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PubMed1993

Comparison of ivermectin and benzyl benzoate for treatment of scabies.

A randomized investigator-blinded trial of oral ivermectin 100 micrograms/kg single dose vs. benzyl benzoate 10% application in the treatment of scabies, was conducted in 1992 in French Polynesia. In total, 44 patients aged 5-56 years were included in the study: 23 in the group ivermectin (IVER) and 21 in the group benzyl benzoate (BB). At day 30 after treatment, the cumulative recovery rates were 70% (16/23) in the group IVER, and 48% (10/21) in the group BB, 95% confidence intervals 51-87% and 29-70% respectively. The rates of recovery were greater in the group IVER at day 7, 14 and 30, but the difference was not statistically significant. Our results show that oral ivermectin is a valuable alternative to benzyl benzoate local treatment.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1994

The effect of treating beef cattle on pasture with ivermectin on the prevalence and intensity of Thelazia spp. (Nematoda: Thelazioidea) in the vector, Musca autumnalis (Diptera: Muscidae).

Trihedron sticky traps were used to monitor the prevalence and intensity of Thelazia spp. in face flies associated with 2 groups of cattle. Traps were set for 24 hr once a week beginning 2 wk before cattle were turned out to pasture following winter housing and continued until flies reached diapause in October. The 50 heifers in group 1 received 1 treatment with ivermectin (Ivomec Pour-On for cattle, 500 micrograms/kg body weight) on the day of turnout onto pasture. The 50 cows and their calves in group 2 were not treated. Treating cattle with ivermectin delayed the onset of infection in Musca autumnalis by 20 days and reduced the prevalence to 2.2% compared to 26.9% in flies from the control pasture. Although residues of ivermectin eradicate many fly larvae developing in cattle feces, there was no significant difference in the number of flies counted on the faces of cattle or in the number of flies caught on sticky traps on the 2 pastures (P > 0.05).

Alberta↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Modified method for the determination of ivermectin residues in animal tissues.

A simple, reliable method for determining residues of ivermectin in animal tissues is described combining existing sample cleanup procedures for muscle and for feed. Sample extracts are purified on alumina, C18, and silica solid-phase extraction cartridges, and ivermectin is determined by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The average recovery of ivermectin from cattle, swine, and sheep muscle and liver was 87%, in the range of 5-25 ppb. Recovery from fish muscle was 77%, in the range of 5-30 ppb. The detection limit in tissue is 2 ppb.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Ivermectin in goat plasma and milk after subcutaneous injection.

The pharmacokinetics and mammary excretion of ivermectin were determined in goats following a single sc administration (0.2 mg/kg). Kinetic analysis of plasma and milk levels was performed using a 1-compartment model. The maximum plasma concentration of 6.12 ng/ml occurred at 2.85 d; the half-life of 4.03 d was similar to the value in sheep (3.68 d). Ivermectin was detected in the milk at the first sampling time and thereafter for at least 25 d. Comparison of the milk and plasma data shows the parallel disposition of the drug in milk and plasma with a milk-plasma concentration ratio of 1.08 +/- 0.23. In conclusion, the persistence of the drug in plasma is reflected in the duration of the presence of ivermectin in milk.

Absorption↗
PubMed1993

Efficacy of ivermectin in a beef-based chewable formulation against Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala in dogs.

The effective dosage of a chewable formulation of ivermectin was determined in 35 young dogs with induced infections of Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala. Dogs were inoculated with these parasites and held until the infections were patent. Within each of 7 replicates, dogs were allocated randomly to 1 of 5 treatment groups: vehicle control, or ivermectin at 6, 12, 18, or 24 micrograms/kg. Chewable treatments were tailored to body weight. Seven or 8 days after treatment, parasites were recovered using standard techniques. All 7 controls had adult A. caninum (geometric mean = 35.5) and U. stenocephala (geometric mean = 82.6). Against A. caninum, the efficacy of ivermectin was 52%, 98%, 95%, and 97% at 6, 12, 18, and 24 micrograms/kg, respectively. The statistical model that best described the dose response was linear to 12 micrograms/kg with a plateau thereafter. Using this model, the estimated reduction from the predicted control mean was 97.2%; the estimated dose to eliminate 90% of the worms (ED90) was 8.4 micrograms/kg, and the ED95 was 10.5 micrograms/kg. Against U. stenocephala, the dose response was linear in the range studied, with an ED90 of 20.8 micrograms/kg; it was estimated that 93.2% of the worms would be eliminated.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1995

Effectiveness of the ivermectin sustained-release bolus in the control of bovine nematodosis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the nematocidal effectiveness of the ivermectin sustained-release bolus throughout its 135-day delivery period. DESIGN: Twenty-four naturally infected calves were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 equivalent experimental groups: group-T1 calves were untreated controls, group-T2 calves each received a sustained-release bolus on trial day 0, and group-T3 calves were rendered nematode-free and used at 35-day intervals during the study as tracers. One contaminated pasture was used for all principal calves for the 135-day grazing interval of the study. Calves of groups T1 and T2 were also artificially administered mixed infective nematode larvae at intervals during the grazing period, after which, all calves were confined to concrete for 21 days prior to necropsy. ANIMALS: All calves were approximately 6 months old on trial day 0, weighed from 136 to 216 kg, and were of mixed breeding and sex. PROCEDURE: At intervals during the study, feces from all calves were analyzed for nematode egg counts, and all calves were weighed and examined for bolus retention (T2 calves only). For nematode recovery, all calves were necropsied 21 to 22 days after removal from the contaminated pasture. RESULTS: Parasitic populations of Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, Bunostomum, and Oesophagostomum spp were significantly reduced in cattle treated with the ivermectin sustained-release bolus. CONCLUSION: The nematocidal activity of the ivermectin sustained-release bolus proved highly effective, with > 98% efficacy for all nematode species present.

Ancylostomatoidea↗
PubMed1996

[Ivermectin: dangerous for dogs].

Given that the National Poisons Control Centre is regularly contacted about ivermectin intoxication in dogs, we would like to emphasize the warning of Nap et al. (4) that the use of ivermectin in companion animals, and especially Collies and Bobtails, is not without risk. For this reason, the 'off-label' use of ivermectin for these dogs is not advised. There is currently a wide choice of selective drugs for the treatment of canine parasitic diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The efficacy of ivermectin in treating rabbits experimentally infected with Eimeria as indicated parasitologically and histologically.

Ivermectin (Ivomec) was used as coccidiocidal drug against Eimeria in experimentally infected rabbits as indicated parasitologically & histologically. Twenty Bosskat rabbits, were divided in to 5 groups, 3 groups were inoculated with 1000 sporulated oocysts and the other 2 groups were kept as negative controls with and without Ivermectin administration. Ivermectin (1:10) was injected subcutaneously in a dose of 0.5 ml in animals of groups 1,2 & 3. The treatment of group (1) was on the 4th day A.I. and on the 4th day and 7th day A.I.in group (2). The treated animals with one or two doses showed mild coccidiosis with very few number of oocysts deposition & rapid intestinal regeneration with degenerated Eimeria developmental stages, especially the asexual ones.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Ivermectin and tropical dermatoses].

Among tropical dermatoses, the main indications of ivermectine are tropical parasitoses such as filariasis and cosmopolitan diseases due to ectoparasites such as scabies. The efficacy and tolerance of ivermectine in filariasis (onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, loiasis) have been the topic of numerous articles and reviews. More recent studies showed that ivermectin was also efficient in the therapy of scabies, cutaneous larva migrans and larva currens.

Antinematodal Agents↗
PubMed1997

Ivermectin and moxidectin in two filarial systems: resistance of Monanema martini; inhibition of Litomosoides sigmodontis insemination.

Effects of ivermectin and moxidectin were compared on two filarial species: Monanema martini which presents dermal microfilariae and induces Onchocerca-like lesions in its natural murid host Lemniscomys striatus, and Litomosoides sigmodontis (= L. carinii). M. martini microfilariae showed an unusual resistance to ivermectin, in vitro and in vivo; moxidectin was no more efficient. However, the two drugs used at high concentrations deeply altered the uterine embryogenesis, but had no lethal effect on adult filariae. L. sigmodontis blood microfilariae showed a great susceptibility to moxidectin, similar to that previously described for ivermectin. The two drugs also induced a long term effect because they inhibited the insemination of the female filariae. This result reinforces the observations made by other authors on the human parasite, Onchocerca volvulus.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Evaluation of community compliance with annual ivermectin treatment of onchocerciasis in Patigi, Nigeria.

A low community acceptance and compliance with annual ivermectin treatment was recorded in Patigi, Nigeria where ivermectin is being distributed centrally in designated centres for the fifth time. The average community acceptance rate (ACAR) for the treatment period was 53.48% while the community compliance rate (CCR) of 1.9% of the total subjects interviewed was recorded. Absenteeism from treatment was a major reason for non-treatment (average, 34.6%). Inadequate and poor mobilisation was identified as a major reason for the low ivermectin acceptance and compliance with treatment in this community. An intensive mobilisation with health education messages with the inclusion of religious/traditional institutions is advocated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Impact of a sustained-release ivermectin bolus on weight gain in breeding age Holstein heifers under commercial pasture conditions in southern Québec.

This field trial was designed to test the effect of treatment with a sustained-release ivermectin bolus on average daily and total weight gain in breeding age Holstein heifers under commercial pasture conditions in southern Quebec. One hundred and twelve heifers from 12 herds were randomly assigned at turnout either to treatment with a commercially-available ivermectin bolus or to remain as untreated controls. Ninety-six heifers, 49 treated animals and 47 controls, completed the trial. Animals were weighed at turnout, midseason, and at the end of the grazing season. Fecal samples were collected at each of these times and nematode eggs counted. Nematode egg excretion was relatively low throughout the pasture season, which was abnormally warm and dry until midsummer. Over the entire pasture season, average daily weight gain was higher in treated than in control animals (difference = 0.08 kg/day, P = 0.010). Total weight gain was also higher in treated animals than in control animals (difference = 12.82 kg, P = 0.013). The results of this study suggest that preventive treatment of breeding age, grazing dairy heifers with a sustained-release ivermectin bolus provides a significant weight gain advantage, in situations with moderate utilization of moderately contaminated pastures.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1989

Ivermectin as a systemic insecticide.

Like many broad-spectrum drugs, the antiparasitic agent ivermectin is not equally effective in the treatment of all parasitic infestations. Predicting arthropod susceptibility relies not only on an understanding of insect and acarine biology, but also on an appreciation of the pharmacokinetic properties of the drug which can be profoundly influenced by host differences and pharmaceutical formulation. In this review, Helen Jackson attempts to explain the diverse number of ivermectin-induced effects observed among parasitic arthropods feeding on treated animals and aims to provide an overview of the current and future use of ivermectin in the systemic treatment and control of arthropod pests of livestock.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin in Sierra Leone.

Ivermectin chemotherapy is proving to be a major advance in the management of onchocerciasis. In this article, James Whitworth reviews the work done on onchocerciasis and ivermectin in Sierra Leone and examines the evidence that mass treatment might control the clinical features of the disease and its transmission in West Africa. Ivermectin is safe and effectively reduces microfilarial (mf) loads, with major improvement in some ocular manifestations o f disease. This alone makes mass distribution to communities at risk of blindness worthwhile, even though the impact on other clinical features is less clear cut. Repeated doses have a cumulative effect on adult worms, which may cause more reduction in transmission than hitherto thought likely.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Ivermectin resistance.

In this review of ivermectin resistance, Wesley Shoop discusses the definition of resistance, catalogs all known cases of ivermectin resistance, argues that overmectins and milbemycins belong in the same action family, discusses the possibility of resistance in the filariae, and suggests that detection of ivermectin resistance is the area where future research is most needed.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of ivermectin and oxfendazole on shedding of larvae of the lungworm (Dictyocaulus viviparus) by red deer (Cervus elaphus).

Thirty eight newly weaned hinds were randomly allocated to one of two equal groups. One group received ivermectin, the other, oxfendazole at dose rates of 0.2 mg/kg and 4.5 mg/kg, respectively. All deer were drenched four times and were grazed on pasture. Both anthelmintics reduced D. viviparus faecal larval counts to low levels 20 days after dosing, but the mean larval output and the proportion of deer shedding D. viviparus larvae at 27 and 33 days after treatment, were significantly lower in the ivermectin treated group. There was no significant difference in weight gain between the two groups throughout the trial. This study suggests that ivermectin prevents reinfection with D. viviparus for approximately 14 days longer than oxfendazole.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Loa loa encephalopathy temporally related to ivermectin administration reported from onchocerciasis mass treatment programs from 1989 to 2001: implications for the future.

Of the 207 Serious Adverse Events (SAEs) following treatment with Mectizan(R) (ivermectin, Merck, Sharpe & Dohme) that were reported from 1989 to 2001 through the passive SAE surveillance system required of all onchocerciasis mass treatment programs, 65 were cases of 'Probable' or 'Possible' Loa loa Encephalopathy temporally Related to treatment with Mectizan(R) (PLERM).A retrospective analysis of these 65 PLERM cases revealed that 97% were from southern Cameroon, 85% were male and 93% were being treated with ivermectin for the first time. The mean time to onset of symptoms was 1.7 days (95% CI: 1.3, 2.2) but the mean time to receiving medical attention after the onset of symptoms was 2.0 days (95% CI: 1.5, 2.6). Hospitalization was reported in 53 cases with a mean duration of 27.5 days (95% CI: 13.3, 41.6, n = 35). Clinical outcome was reported in 34 cases: 64.7% recovered fully, 11.8% had partial neurologic deficit and 23.5% died. For the 32 cases where quantitative L. loa data were reported, the arithmetic means with 95% confidence intervals were for 1) peripheral blood: pre-treatment - 164,250 mf/ml (79,537, 248,963; n = 4); post-treatment within 1 month - 3926 mf/ml (2,128, 5,725; n = 21) and within 5 to 6 months - 7800 mf/ml (3417, 12,183; n = 7); and for 2) cerebrospinal fluid: 32 mf/ml (7, 37; n = 10) within 1 month post-treatment.Pending further research on practical methods to exclude individuals with high intensity L. loa infection from onchocerciasis mass treatment programs, more emphasis should be placed on surveillance and monitoring to ensure early recognition, referral and management of SAEs, during the first 2 years when majority of the population is presumably naïve to ivermectin.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Control of scabies, skin sores and haematuria in children in the Solomon Islands: another role for ivermectin.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of a 3-year programme aimed at controlling scabies on five small lagoon islands in the Solomon Islands by monitoring scabies, skin sores, streptococcal skin contamination, serology and haematuria in the island children. METHODS: Control was achieved by treating almost all residents of each island once or twice within 2 weeks with ivermectin (160-250 microg/kg), except for children who weighed less than 15 kg and pregnant women, for whom 5% permethrin cream was used. Reintroduction of scabies was controlled by treating returning residents and visitors, whether or not they had evident scabies. FINDINGS: Prevalence of scabies dropped from 25% to less than 1% (P < 0.001); prevalence of sores from 40% to 21% (P < 0.001); streptococcal contamination of the fingers in those with and without sores decreased significantly (P = 0.02 and 0.047, respectively) and anti-DNase B levels decreased (P = 0.002). Both the proportion of children with haematuria and its mean level fell (P = 0.002 and P < 0.001, respectively). No adverse effects of the treatments were seen. CONCLUSION: The results show that ivermectin is an effective and practical agent in the control of scabies and that control reduces the occurrence of streptococcal skin disease and possible signs of renal damage in children. Integrating community-based control of scabies and streptococcal skin disease with planned programmes for controlling filariasis and intestinal nematodes could be both practical and produce great health benefits.

Child↗