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PubMed1989

[Testing with the computer--the Diamed System].

The Diamed System has been developed to reduce the time-consuming testing routines involved in psychopathometric studies of disease course in the field of medicine. Test administration was to be relieved of those activities, in particular in repeat testing, examiners experienced as weary, unpleasant, repetitive, and uncreative. An important aim had been to permit data collection by as independent a dialogue as possible between the patient and the micro-computer, and extremely simple operations and instructions were considered of great importance. The opportunity has, however, also been utilized to implement promising performance testing procedures for measuring basic parameters of mental capability. Beside mental-amnestic capacity, the procedures cover subjective complaints because these, too, frequently are relevant in measuring the course of psychic disorders. The procedures incorporated in the Diamed System permit reliability verifications as to whether self-assessment and independent computerized testing might not be asking too much of the patients intellectually. Most of the procedures will be used for studying disease course in acute Organic Psychosyndromes and in all disorders that are associated with changes in mood and/or with subjective complaints. Diagnostic assistance moreover is offered for determining the presence of acute Organic Psychosyndromes. Under the name of "brain jogging", an economical programme is introduced for mental training, aimed at maintaining and improving basic central information processing capacities. Its effect on intelligence and memory has been demonstrated on in-patient populations, both with and without brain-organic disorders. Notably in the case of acute Organic Psychosyndromes, it has turned out to be an effective supplement to drug treatment.

Arousal↗
PubMed1989

[Sudden death during mass running events in Switzerland 1978-1987: an epidemiologico-pathologic study].

Between 1984 and 1987 there were 7 cases of sudden cardiac death during organized mass runs in Switzerland, and between 1978 and 1987 there were 3 cases during the nine largest mass running events (total 8 cases of sudden death during the race). Based on numbers of participants in all events 1984-1987, or in the nine largest events 1978-1987, an incidence of 1 sudden death per 129,500 hrs. of running (95% confidence interval 1/62,500-1/263,000 hrs.), or 1 sudden death per 117,000 hrs. of running (1/45,000-1/311,000 hrs.) respectively, was estimated. This estimate is higher than the rate of 1 sudden death per 396,000 hrs. of noncompetitive jogging found in a study from the United States (Thompson et al.: J. Amer. med. Ass. 1982; 247: 2535-2538). The Swiss incidence of sudden cardiac death during organized mass runs was 50 to 1000 times higher than the incidence expected by chance alone (as estimated from national death register data). All 8 cases of the study were men, the younger four aged 23 yrs. on average (range 20-31 yrs.), the older four aged 49 yrs. (46-53 yrs.). Autopsy in three of the younger men identified hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in one instance whereas in the two other cases no plausible cause of death could be found. The two autopsies performed in older men both showed severe coronary heart disease. Only in 1 case out of the 8 were possible prodromal symptoms of the subsequent death, such as fatigue and nausea, observed, and the average prevalence of known cardiovascular risk factors was low. None of the 8 runners dying suddenly was completely untrained, but 6 out of 8 had only modest running experience, i.e. a low number of years of running. This study confirms that there is probably a clearly increased risk of sudden death during running events with a competitive character, but this acute elevation of risk should probably not be overstated in view of both its very low population - attributable risk and the important potential of regular exercise for overall coronary risk reduction and health promotion.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Failure of target heart rate to accurately monitor intensity during aerobic dance.

Fourteen untrained females (age 19 +/- 1, range 18-21) were studied to examine the heart rate-VO2 relationship during a single aerobic dance training session. These findings were used to help explain the changes in VO2max resulting from an aerobic dance training program. VO2max and body composition were determined before and after an 8 wk training period. In addition, the heart rate-VO2 responses to an aerobic dance training session were monitored and compared to the heart rate responses of treadmill jogging performed at the same VO2. The aerobic dance session elicited a significantly lower oxygen pulse than did treadmill exercise (7.2 +/- 0.3 vs 8.1 +/- 0.8 ml.beat-1; P less than 0.01). There were no significant changes in percent body fat, whereas VO2max increased by 11% (34.4 +/- 0.9 vs 38.1 +/- 0.8 ml.kg-1.min-1; P less than 0.05). No significant changes in any of the parameters tested were observed in 10 untrained controls. These findings indicate that the heart rate elicited from aerobic dance represents a lower relative exercise intensity (VO2) than that of running. Therefore, the assumption that aerobic dance training produces the same cardiovascular adaptations as running training when performed at the same target rate may be unwarranted.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Increasing mental performance by multistep oxygen therapy. Computer-assisted measurements of information processing capacity, intelligence, short-term memory and further parameters of cerebral performance].

Several basic characteristics of mental capacity were measured on 59 patients by means of computer-based-methods before and after oxygen multistep therapy (O2-MT) and compared with the results obtained from 14 volunteers serving as controls. Before and without O2-MT, an appreciable, age-dependent decline of the short-term memory capacity (general fluid intelligence) was found. O2-MT, completed by brain jogging, effected a significant increase in the presence duration by 0.4-0.7 secs, in the information flow by 1.4-1.9 bit/sec, resulting in an increase in the short-term memory capacity by 19-23% (in two experimental groups). The short-term memory itself was, however, not improved as compared to the controls. Moreover, the times needed for the accomplishment of perception, interference and reaction tests became significantly shorter by 12-18%. By using the screening test for cerebral insufficiency (CI), which is based on these parameters, the suspicion of CI could be excluded in 18 of 59 patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Validation of a heart rate monitor with children in laboratory and field settings.

The validity of the Sport Tester PE 3000 portable heart rate monitor for use with children was assessed by comparing readings with simultaneously recorded ECG heart rates in three studies, two using laboratory tasks and one in a field setting. Study 1 examined the validity of the Sport Tester with a sample of ten 10-yr-olds performing a cycle ergometer exercise task. Sport Tester readings taken during three 3-min exercise loads were correlated from 0.97 to 0.99 with simultaneously recorded ECG heart rates. In study 2, 23 children from 4 to 6 yr of age performed treadmill exercise for three 1-min intervals while Sport Tester and ECG heart rate data were obtained. Correlations for the three intervals ranged from 0.94 to 0.99. Study 3 obtained ECG and Sport Tester heart rates in 14 7- to 9-yr-olds who engaged in 3-min periods of standing, walking, jogging, throwing a ball, batting a ball, and playing on a jungle gym. Significant correlations of at least 0.98 between Sport Tester and ECG heart rates were obtained during all six activities. For all three studies, standard errors of estimate were low, ranging from 1.1 to 3.7 beats.min-1. For individuals, maximum differences ranged from 0 to 12.4 beats.min-1. Collectively, these findings indicate that the Sport Tester provides valid readings of young children's heart rates across a wide range of exercise involving upper- and lower-body movements.

Child↗
PubMed1989

[Efficacy of home exercise program in a convalescent phase of acute myocardial infarction evaluated by Borg's indices, expiratory gas analysis and blood lactate].

The Borg's indices, the rate of perceived exertion have been widely accepted to evaluate subjective symptoms semi-quantitatively in exercise tests. We applied the indices to evaluate the efficacy of our home exercise program in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Eighty-five patients were entered in our home exercise program after their discharge from the hospital. This program consisted of everyday 2 km walk-jog exercise for 1 month keeping their heart rate at 100-110/min during the exercise. Before and 1 month after their discharge, they underwent treadmill exercise tests with expiratory gas analysis and a measurement of blood lactate. In the treadmill tests performed before and after the training, VO2 and heart rate increased linearly with Borg's indices, however VE and blood lactate had disproportionate increases after Borg's 13 which is considered to be the anaerobic threshold (AT). In fact, AT measured individually by expiratory gas analysis and blood lactate, appeared at Borg's 13 in 53% of the patients. After 1 month physical training, VO2 and heart rate significantly increased at the same Borg's indices, but there was no significant changes in blood lactate at the same Borg's score before and after the training. These results suggest that, in patients with acute myocardial infarction, exercise performance significantly increased at any score of subjective symptoms and that Borg's indices may reflect the blood lactate levels. It is concluded that Borg's indices, closely related to the dynamics of blood lactate, are not only useful in quantifying subjective symptoms but also to estimate the efficacy of physical training.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Running injuries sustained in a marathon race. Registration of the occurrence and types of injuries in the 1986 Arhus Marathon].

A questionnaire investigation was undertaken in connection with the Arhus Marathon Race in 1986, with the object of registering experience, previous running injuries, amount of training, running injuries, treatment and causes. A total of 831 replies were obtained (90%). Of these, there were 731 men and 100 women with an average age of 34.6 (11-77) years, duration og training 5.5 months, training distance 47.5 km/week and tempo 10.8 km/hour. Among these, 193 injuries were registered in 161 runners (19%). Eighty-nine had to stop sports for more than one week and 26 still had injuries which limited participation in sport after eight weeks. The injuries consisted of blisters (25%) and stress injuries (66%) particularly in the knee (37%) and leg (23%). Runners who sustained injuries were found to be significantly younger than non-injured runners, their training distance was less and training tempo lower. The causes of the injuries were mainly overexertion. The significance for the types of shoes for stress injuries was investigated and a tendency to increased risk of overexertion injuries was demonstrated on employing competition shoes and cheap jogging shoes.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Stress-inducible functional laryngospasm: differential diagnostic considerations for bronchial asthma].

Since 1974 about 30 cases of functional upper airway obstruction are known in literature. We report the findings in a 19 year old woman, who was free from any symptoms during rest. During exercise (swimming, jogging) she showed a loud inspiratory stridor, cyanosis, and dyspnoea. We found this stridor was induced by exercise or hyperventilation only (thread mill, CO2 rebreathing), and was caused by paradoxical vocal cord movement (fibreoptic laryngoscopy in local anaesthesia during CO2 rebreathing). All lung function parameters improved after inhalation of ipratropium bromide. We believe that it is important to investigate these patients during stridor attacks and without general anaesthesia. Otherwise it will be impossible, to get a correct diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[Sports and coronary heart disease].

The effectivity of an endurance physical training must not be ignored any longer as it is known that physical activity as well in the job as in the leisure time diminishes the risk of coronary artery disease and their consequences. The training should be put through according to the vigorous exercise training with 70 to 80% of the maximal work load in a dynamic work continuously for at least 10 minutes. The optimum duration appears to be about 30 to 40 minutes a day, repeated 3 to 4 times weekly. The best sports for coronary patients are jogging, cycling or bicycle ergometry, country cross skiing, walking in the mountains as well as at diminished performance capacity, gymnastic, walking, golf and with some restrictions swimming.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed1988

New trends in obesitology.

Several new problems in obesitology were pointed out in this book and commented with respect to experiments and experiences of our working group. The problem of the low triiodothyronine (T3) syndrome was treated in chapter 2. The decrease of serum T3 and increase of serum reverse T3 in obese subjects was induced by several factors, namely by fasting. A resistance to administered thyroxine and triiodothyronine was observed in these patients. This energy saving mechanism is at variance with slimming regimens. The prevention and treatment of this awkward complication was discussed. The next chapter (3) is concerned with the hormonal and metabolic effects of diet and motor activity in the course of slimming regimens. The different effects of diet and motor activity on epinephrine and norepinephrine in obese subjects were similar to those obtained by other investigators in nonobese humans. A great importance was attributed to an increased plasma level of cortisol in obese and nonobese subjects in the course of different forms of motor activity and related to a different intensity of exercise. Parallel to several of these experiments, beta-endorphin, thyroid hormones and glucagon were also estimated. It was suggested that motor activity for exercising subjects should not lead to an enhanced secretion of cortisol in view of the health deteriorating effects of increased cortisolemia and in view of an already stimulated secretion of this hormone in obese subjects on basal conditions. Vice versa, a decreased cortisolemia should be obtained in obese subjects treated with an appropriate motor activity and diet. It has been shown that diet without motor activity reduced the level of plasma androgens but in cooperation with motor activity, the level of androgens remained unaltered in the course of the reducing regimen. The conservation of a normal or even higher level of androgens is probably prerequisite for a positive nitrogen balance observed in the course of a combined slimming regimen, while diet without motor activity led in the studied conditions to a negative nitrogen balance. Chapter 4 was devoted to the role of motor activity in slimming regimens. In view of the metabolic effects of motor activity and the clinical late effects of obesity (osteoarthritis of the knees, hips and spine, arterial hypertension, overload of the cardiovascular system, diabetes mellitus etc.), a selection of motor activities was proposed. According to our long experience, we do not recommend jogging, running, jumping and all sports leading to collisions of players.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Glucose↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Design of hydrotherapy exercise pools.

Several hydrotherapy pools have been designed specifically for a variety of aquatic exercise. Aqua-Ark positions the exerciser in the center of the pool for deep-water exercise. Aqua-Trex is a shallow underwater treadmill system for water walking or jogging. Swim-Ex generates an adjustable laminar flow that permits swimming without turning. Musculoskeletal conditioning can be accomplished in the above-ground Arjo shallow-water exercise pool. A hydrotherapy pool also can be custom designed for musculoskeletal conditioning in its shallow part and cardiovascular conditioning in a deeper portion of the pool. Regardless of the type of exercise, there is general agreement that the specific exercise conducted in water requires significantly more energy expenditure than when the same exercise is performed on land.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed1988

The role of physical activity in the prevention and treatment of noncommunicable diseases.

More and more people are turning to exercise as a means of achieving long-term health. The World Health Organization has endorsed this concept. The best available evidence suggests that an employee fitness programme will result in decreased health-care costs, decreased absenteeism and increased productivity for the employer. Regular physical activity is also associated with lower mortality rates. Appropriate physical activity may be a valuable tool in therapeutic regimens for the control and amelioration (rehabilitation) of cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease, hypertension, congenital heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, musculoskeletal disorders, end-stage renal disease, stress, anxiety and depression, etc. Regular physical activity, independent of other factors, reduces the probability of coronary artery disease and early death. Patients with risk factors for coronary artery disease need more intensive preexercise evaluation than those not a risk, and those with known or suspected cardiovascular disease need the most intensive evaluation and follow-up. Participation in vigorous sports activities, such as jogging, swimming, tennis, etc., helps to protect against the development of hypertension, even when other predisposing factors are present. Several studies have been conducted on the use of exercise in the treatment of hypertension. Physical exercise also contributes to the control of body weight. Consideration of the metabolic abnormalities in patients with type II (adult onset) diabetes indicates that they would make excellent candidates for an exercise programme. Osteoporosis is an important health problem for the elderly. The best treatment available at present is prevention, and a high level of physical activity throughout life can result in a larger skeletal mass during old age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed1988

Epidemiology of exercise effects on sleep.

This survey was designed to study the characteristics of sleep and perceived factors promoting and disturbing sleep. Several living habits, such as exercise, and characteristics of sleep were investigated independently of each other by a pretested questionnaire and a sleep diary which were mailed to a stratified random sample of 200 men and women in each of the age groups 36, 41, 46 and 50 years (N = 1600). The response rate was 75%. Every third respondent felt that exercise (e.g. jogging and evening walks) had a positive impact on sleep quality. The most frequently perceived positive effects of exercise were ease of falling asleep, deepness of sleep, a sense of wellbeing and more alertness in the morning. Negative perceived effects of exercise were uncommon. The balance of positive and negative perceived effects of exercise was more favourable when the activity was performed early in the evening compared to late at night. When both the intensity and the timing of exercise were considered, light and moderate exercise, especially early in the evening, had mainly positive effects on sleep. The frequency of negative impacts increased when the exercise was performed vigorously late at night. However, a considerable portion of vigorous late exercisers reported mainly positive effects. The available information suggests that especially light and moderate exercise early in the evening should be emphasised in health education as a means to enhance sleep and to improve its quality. However, the epidemiological information about exercise and sleep should be investigated and verified in detail using objective methods and controlled interventions.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Prevention and cardiovascular rehabilitation by sports].

Physical training, from the type of modifications which it causes in the body, exclusively concerns patients suffering from coronary disease. Because of the decrease of the double product, there is an increase of the ischemic threshold on exertion, with decrease in the number of angina pectoris attacks and of the shift of the ST segment during the stress test. Training must be based on physical exercises in endurance (jogging, bicycle) at the rate of 3 weekly sessions to reach a good level of intensity corresponding at least to an energy consumption of 2,000 calories per week. Training must be continued indefinitely, which makes if a difficult therapy to prescribe and observe.

Cardiac Rehabilitation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Suitability of various kinds of sports and exercises for the elderly].

This study is based on the experience of a two-year training course with fifty adults between the ages of sixty and eighty-six. 5,000 scientific publications were evaluated. The following sports were examined: callisthenics, hiking, golf, skittles, bowling, curling, games, jogging, cycling, rowing, swimming, alpine skiing, long-distance skiing, dancing, and tennis. The sports will be judged as to their suitability from four standpoints: improvement of physical fitness and motor skills, increase in well-being and maintaining mobility. With each sport conclusions will be drawn as to the method of physical education for different groups: senior sportsmen, older people doing sports only occasionally and older beginners.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

[Ischemic colitis as a cause of intestinal bleeding after marathon running].

A 33-year-old long-distance runner had three episodes of bloody diarrhoea, all occurring after competitive marathon runs. Colonoscopy revealed a small lesion in the caecum histologically compatible with ischaemia of the mucosa. The discussion centres on the pathophysiology of impaired intestinal blood supply during excessive effort and the frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms and occult blood loss due to jogging.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

The role of exercise in the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease.

Although exact definitions of exercise requirements for primary and secondary prevention of coronary disease cannot be stated with certainty on the basis of currently available information, we can make some general conclusions. The characteristics associated with lowered risk from coronary disease in apparently normal populations are: 8 MET-hours of activity during leisure time or job: walking briskly during leisure time (1 hour = 1 MET-hour) walking at job (same as above) jogging during leisure time (30 minutes of activity = 1 MET-hour) walking to and from work (same as walking above) performing very heavy work in occupational pursuits (few jobs today have those energy requirements) regularly climbing 5 flights or more of stairs (10 steps per flight) regularly walking 5 city blocks per day (12 blocks per mile) regularly engaging in strenuous sports (basketball, running, mountaineering, skiing, swimming, or tennis) accumulating activities that use 2000 or more kcal per week Conclusions concerning the prevention of reinfarction in patients who are recovering from a first heart attack include: Exercise is helpful in hastening the recovery process after myocardial infarction and should be started early in the recovery period. Exercise helps to reduce mortality when used in conjunction with a multifactorial program.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1985

[Exercise, training and sports in children with asthma from the sports medicine viewpoint].

Asthmatic children can tolerate physical exertion relatively well. They should undergo physical training for social, psychological, educational, and medical reasons. It is important to understand the different effects of different kinds of sport on coordination, flexibility, speed and endurance. Details are described. Swimming is especially recommended for children with an exercise-induced asthma. A high air temperature is favorable. An interval-training is more suitable than a continuous work such as jogging. Postexercise bronchial obstruction can be prevented by prophylactic medication with selective beta-2-sympathomimetica or cromolyn sodium. Details of an endurance-training are described.

Adolescent↗