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PubMed1984

[Homologous artificial insemination and male infertility. Study of prognostic factors].

Artificial insemination using the husband's semen (AIH) can help overcome a number of cases of sterility, particularly where these are male in origin. But the results are not always in proportion to the effort required, both from the patients and their doctor. We have compared 25 cases in which AIH resulted in pregnancy with 25 cases in which no pregnancy was achieved after a minimum of 6 cycles' insemination. No factor other than success or failure entered into the selection of cases for comparison. No significant difference was observed in age, past medical history, clinical findings and treatment used. However, study of the seminal analyses showed that the number of spermatozoa was only a secondary factor; sperm motility, and its duration, were more important. This gave two graphs defining two prognostic zones. In 72% of cases, pregnancy was achieved during the first 5 cycles of insemination using AIH. Lastly, miscarriages increased in frequency with age. The number of cases studied is obviously too few to provide any binding statistical conclusions, but these preliminary results give grounds for continuing the study; mathematical models ought to make it possible to identify prognostic factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

[Maritogenic insemination - a contribution to the treatment of childless couples. Report on clinical experiences].

We treated 34 couples who urgently wanted to have children by means of artificial maritogenic insemination. Indications for this were combined asthenospermia and oligozoospermia (in 27 cases), therapy-refactory impotentia coeundi of the husband (in 3 cases) and sterility of uncertain origin (4 couples). We achieved 7 pregnancies. Abortions did not occur. 9 additional pregnancies were registered in 8 couples following treatment. In special cases artificial maritogenic insemination availed to recover from marital sterility. Pregnancies obtained after unsuccessful maritogenic insemination are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Necessity of formal genetic screening in artificial insemination by donor.

After observing abnormal offspring following artificial insemination by donor, several authors recently have proposed intensive genetic screening of donors. The screening would be beyond that practiced by most infertility specialists. To determine the necessity for formal genetic investigation of donors, the authors analyzed the outcome of artificial insemination pregnancies in which donors were screened with careful medical and family histories, but were not subjected to formal pedigree analysis, karyotyping, or extensive metabolic screening. Fewer than 10% of potential donors were disqualified for genetic reasons. The study, limited to ascertaining the presence or absence of overt anomalies evident at birth, showed that such malformations were not more frequent in artificial insemination pregnancies (1.7%) than in controls (2.3%). It is concluded that extensive and formalized genetic screening is probably not necessary provided a thorough medical history is obtained. In addition, a practical approach to identifying donors at increased risk for siring abnormal offspring is offered.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

The frequency of consanguineous matings due to multiple use of donors in artificial insemination.

The amount of inadvertent inbreeding as a result of donor anonymity in artificial insemination has been estimated. A child from a first-cousin mating or closer is expected approximately once every 41/2 years in the United States as a result of artificial insemination by donor. Since a child with unknown paternity seems less likely to mate with paternal relatives than is a child with known paternity, artificial insemination by donor may actually reduce the average inbreeding of the population. Nevertheless, to reduce recessive diseases, inbreeding should be kept to a minimum by limiting the number of children produced by a single donor. Formulas are presented for local risks of inbreeding based on the number of children per donor.

Consanguinity↗
PubMed2003

Application of artificial insemination technique to eupyrene and/or apyrene sperm in Bombyx mori.

The silkworm, Bombyx mori, has a dimorphic sperm system. The eupyrene sperm is the sperm to fertilize eggs and the apyrene sperm plays a crucial role for assisting fertilization. Heat-treated (33 degrees C for 96h) Daizo (DH) males, one of the strains in the silkworm, produce only eupyrene sperm, while in triploid males only apyrene sperm are functional. Though both types of males are found to be sterile, double copulation of the two males with a single female greatly increases fertility. Here we examined the fertilizing ability of eupyrene and apyrene sperm by means of an artificial insemination technique previously established in B. mori. Neither the eupyrene sperm collected from DH males, nor the apyrene sperm from triploid males have the ability to fertilize eggs. Artificial insemination with the mixture of eupyrene and apyrene sperm leveled up the frequency of fertilized eggs to more than 80%. When cryopreserved DH sperm (eupyrene sperm) were subjected to the same experiment, more than 95% fertilized eggs were obtained. These results confirmed that apyrene sperm play an important and indispensable role in fertilization in B. mori. Separate collection of functional eupyrene sperm and functional apyrene sperm and success of fertilization by means of the artificial insemination technique are applicable for further studies to elucidate the function of apyrene sperm.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of sperm binding potential of uninseminated, inseminated-unfertilized, and fertilized-noncleaved human oocytes under hemizona assay conditions.

In this study, human oocytes obtained after ovarian hyperstimulation for in vitro fertilization (IVF) and gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) were utilized to evaluate sperm/zona pellucida binding potential. Three groups of oocytes were evaluated: 1) uninseminated; 2) inseminated-unfertilized; and 3) fertilized-uncleaved. All oocytes had undergone germinal vesicle breakdown at the time of retrieval and were salt-stored (pH 7.2) for not more than 30 days. Sperm binding was recorded under hemizona assay (HZA) conditions using spermatozoa from eight fertile men (HZA control) and from 1) four teratozoospermic (HZA test) and 2) four normozoospermic (HZA test) infertile men. First, the mean numbers (+/- SD) of sperm tightly bound for fertile controls and teratospermic men to hemizonae from uninseminated oocytes were 69.7 +/- 16 and 14.5 +/- 7, respectively (P = 0.02). Likewise, hemizonae from uninseminated oocytes bound 102.0 +/- 19 and 114.0 +/- 28, respectively, for fertile controls and normospermic men (P = 0.5). Second, hemizonae obtained from inseminated-unfertilized IVF oocytes bound 44.2 +/- 12 and 19.7 +/- 6 for fertile controls and teratospermic men, respectively (P = 0.02). This category of oocytes bound 100.5 +/- 7 and 108.5 +/- 11 sperm, respectively, for fertile controls and normospermic semen (P = 0.3). Third, HZA results of fertilized but uncleaved oocytes showed a mean number of tightly bound sperm of 6.0 +/- 4 compared with 65.0 +/- 1 in control, uninseminated oocytes using fertile sperm. These results demonstrate that uninseminated and inseminated-unfertilized human oocytes, salt-stored under controlled pH conditions, give reliable information regarding sperm binding potential under HZA conditions.

Female↗
PubMed1992

Subzonal insemination of a single mouse spermatozoon with a personal computer-controlled micromanipulation system.

A personal computer-controlled micromanipulation system was developed for automatic injection of spermatozoa into the perivitelline space of mouse ova. A pair of three-dimensional hydraulic micromanipulators driven by pulse motors was used for this automatic system. The pulse signals that regulate the motors are initiated by the computer program, and these signals cause the micromanipulator to move the microtool precisely. The computer program was designed to perform the most effective movements of the sperm injection needle used during manual micromanipulation. Prior to the manipulation, the computer locates the tip of the injection needle and the end of the egg-holding pipette in the microscope field using image processing. The trajectory of the injection needle is determined according to these initial positions. Using this robotic system, subzonal insemination with a single mouse spermatozoon was attempted in a total of 143 ova. The sperm insertion was successfully completed in all cases without damaging any of the ova. Spermatozoa treated with ionophore A23187 and those without the treatment were used. The fertilization rate (68.8%) of the ova inseminated with treated sperm was significantly higher than that (37.5%) obtained with the nontreated sperm (P less than 0.05). These findings suggest the feasibility and potential for further applications of a robotic microinsemination system and, in addition, that a higher fertility rate in the subzonal insemination of mouse ova can be achieved with the ionophore treatment of spermatozoa.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Seasonal variation in estrous cycling in the mouse: implications for artificial insemination.

Artificial insemination in the C3HeB/FeJ inbred strain of mice has been shown to be more successful at the middle and end of the calendar year. The reasons are twofold: 1) an increase in the number of normal estrous cycles exhibited by females and 2) an increase in the tightness of the phasing of ovarian and vaginal events. The latter phenomenon was found to be the key to the success of artificial insemination, since it permitted the use of vaginal smears to predict accurately the time females could be expected to ovulate and, therefore, the appropriate time for artificial insemination. Seasonal variations in the frequency of estrous cycling also have been observed in SJL/J and B6D2F1/J females.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Fertilization envelope assembly in sea urchin eggs inseminated in Cl- deficient sea water: I. Morphological effects.

Elevation and hardening of the fertilization envelope (FE) occur within 15 min following insemination of the sea urchin egg. When chloride ions were replaced in the media with various anion substitutes, including methyl sulfonate, nitrates, bromide, and isethionate, the fertilization envelope failed to harden and collapsed back to the surface of the egg of Lytechinus variegatus, L. pictus, and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. At the light microscopy level, the collapse of the envelope was accompanied by a decrease in birefringence, compared with controls. When examined with electron microscopy, the FEs of eggs inseminated in reduced Cl- solutions failed to transform from an amorphous layer into the more robust laminar structure observed around eggs incubated in normal sea water. Furthermore, in the case of S. purpuratus, the I-T transformation of the FE did not occur. When transfer of the inseminated eggs from the Cl- -deficient sea water to normal sea water was carried out before 10 min elapsed, the envelope did not collapse, and the birefringence of the envelope was similar to that of controls. Partial envelope collapse was also observed in a dose-dependent manner, varying with the concentration of the Cl- in the sea water solution. The results suggest that lack of Cl- in the media may interfere with proper fertilization envelope assembly. Possible mechanisms, including proper incorporation of the cortical granule exudate into the nascent envelope structure, are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Ultrastructural examination of the insemination reaction in Drosophila.

The insemination reaction is a swelling of the female vagina caused by the male ejaculate. This postmating phenomenon is common among species in the genus Drosophila. It could act as a plug securing male paternity. It is not clear, however, what benefits it provides to the female. The structure formed in the female vagina is expelled in some species and disappears gradually in others suggesting different phenomena. Based on ultrastructural examination of the vaginal contents of five Drosophila species (D. mettleri, D. nigrospiracula, D. melanogaster, D. mojavensis, and D. hexastigma), we propose three terms to describe these vaginal structures: the sperm sac, the mating plug, and the true insemination reaction. Each term describes a distinct structure associated with a specific female postmating behavior. This study questions the concept of the insemination reaction as a single phenomenon and discusses its possible functions from an evolutionary perspective.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Fallopian replacement of eggs with delayed intrauterine insemination (FREDI): an alternative to gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT).

This report contains details of what is the first group of patients with nontubal infertility to undergo fallopian replacement of eggs with delayed intrauterine insemination (FREDI). Twenty-three patients suffering from idiopathic or immune infertility, polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD), or mild endometriosis underwent follicular stimulation with human menopausal gonadotropin and/or pure follicle-stimulating hormone plus human chorionic gonadotropin prior to laparoscopic pickup of eggs of varying maturity. Eggs without spermatozoa were transferred at the time of laparoscopy. Subsequent high intrauterine insemination (IUI) of washed spermatozoa at a time when egg maturation within the tubes was judged to be complete enabled a cohort of fully capacitated spermatozoa to meet fully mature eggs in a totally physiological manner. Eight clinical pregnancies arose from this group, one healthy, male infant has been delivered, and four pregnancies remain ongoing. Although based on a small population of patients, it does seem that in vivo egg maturation following replacement in the fallopian tube is an effective alternative to in vitro maturation and, with the increased control over timing of egg insemination, leads us to propose FREDI as a flexible new therapeutic approach for the treatment of nontubal infertility.

Female↗
PubMed1990

Localization of fucosyl glycoconjugates in human oocytes following insemination for in vitro fertilization.

Human oocytes that failed to cleave after insemination were examined for the presence of fucosyl glycoconjugates in the perivitelline space by staining with Ulex europeaus lectin conjugated to fluorescein isothiocynate. Oocytes that formed two or three pronuclei following first insemination always exhibited positive lectin staining similar to that observed with in vitro fertilized mouse oocytes. Among those oocytes that failed to form any pronuclei after the first insemination attempt, only 5% contained lectin positive substances in the perivitelline space. Upon reinsemination, a higher percentage of those oocytes produced lectin-positive materials, although pronuclei were still absent. The appearance of fucosyl glycoconjugates in these oocytes might be the result of the release of cortical granules triggered by sperm penetration or, more likely, due to spontaneous granule discharge in senescent oocytes.

Female↗
PubMed1995

Sperm stimulants can improve fertilization rates in male-factor cases undergoing IVF to the same extent as micromanipulation by partial zona dissection (PZD) or subzonal sperm insemination (SUZI): a randomized controlled study.

PURPOSE: Our purpose was to evaluate the efficacy of direct insemination (IVF), micromanipulation by partial zona dissection (PZD), and subzonal sperm insemination (SUZI) using sperm-treated with pentoxifylline (PF) +/- 2-deoxyadenosine (2DA). RESULTS: The overall fertilization rate achieved was similar for all three fertilization techniques (33.1, 30.2, and 26.9% for IVF, SUZI, and PZD, respectively). Patients who had reduced fertilization in previous IVF attempts showed improved fertilization with sperm stimulants, either PF alone or PF in combination with 2DA in standard IVF. In certain cases, SUZI or PZD gave significantly improved fertilization rates in comparison to IVF. CONCLUSION: Selective use of sperm stimulants in IVF can achieve fertilization for the majority of male-factor cases. However, PZD and SUZI techniques are useful, especially when sperm stimulants fail to achieve fertilization or achieve poor fertilization in direct insemination.

Deoxyadenosines↗
PubMed1994

Tubal catheterization for intrafallopian insemination and transvaginal gamete (GIFT) or zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT): our experience in a total of 1128 treatment cycles.

PURPOSE: Our purpose was to increase the number of fertile spermatozoa at the natural site of fertilization by retrograde tubal insemination (TV-IFI; transvaginal intrafallopian insemination) and also to perform transvaginal GIFT or ZIFT (TV-GIFT or TV-ZIFT) avoiding the laparoscopic procedure, especially in selected high-risk cases. RESULTS: The method was used in a total of 1128 treatment cycles (948 for TV-IFI and 180 for TV-GIFT or TV-ZIFT). TV-IFI was possible in 882 of the 948 cycles, resulting in 108 clinical pregnancies (12.24%). The remaining 66, due to bilateral tubal catheterization failure (6.9%), underwent intrauterine insemination (IUI) instead. Bilateral TV-IFI gave better results than unilateral, while combination with IUI did not seem to improve the outcome. Of the 180 cycles prepared for TV-GIFT or ZIFT the procedure was completed in 166, resulting in 24 clinical pregnancies (19% per patient and 14.45% per cycle). Due to bilateral tubal catheterization failure (8.2%) in the remaining 14 cycles (9 patients), IVF-ET was employed as an alternative. CONCLUSION: Simple and cost-effective TV-IFI may achieve a reasonable pregnancy rate, justifying its application in cases with previously failed IUI and before entering the IVF program. On the other hand, TV-GIFT or ZIFT, although less effective than the classical laparoscopic approach and IVF-ET, is worth pursuing, considering its safety and the minimal surgical intervention without anesthesia, and especially in selected high-surgical risk and obese patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Relation between the number of sperms to be deposited and pregnancy rate in tubal insemination in rabbits.

Pregnancy rate of tubal insemination with semen diluted to concentrations of x10(0) to x10(7) was studied in rabbits. The animals were laparotomized under general anesthesia, and 0.05 ml of diluted semen was injected with a glass capillary from the tubal fimbria into the oviduct. The semen was obtained from mature male rabbits by means of an artificial vagina and diluted to concentrations between x10(0) and x10(7). One hour after the insemination, ovulation was induced by administration of hCG. Six experimental groups were set up according to the semen concentrations. In the x10(0), x10(2), x10(4), and x10(7) groups, newborn rabbits were obtained. The best pregnancy rate was obtained with the x10(2) groups, in which 10(5) level of sperms were deposited. The newborn rabbits were normal not only morphologically, functionally, but also in chromosomal examination. The results suggested that tubal insemination with a small number of sperms could be applied in sterility due to oligospermia in human.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Relationship of follicle number, serum estradiol level, and other factors to clinical pregnancy rate in gonadotropin-induced intrauterine insemination cycles.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the characteristics associated with clinical pregnancy rate after gonadotropin-induced intrauterine insemination cycles in patients without male or tubal factor infertility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and eighty patients undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation followed by intrauterine insemination were included in the study retrospectively. The patients' files were retrospectively evaluated with respect to age, number of follicles, endometrial thickness and serum hormone levels at baseline and at the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration. The patients with male or unilateral tubal factor infertility were excluded from the study. RESULTS: The serum estradiol level at the day of hCG administration was not correlated with the clinical pregnancy rate (r=-0.05, p=0.481). The number of follicles was not correlated with the clinical pregnancy rate (r=-0.09, p=0.209). There was no significant difference between the clinically pregnants (n=32) and not pregnants (n=148) regarding the mean age, baseline serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol, serum estradiol and LH levels at the day of hCG administration and endometrial thickness (p>0.05). Although not statistically significant, a pregnancy rate of 14.2% with less than 3 follicles > or = 18 mm is present compared to a pregnancy rate of 27.5% with at least 3 follicles > or = 18 mm and 24% with > or = 4 follicles > or = 18 mm. CONCLUSION: The clinical pregnancy rate does not seem to be affected with the number of follicles present at the time of intrauterine insemination or the serum estradiol level at the day of hCG administration in a controlled ovarian hyperstimulation cycle in non-andrologic and non-peritubal factor infertility; however, there is a clear trend towards higher pregnancy rates with higher number of follicles.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Gn-RH antagonists in intrauterine insemination: the weekend-free protocol.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the results of intrauterine insemination (IUI) when GnRH antagonist was added-to avoid IUI on weekend-with those obtained with the standard IUI protocol. STUDY DESIGN: In an IUI program under ovarian stimulation with gonadotropins when one or more follicles of 15-16 mm were seen, if it was not possible for logistic reasons (weekend) to perform the insemination 72 h later, GnRH antagonist was administered until human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration. The IUI was performed on Monday. We compared the results of this IUI "weekend-free'' group with our results in standard IUI cycles, where IUI was performed 36-38 h after reaching optimal follicular growth. RESULTS: Both groups were comparable regarding the main demographic parameters, except for higher estradiol levels, due to the prolonging ovarian stimulation. The per cycle pregnancy rate (PR) were very similar in both groups: 15.7% in the weekend-free IUI versus 16.5% in standard IUI. The multiple pregnancy rate and the hyperstimulation rate were also similar. A non-significant trend to higher high-order multiple pregnancy was observed in the weekend-free IUI. CONCLUSIONS: In IUI cycles under ovarian suprastimulation with gonadotrophins, the use of GnRH antagonist allows the manipulation of the follicular development in such a way that it is possible to avoid inseminations on the weekends, without apparently reducing the PR.

Female↗
PubMed1986

Assessment of immune responses to H-Y antigen in naturally inseminated and sperm-injected mice using cell-mediated cytotoxicity assays.

An in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay has been used to assess immunity to the male-specific H-Y antigen in female mice after either insemination with male cells at syngeneic natural mating or after injection with syngeneic sperm cell suspensions. Lymphocytes showing specific cytotoxicity for the H-Y antigen could be recovered from both spleen and lymph nodes of female mice injected with sperm. However, insemination of male cells at natural mating did not apparently prime cytotoxic cells against the H-Y antigen in either the spleen or para-aortic lymph nodes draining the uterus of female mice mated once or repeatedly (3-10 X) in the absence of pregnancy. These results are discussed in relation to the factors regulating the immune responsiveness of the female to inseminated antigens.

Animals↗