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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Can superoxide dismutase prevent postburn dermal ischemia?

Decreasing progressive dermal ischemia after burning could theoretically limit the amount of skin necrosis. It is controversial whether the use of free radical scavengers could prevent the progressive dermal ischemia of the postburn stasis zone. We evaluated the effect of superoxide dismutase (SOD) on preventing postburn dermal ischemia in animal models by the India ink perfusion and skin transparent preparation techniques. The closely clipped backs of guinea-pigs were bathed in 75 degrees C water for 10 s. Within 5 min postburn, SOD-treated groups were administered SOD (10,000 u/kg) intra-peritoneally every 6 h. All animals were perfused with 70 per cent India ink via cervical artery cannula by 16 kPa constant pressure at 0, 8, 16, 24 h postburn, and the skin transparent preparations were made, while the level of malonyl dialdehyde (MDA) in skin tissue was assessed. The results showed that with prolongation of postburn time, the rate of filling of India ink in skin capillary plexuses decreased gradually (p < 0.01). MDA increased continuously, which was related to postburn dermal ischemia (r = 0.689, p < 0.01). Though the level of MDA decreased in SOD-treated groups, the India ink filling rates showed no significant difference between controls and experimental groups (p > 0.05). The results were also confirmed by observation of skin transparent preparations and TEM. This study suggests that superoxide dismutase fails to prevent progressive dermal ischemia after burning.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Transitions between color categories mapped with a reverse Stroop task.

In the reverse Stroop task, observers are instructed to ignore the ink color in which a color word is printed (the distractor color) and to respond to the meaning of the color word (the target). Reaction times (RTs) are faster with congruent combinations when the ink color matches the word than with incongruent combinations when the ink color does not match the word. We manipulated the distracting ink color from congruent to incongruent and measured the transition from facilitation to interference. In Experiment 1, we confirmed that this transition could be assessed independently from the contextual influence of particular sets of stimuli and responses, implying that the color space in which interference and facilitation occurs is generalizable. In Experiment 2, we obtained reverse Stroop data for transitions between red and yellow, yellow and green, green and blue, and blue and red, and compared them with independent estimates of color appearance obtained by hue scaling for the same chromaticity samples. We find that the magnitude of the reverse Stroop effect can provide a reliable index of the similarity of color appearance between the distracting chromaticity and the color category represented by the target color word. Moreover, it will allow us to quantify the mapping between the chromaticity space defined at the cone photoreceptors and a cognitive color space defined at an advanced level of neural processing.

Color↗
PubMed2005

Spraying enzymes in microemulsions of AOT in nonpolar organic solvents for fabrication of enzyme electrodes.

A new technique suitable for automated, large-scale fabrication of enzyme electrodes by air-spraying enzymes in organic inks is presented. Model oxidoreductases, tyrosinase (Tyr) and glucose oxidase (GOx), were adapted to octane-based ink by entrapment in a system of reverse micelles (RM) of surfactant AOT in octane to separate and stabilize the catalytically active forms of the enzymes in nonpolar organic media. Nonpolar caoutchouk polymer was also used to create a kind of "dry micelles" at the electrode/solution interface. Enzyme/RM/polymer-containing organic inks were air-brushed onto conductive supports and were subsequently covered by sprayed Nafion membranes. The air-brushed enzyme electrodes exhibited relevant bioelectrocatalytic activity toward catechol and glucose, with a linear detection range of 0.1-100 microM catechol and 0.5-7 mM glucose; the sensitivities were 2.41 A M(-1) cm(-2) and 2.98 mA M(-1) cm(-2) for Tyr and GOx electrodes, respectively. The proposed technique of air-brushing enzymes in organic inks enables automated construction of disposable enzyme electrodes of various designs on a mass-production scale.

Biosensing Techniques↗
PubMed2005

Electro pen nanolithography.

We introduce Electro Pen Nanolithography (EPN), a nanoscale chemical patterning technique. In a single sweep of an ink-coated, biased conducting Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) probe-tip, an underlying thin organic film is oxidized, and the ink molecules are transferred directly to the oxidized regions. Results using trialkoxysilane inks with functional terminal groups are presented, where the same ink-covered tips are used to image the pattern with zero bias. This technique provides very fast--exceeding 10 microm/s--writing speeds with line-widths as small as 50 nm. Controlled multi-write operations permit the growth of an integer number of molecular layers. Multiple chemical patterns using a single probe-tip are demonstrated.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Effect of stamp deformation on the quality of microcontact printing: theory and experiment.

Microcontact printing (microCP) is an effective way to generate micrometer- or submicrometer-sized patterns on a variety of substrates. However, the fidelity of the final pattern depends critically on the coupled phenomena of stamp deformation, fluid transfer between surfaces, and the ability of the ink to self-assemble on the substrate. In particular, stamp deformation can produce undesirable effects that limit the practice and precision of microCP. Experimental observations and comparison with theoretical predictions are presented here for three of the most undesirable consequences of stamp deformation: (1) roof collapse of low aspect ratio recesses, (2) buckling of high aspect ratio plates, and (3) lateral sticking of high aspect ratio plates. Stamp behavior was observed visually with an inverted optical microscope while load-displacement data were collected during compression and retraction of stamps. Additionally, a "robotic stamper" was used to deliver ink patterns in precise locations on substrates. These monomolecular ink patterns were then observed in high contrast using the surface potential scanning mode of an atomic force microscope. Theoretical models based on continuum mechanics were used to accurately predict both physical deformation of the stamp and the resultant inking patterns. The close agreement between these models and the experimental data presented clearly demonstrates the essential considerations one must weigh when designing stamp geometry, material, and loading conditions for optimal pattern fidelity.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Positive microcontact printing with mercaptoalkyloligo(ethylene glycol)s.

The soft lithographic replication of patterns with a low filling ratio by microcontact printing (microCP) is problematic due to the poor mechanical stability of common elastomeric stamps. A recently described strategy to avoid this problem employs a modified patterning method, positive microcontact printing ((+)microCP), in which a stamp with a mechanically more stable inverted relief pattern is used. In contrast to conventional negative microCP ((-)microCP), in the contact areas a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) is printed of a "positive ink", which provides only minor etch protection, whereas the noncontacted areas are subsequently covered with a different, etch-resistant SAM, prior to development by chemical etching. With the aim to identify novel, highly versatile positive inks, the patterning of gold by (+)microCP with mercaptoalkyloligo(ethylene glycol)s (MAOEGs), the subsequent adsorption of octadecanethiol (ODT), and the final development by wet chemical etching have now been studied. A polydisperse mixture of mercaptoundecylocta(ethylene glycol) derivatives was found to provide the best patterning results. The surface spreading of the positive ink during stamping, the exchange of printed MAOEGs with ODT, and the choice of the right etching bath were identified as key parameters that influence the achievable pattern resolution and contrast. Due to the modular composition of functionalized alkyloligo(ethylene glycol) derivatives, (+)microCP with these positive inks has the potential for easy adaptation to a variety of materials and development conditions.

Ethylene Glycols↗
PubMed2000

Effects of pulsed Nd:YAG laser irradiation on smear layer at the apical stop and apical leakage after obturation.

AIM: This study evaluated the removal of smear layer at the apical stop by pulsed Nd:YAG laser irradiation with or without black ink, and the degree of apical leakage after obturation in vitro. METHODOLOGY: Sixty extracted human single-rooted teeth were used in this study. The teeth were instrumented up to a size 40 K-file, and then divided into three groups of 20 teeth each: group 1 was unlased as a control group; group 2 was treated with a laser; group 3 was treated with a laser and black ink. The laser was operated at 2 W and 20 pp for 2 s, and irradiation was performed twice with a 30-s interval. In each group, 10 teeth for the leakage study were obturated and immersed in rhodamine B solution for 48 h at 37 degrees C, and the others were used for evaluation of remaining smear layer. All teeth were bisected longitudinally and observed by stereoscopy or scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: The smear layer in the laser-treated groups almost melted or evaporated, and was removed significantly compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Leakage was observed in 60% of samples in group 1 and in 20% of samples in group 2. No leakage was observed in group 3, which was significantly different from the control (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that pulsed Nd:YAG laser irradiation with black ink increases the removal of smear layer compared with that without black ink, and reduces apical leakage after obturation significantly.

Carbon↗
PubMed1958

The ultrastructure of mouse lung: the alveolar macrophage.

Free alveolar macrophages of normal mouse lung have been studied in the electron microscope. The tissue was obtained from several young adult white mice. One other animal was instilled intranasally with diluted India ink 1(1/2) hours prior to the removal of the lung. Thin sections of the osmium-fixed, methacrylate-embedded tissue were examined either in an RCA EMU 2 electron microscope or in a Siemens and Halske Elmiskop I b. A few thick sections obtained from the same embeddings were stained for iron. The normal alveolar macrophages, which are usually in contact with the alveolar epithelium, were found to contain a variety of inclusion bodies, along with the usual cytoplasmic components like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Palade granules. Another typical component of the cytoplasm of these cells which appears as small ( approximately 6 mmicro) very dense granules of composite fine structure is interpreted as ferritin. It is assumed that this ferritin is formed from red blood cells ingested by the alveolar macrophages. The macrophages in the alveoli were found to phagocytize intranasally instilled India ink particles. Such cells, with engulfed India ink particles, were often of more rounded form and the particles were frequently seen lying inside membrane-bound vacuoles or vesicles of the cytoplasm. The membrane of a few vesicles containing India ink particles was seen as the invaginated portion of the cell plasma membrane, and in one instance these same vesicles were seemingly interconnected with a rough surfaced cisterna of the endoplasmic reticulum. The process of phagocytosis is recognized as related to the "normal" process of pinocytosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Functional dissociation of attentional selection within PFC: response and non-response related aspects of attentional selection as ascertained by fMRI.

In this experiment using a color-word Stroop task, we explored whether different regions of prefrontal cortex bias selection of response-related processes as compared with non-response-related processes. To manipulate demands at the level of response selection, we varied the degree of overlap between stimulus-response mappings in a manual Stroop task. To vary demands at a non-response level, we compared activation for incongruent trials (e.g. the word 'purple' in blue ink) that contain two color representations, one in the word and one in the ink color, to neutral trials (e.g. the word 'drawer' in blue ink), which contain only one color representation, that in the ink color. These manipulations had differential effects within prefrontal cortex. Both a region of right inferior frontal cortex and caudal regions of the cingulate were sensitive to the selection demands at the response-level and insensitive to demands at the non-response level. In contrast, a more anterior region of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was sensitive to the number of color representations (i.e. incongruent versus neutral trials), but not to the overlap in stimulus-response mappings. Therefore, this study indicates a functional differentiation for implementing attentional control within prefrontal cortex.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Optimum site for in ovo amino acid injection in broiler breeder eggs.

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of differences in in ovo amino acid (AA) injection sites in broiler breeder eggs on subsequent hatchability and BW of chicks. In Experiment 1, an AA solution was injected into eggs with 13-mm or 19-mm, 27-ga needles. Uninjected eggs served as controls. Hatchability was decreased (P < 0.05) in eggs receiving AA injections with the 19-mm needle in comparison to the control and 13-mm-injected groups. However, BW of chicks increased (P < 0.05) relative to pre-incubational egg weight by AA injection with the 13-mm needle. In order to evaluate the in ovo location of AA injections from Experiment 1, India ink was injected into eggs in Experiment 2 with a 13-or 19-mm needle. Immediately after injection, the air cell end of the egg was windowed in order to observe effects of injection site. Windowing of eggs was accomplished by removing a piece of the eggshell over the air cell and the underlying membrane at Day 7 of incubation. The amount of injected India ink was higher in the extra-embryonic coelom in eggs treated by both needles. However, the occurrence of India ink in the extra embryonic coelom was higher (P < 0.05) in the group injected with AA solution using a 13-mm needle as compared to that after injection using a 19-mm needle. The observation of India ink in the amniotic cavity was higher (P < 0.05) in the group injected with AA solution using a 19-mm needle rather than that using a 13-mm needle. In Experiment 3, treatments consisted of control (uninjected eggs) or windowed eggs. Windowed eggs received AA to the chorioallantoic membrane, the yolk, extra-embryonic coelom, or amniotic cavity at Day 7 of incubation. Hatchability was reduced, but chicks hatched when eggs were windowed and when AA were injected into the yolk sac or extra-embryonic coelom. However, chicks did not hatch when AA were administered to the chorioallantoic membrane or into the amniotic cavity. These results suggest that the best AA injection sites in ovo may be the yolk and extra-embryonic coelom.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2003

Histologic localization of sentinel lymph node metastases in breast cancer.

Data from a recent study support the hypothesis that axillary lymph node metastases frequently localize near the inflow junction of the afferent lymphatic vessel. Our goal was to evaluate the microscopic location of axillary sentinel lymph node metastases in a prospective study of breast cancer patients. A total of 305 axillary sentinel lymph nodes from 213 breast cancer patients undergoing surgery at our institution were evaluated. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy using technetium-labeled sulfur colloid and intraoperative isosulfan blue dye injection were used for identifying the sentinel lymph node. Intraoperatively, the surgeon placed a suture either at the point of entry of isosulfan blue dye or at the area with the highest radioactive counts, and this area was inked at the grossing bench before processing. Metastases were identified in 55 of the 305 lymph nodes examined. Thirty-four nodes contained metastases in both the inked half and the opposite half. Metastatic tumor was identified in the inked half alone in 18 lymph nodes. Only three nodes contained metastatic tumor in the opposite half with no tumor in the inked half (p <0.001). Similar results were found when nodes tagged at the point of blue dye entry and nodes tagged at the area with the highest radioactive counts were analyzed separately. Our findings suggest that metastatic tumor has a higher probability of being present in the region of the inflow junction of the afferent lymphatic vessel. This information may be useful in determining the optimal method for evaluating axillary sentinel lymph node specimens from breast cancer patients.

Axilla↗
PubMed1996

Inkoo and Tahyna, the European California serogroup bunyaviruses: sequence and phylogeny of the S RNA segment.

Inkoo (INK) and Tahyna (TAH) viruses, European representatives of the California serogroup (CAL), genus Bunyavirus, family Bunyaviridae, are transmitted by mosquitoes and frequently infect man. The S segments of INK and TAH prototype strains were amplified, cloned and sequenced. INK S consists of 986 and TAH S of 977 nucleotides (nt) coding for a nucleocapsid protein of 235 amino acids (aa) and, in an overlapping reading frame, for a nonstructural protein of 92 or 97 aa, respectively. By S segment sequences and phylogenetic analysis INK was seen to be most closely related to Jamestown Canyon virus, isolated in the USA (92.4% nt and 96.6% aa identity), which is currently classified in a different subcomplex within the CAL viruses. TAH was genetically closest to Lumbo virus, isolated in Mozambique (89.0% nt and 94.1% aa identity). The data suggest that genetic variation within the CAL viruses is less related to geographical distance than to similarity in ecological cycles.

Base Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of margin status in lumpectomy specimens and residual breast carcinoma.

Residual disease leads to most local recurrences, especially in those patients treated with breast-conserving therapy (BCT). This study evaluates whether assessment of excisional biopsy margins accurately predicts the presence or absence of residual tumor in the lumpectomy bed. The margin status of 201 consecutive lumpectomy specimens of 178 infiltrating and 23 in situ breast carcinomas followed by reexcision were evaluated microscopically and classified as "positive" (tumor at the inked margins), "negative" (tumor more than 0.1 cm from the inked margins), "close" (tumor within 0.1 cm of the inked margins, but not transecting it), and "indeterminate" (biopsy not inked or fragmented). Tumor size and grade were also analyzed, as potential predictors for residual disease. Residual tumor was found in 41% of the patients: in 21% of the cases with negative margins, in 63% with positive margins, in 30% with close margins, and in 56% with indeterminate margins. In 37% of the positive and 70% of the close margin cases, no tumor was found in reexcised specimens. In 24% of the cases the residual disease was composed entirely of an in situ component of the same histologic type as the initial biopsy. No relationship was found between tumor size or grade and residual disease. For breast tumors, histologically negative and "close" biopsy margins do not guarantee complete excision. A number of factors seem to be responsible for the discrepancy between the margin status and the presence/absence of residual cancer in the lumpectomy bed.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1990

Standardized technique for linear dye leakage studies: immediate versus delayed immersion times.

A dye leakage study was performed in vitro to compare the extent of leakage into root canals obturated with gutta-percha following immediate versus delayed immersion in Indian ink. Sixty extracted human teeth with single canals were instrumented and obturated with gutta-percha and sealer. Each group of 20 teeth was then immersed in the ink either immediately after obturation or after a delay of 1 or 7 days. After 7 days in Indian ink, the teeth were rendered transparent by clearing, and the linear extent of ink penetration was measured with a stereomicroscope. Complete leakage was observed in the two positive control teeth, and no leakage was evident in the two negative controls. Statistical analysis of the results indicated that there was no significant difference in leakage between the three experimental groups.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1991

Expression of glycocalyx by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species isolated from bovine milk.

Two hundred and six strains of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species were assessed for expression of glycocalyx on serum soft agar, india ink and adherence techniques. The organisms were maintained on trypticase soy agar plates at 4 degrees C for 30 d (120 strains) or stored at -80 degrees C in skim milk for 90 d (60 strains). Additionally, 26 milk samples from cows known to have excreted coagulase-negative staphylococci were used to inoculate serum soft agar directly. Nine of 26 direct culture samples and 43 of 180 strains maintained for an extended period had diffuse-type growth on serum soft agar. The proportion that exhibited an unstained halo by india ink was similar regardless of storage time. Slime production determined by in vitro adherence revealed a higher proportion of positive strains than had been predicted by serum soft agar or india ink techniques. More strains of Staphylococcus chromogenes, Staph. epidermidis, Staph. hominis, Staph. simulans and Staph. warneri expressed glycocalyx than other coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species. These results suggest that most coagulase-negative staphylococci produce slime rather than a capsule. However, evidence for classical encapsulation was demonstrated in several strains by india ink. The finding that Staphylococcus species other than Staph. aureus isolated from bovine milk are capable of glycocalyx production may be of importance in investigations on the relationship between staphylococci and host defence mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The olfactory route for cerebrospinal fluid drainage into the peripheral lymphatic system.

Drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid through the olfactory nerves into the nasal lymphatics has been suggested repeatedly. To investigate precisely the morphology of this pathway, India ink was injected into the subarachnoidal space of the rat brain, and samples including the olfactory bulbs, olfactory tracts and the nasal mucosa were observed by light and electron microscopy. Under the dissecting microscope, ink particles were found within the subarachnoid space and along the olfactory nerves. At the nasal mucosa, a lymphatic network stained in black was identified near the olfactory nerves, which finally emptied into the superficial and deep cervical lymph nodes. Light microscopically, ink particles were found in the subarachnoid space, partially distributed around the olfactory nerves and within the lymphatic vessels. By electron microscopy, the subarachnoid space often formed a pocket-like space in the entrance of the fila olfactoria. The olfactory nerves were partially surrounded by ink particles within the space between perineurial cells and epineurial fibroblasts. At the nasal mucosa, the lymphatics were frequently located close to the nerves. These results indicate that the cerebrospinal fluid drains from the subarachnoid space along the olfactory nerves to the nasal lymphatics, which in turn, empties into the cervical lymph nodes. This anatomical communication, thus, allows the central nervous system to connect with the lymphatic system. The presence of this route may play an important role in the movement of antigens from the subarachnoidal space to the extracranial lymphatic vessels, resulting in inducement of an immune response of the central nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Human tattoo. Electron microscopic assessment of epidermis, epidermal-dermal junction, and dermis.

Ultrathin serial sections of human biopsy specimens, taken at 24 hours, 1 month, and 1, 3, and 40 years post-tattooing were examined under the electron microscope. The ink particles found in cells were measured and compared with control ink particles embedded in agar. Freshly tattooed skin showed an inflammatory reaction followed by ultrastructural necrosis. The time of healing, about 1 month from introduction of ink to complete healing, has been divided into three phases: inflammatory reaction and necrosis, formation of basement membrane, and normal epidermis and dermis. Once the skin showed normal ultrastructure, ink particles were found only in dermal fibroblasts.

Basement Membrane↗
PubMed1992

Sensitization to azo dyes: negative patch tests to yellow and red azo dyes in printed paper.

An over 2 x fold increase in para-aminoazobenzene allergy was observed in patients with allergic contact dermatitis during the years 1990-1991. Presuming that an increase in colour-printed newspapers might be a new unrecognized source of clinical allergy to azo dyes, patch tests were performed in 32 patients with an established p-aminoazobenzene allergy using a series of important azo dyes used in offset printing ink (Pigment Yellow 12, Pigment Yellow 13, Pigment Red 53, Pigment Red 57), as well as with dye-containing inks and specimens of colour-printed newspaper containing these azo dyes. In 25 out of the 32 patients (78%), positive patch tests were seen to textile azo dyes, in particular to Disperse Orange 3 (24 patients). In none of the 32 patients were reactions observed to the azo dyes used in printing ink, to the inks used or to the colour-printed paper specimens, indicating that these products were apparently not a cause of contact dermatitis in our group of patients with azo dye sensitization.

Adult↗