interrogans of different virulence show distinct intracellular free Ca(2+)levels and peak patterns. The different host cell lines can affect the intracellular free Ca(2+)levels, which is not related to the PLC activity in the leptospiral strains.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Clinical and epizootiological study of a leptospirosis outbreak due to Leptospira canicola in a feedlot.

This report describes the epizootiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of an outbreak of leptospirosis caused by Leptospira canicola in feedlot calves. The infection appeared to be of high morbidity with a cumulative clinical incidence of 15.6%, cumulative subclinical incidence of 39% and high mortality (8.3%). Clinical disease was diagnosed in 4-8-month-old calves, while subclinical infection occurred in 9-12-month-old calves. Subclinical infection was based on serological evidence only. The zoonotic aspects of the infection are emphasised.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1992

Characterization of Leptospira strains HY-1, HY-2, and HY-10 isolated in Korea by means of monoclonal antibodies and restriction endonuclease DNA analysis.

To analyze the characteristics of Leptospira strains HY-1, HY-2, and HY-10, which were isolated from patients with leptospirosis in Korea in 1985, 12 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against strain HY-1 and six MAbs against serovar lai strain 017 were produced, and their properties were determined by the microscopic agglutination test. Genetic relationships among the leptospires were determined by restriction endonuclease DNA analysis. Three MAbs reacted with all strains of serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae, but did not react with any strains of the other 10 serogroups. All MAbs reacted with strains 017, HY-1, HY-2, and HY-10 at nearly identical titers. Two MAbs reacted only with these four strains. These four strains also had the same restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns. Based on these results, strains HY-1, HY-2, and HY-10 were identified as serovar lai, which is one of the common serovars in China. It is suggested that serovar lai is one of the prevalent serovars in Korea, and that the Mabs produced in this study are useful for the accurate and rapid identification of this serovar.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2004

Prevalence of leptospira antibodies in U.S. Army blood bank donors in Hawaii.

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infection of worldwide distribution that is commonly endemic in tropical regions. In the United States, the annual incidence rate in the state of Hawaii is approximately 30 times higher than that reported nationally. U.S. troops deployed to disease-endemic tropical environments and those training in the state of Hawaii are potentially at high risk for acquiring leptospirosis. Serum and risk factor data were obtained from 488 blood donors attending military-sponsored blood drives on the island of Oahu. Testing of sera for the presence of Leptospira-specific antibodies was performed with microscopic agglutination testing (MAT). Seven active duty U.S. Army soldiers were found to be seropositive by MAT (seroprevalence, 1.4%), 2 of 76 newly arrived residents (2.6%) and 5 of 412 established residents (1.2%). Positive MAT results were statistically more common among female subjects and those 18 to 30 years old. Seropositivity was not associated with specific exposures or prolonged residence in the state of Hawaii.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

The serologic and cultural prevalence of Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica in possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand.

In a serologic and cultural survey of 127 brush-tailed possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) occupying pasture land in New Zealand, leptospires of the Hebdomadis serogroup were obtained from 48 (38%) of the animals sampled. Eight isolates were identified by cross-absorption agglutin ation studies as being Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica. There was a marked age difference in prevalence with 41 positive cultures from 64 mature adults (64%) and no recoveries being made from juveniles. Isolation of leptospires was aided by the use of a new technique involving the homogenation of whole kidneys in gamma sterilized plastic bags in a "Coleworth Stomacher". The use of this apparatus allowed the processing of whole kidneys and the technique was efficient in both the recovery of leptospires and the prevention of contamination. In view of the fact that serovar balcanica has been recorded previously only in East Europe in man, cattle and pigs, the high prevalence of infection in a wild animal population in New Zealand is an interesting development in the world distribution of this serovar.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Comparison of antibodies to Leptospira in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and cattle in Ohio.

A survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of leptospiral antibodies in sera from 248 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Ohio. The sera were collected at check stations during the hunting season in 1983. The microscopic agglutination microtiter test was used to determine the presence of antibodies to Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona, icterohemorrhagiae, canicola, hardjo, and grippotyphosa. Eighteen of 248 (7.3%) serum samples had antibody titers (greater than or equal to 1:100) to at least one of the five serovars tested, with three of these samples reacting to more than one serovar. Prevalence did not differ significantly between sex or age groups. The serovar antigens reacting most frequently with serum antibodies were grippotyphosa (10 of 22, 45.5%) and pomona (eight of 22, 36.4%). Sera agglutinating with pomona antigen had higher titers (ranging from 1:200 to 1:6,400) than did sera agglutinating with the other serovars. These results were compared to results obtained from cattle tested at the Ohio Department of Agriculture Laboratories during 1983. There was a significant relationship between pomona infections detected in deer and cattle (P less than 0.05), but not with grippotyphosa.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Prevalence of Leptospira antibodies in white-tailed deer, Cades Cove, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, USA.

We conducted a study of the population dynamics, movement, and diseases of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Cades Cove, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee (USA) from 1980 to 1984. During the study 590 blood samples were collected from 518 deer, with some deer recaptured one or two times. The estimated percent of the herd sampled each year ranged from 8% to 28%. We also collected serum samples from 56 cattle pastured in Cades Cove. Deer and cattle sera were tested using the microagglutination test for the presence of antibody to the following serovars of Leptospira: pomona, hardjo, grippotyphosa, icterohemorrhagiae, and canicola. One hundred and six deer (21%) were seropositive for only one of the serovars. We found that 57 (11%) of the deer had antibodies to serovar hardjo, 33 (6%) were positive for antibodies to serovar pomona, 15 (3%) were positive for antibodies to serovar icterohemorrhagiae, and one deer had antibodies to serovar canicola. Age class and sex of deer were associated with antibody presence. Adult (> or = 1.5 yr) male deer were more likely to have antibodies than the other age class and sex groups (P = 0.001). In recaptured deer, similar titers were found in samples from one deer taken 807 days apart. Titer declined below the screening dilution level (1:250) after 37 days in one deer.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

Serologic survey for leptospirae in European brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Croatia.

From 1981 to 1991, sera of 42 European brown bears (Ursus arctos) from three areas in Croatia were tested for antibodies against 12 Leptospira interrogans serovars: grippotyphosa, sejroe, australis, pomona, canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, tarassovi, saxkoebing, ballum, bataviae, poi, and hardjo. Diagnostic levels of antibody were found in 17 (40%) of 42 sera. Evidence of exposure to at least one of the serovars was found in seven of 14 free-ranging bears from the Lika region, four of 12 free-ranging bears from the Gorski Kotar region, zero of six orphaned cubs from the Gorski Kotar region, and six of 10 captive bears from the Zagreb Zoo. Based on the antibody titers, we implicated the following serovars: australis in five bears, sejroe in two bears, canicola in one bear, and icterohaemorrhagiae in one bear. There was a strong correlation between serovars implicated by this survey and serovars previously isolated from small mammals in Croatia.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1996

Leptospira interrogans exposure in free-ranging elk in Washington.

Exposure to one or more serovars of Leptospira interrogans was observed in five of six sampled elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) killed in November 1993, from an isolated herd in southwest Washington, USA (46 degrees 45'N, 123 degrees 6'W). In April 1994, exposure to L. interrogans serovars was documented in nine of 11 captured cow elk from the same herd. Leptospires were not isolated from any of the exposed elk, and 10 of the 11 cows were pregnant. The high seroprevalence is evidence that exposure is widespread in the herd. Local productivity of elk was high, however, and the surrounding topography was not conducive for transmission to other elk populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Leptospirosis in brushtail possums: is Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica environmentally transmitted?

In New Zealand, the biological control of introduced brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) may be the only affordable option for achieving a significant long term reduction in pest numbers on a national scale. Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica is among the potential biocontrol agents and vectors currently being investigated for this purpose. As the transmission pathways of L. interrogans serovar balcanica between possums are poorly understood, the objective of the study was to determine whether infection could result from exposure to contaminated environments. Sixteen individually housed, uninfected possums, in three groups, were regularly exposed over a period of 32 days to contaminated cages or grass enclosures of 16 other experimentally infected possums all shedding leptospires in their urine. None of the 16 challenged possums developed serological evidence of L. interrogans serovar balcancia infection. These results suggest that this organism is unlikely to be transmitted environmentally, supporting previous circumstantial evidence that social contact may be required for transmission of L. interrogans serovar balcanica between possums.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Transmission of Leptospira interrogans serovar Balcanica infection among socially housed brushtail possums in New Zealand.

Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica is a potential vector being investigated for spreading a biological control agent among introduced brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand. As previous studies have shown that possums are unlikely to contract leptospirosis through a contaminated environment alone, the objective was to determine whether L. interrogans serovar balcanica could be transmitted between sexually mature, socially housed possums. Possums were infected experimentally with L. interrogans serovar balcanica and housed in pairs or groups with uninfected possums for either 70 or 140 days, during the breeding or non-breeding seasons. No transmission occurred between any infected and uninfected possums during the non-breeding season. However, transmission occurred between females that had been socially housed in pairs or groups in the breeding season. Mixed sex transmission also occurred in pairs and groups, both from males to females and from females to males. Mixed sex transmission usually occurred rapidly (< 44 days) and was not associated with the production of offspring. No transmission occurred between males during the breeding or the non-breeding seasons. Transmission probably occurs as a result of affiliative or sexual behaviour, but is unlikely to occur through fighting. The social transmission pathways determined in this study suggest that L. interrogans serovar balcanica may have the transmission attributes desired in a vector for biological control.

Animals↗