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PubMed2026

Unravelling the genomic potential of sponge-associated Streptomyces sp. BLC 17-3 from Indonesia for mannooligosaccharide production.

This research aims to show the promising capacity of Streptomyces sp. BLC 17-3 to produce high β-mannanase enzymes and generate mannooligosaccharide (MOS) such as mannobiose, mannotriose, mannotetraose and mannopentaose when exposed to mannan polymers. Streptomyces sp. BLC 17-3 was isolated from the sponge (Rhabdastrella globostellata) Put4 obtained from the marine waters of Putus Island in Bitung, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The characterization results showed that the peak enzyme activity was achieved at 50 mM sodium acetate, 6.0 pH, and 60 °C temperature on the seventh day of production with a value of 155.77 ± 3.21 U/mL. The SDS-PAGE and zymograms also showed that the size of the enzyme molecule was approximately ±34.8-49.1 kDa. Moreover, whole-genome sequencing was conducted to identify the genetic basis of MOS-synthesizing capabilities in the selected strain, followed by functional annotation of genes encoding mannan degradation and associated functions. The results showed an 8,248,862 Mb complete draft genome of the strain which comprised 111 predicted gene models. Gene annotation also provided important information about the location and function of protein-encoding genes. A total of 6 mannan degradation-related genes encoding mannanase-related metabolism were identified and the three-dimensional structures were predicted using AlphaFold 3. This characterization and modeling further enhanced the bioprospecting and development of this strain which exhibited efficient mannose metabolism. The results showed Streptomyces sp. BLC 17-3 as a promising microorganism for the future bioproduction of MOS which were discovered to have the capability of serving as a potential prebiotic substance to enhance digestion and promote health.

Bioprospecting↗
PubMed2006

Therapeutic response of multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax to chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in southern Papua, Indonesia.

To determine the level of antimalarial drug resistance in southern Papua, Indonesia, we assessed the therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (CQ+SP) for Plasmodium falciparum infections as well as CQ monotherapy for P. vivax infections. Patients with P. falciparum failing therapy were re-treated with unsupervised quinine+/-doxycycline therapy and those with P. vivax with either unsupervised quinine+/-doxycycline or amodiaquine. In total, 143 patients were enrolled in the study (103 treated with CQ+SP and 40 with CQ). Early treatment failures occurred in four patients (4%) with P. falciparum and six patients (15%) with P. vivax. The failure rate by Day 28 for P. vivax was 65% (95% CI 49-81). After PCR correction for re-infections, the Day 42 recrudescence rate for P. falciparum infections was 48% (95% CI 31-65). Re-treatment with unsupervised quinine+/-doxycycline resulted in further recurrence of malaria in 48% (95% CI 31-65) of P. falciparum infections and 70% (95% CI 37-100) of P. vivax infections. Eleven patients with recurrent P. vivax were re-treated with amodiaquine; there were no early or late treatment failures. In southern Papua, a high prevalence of drug resistance of P. falciparum and P. vivax exists both to first- and second-line therapies. Preliminary data indicate that amodiaquine retains superior efficacy compared with CQ for CQ-resistant P. vivax.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Preliminary results of an operational field study to compare side-effects, complaints and treatment results of a single-drug short-course regimen with a four-drug fixed-dose combination (4FDC) regimen in South Sulawesi, Republic of Indonesia.

SETTING: Health centres in the South Sulawesi Province, Republic of Indonesia. OBJECTIVES: To compare complaints, side-effects and treatment outcome in new smear-positive patients treated with a single-drug short-course (National TB Programme (NTP)) regimen with those treated with a four-drug fixed-dose combination (4FDC) regimen. DESIGN: A prospective study in which patients are randomly allocated to the NTP or the 4FDC regimen. RESULTS: Preliminary results of the first 360 patients (162 treated with the NTP regimen and 198 with the 4FDC regimen) show that two patients, treated with the NTP regimen, developed jaundice. During the intensive phase of treatment, gastro-intestinal and muscle-joint complaints of any duration and gastro-intestinal complaints lasting for 2 consecutive weeks or more were more frequent in patients treated with the NTP regimen. Sputum conversion was 89% in patients treated with the NTP regimen and 94% in those treated with the 4FDC regimen. Nine-five per cent of patients, both regimens, were cured. CONCLUSION: The results so far show that complaints during the intensive phase of treatment are less frequent among patients treated with the 4FDC regimen. The lower dose of pyrazinamide might be the reason. Treatment results are excellent for both regimens.

Antitubercular Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cytotoxic constituents of the bark of Plumeria rubra collected in Indonesia.

By bioactivity-directed fractionation, six cytotoxic constituents have been characterized from the bark of Plumeria rubra collected in Indonesia. Three iridoids, fulvoplumierin [1], allamcin [2], and allamandin [3], as well as 2,5-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone [4], were found to be active constituents of the P. rubra petroleum-ether- and CHCl3-soluble extracts. Cytotoxic compounds isolated from the H2O-soluble extract of the bark were the iridoid plumericin [5], and the lignan liriodendrin [6]. Each of these substances was found to demonstrate general cytotoxic activity when evaluated with a panel of cell lines composed of murine lymphocytic leukemia (P-388) and a number of human cancer cell-types (breast, colon, fibrosarcoma, lung, melanoma, KB). Five additional iridoids, 15-demethylplumieride [7], plumieride [8], alpha-allamcidin [9], beta-allamcidin [10], and 13-O-trans-p-coumaroylplumieride [11], were obtained as inactive constituents. Compound 7 was found to be a novel natural product, and its structure was determined by spectroscopic methods and by conversion to plumieride [8]. The configuration of the C-4 stereocenter was unambiguously assigned for compounds 9 and 10, and certain nmr reassignments have been provided for compound 1.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Four new bioactive polybrominated diphenyl ethers of the sponge Dysidea herbacea from West Sumatra, Indonesia.

The marine sponge Dysidea herbacea collected from Indonesia yielded four new polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners 2-5 and the known derivatives 1, 6, and 7. The structures of the new compounds were unambiguously established on the basis of NMR spectroscopic (1H, 13C, COSY, 1H-detected direct and long-range 13C-1H correlations) and mass spectrometric (EIMS) data. All of the compounds were active against the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and the phytopathogenic fungus Cladosporium cucumerinum. The isolated polybrominated compounds were also active in the brine shrimp lethality test. In the latter bioassay, compounds 1 and 6 were the most active with LC50's of 0.96 [SE +/- 0.19] and 0.94 [SE +/- 0.70] microg/mL, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Dogs as alternative intermediate hosts of Taenia solium in Papua (Irian Jaya), Indonesia confirmed by highly specific ELISA and immunoblot using native and recombinant antigens and mitochondrial DNA analysis.

Serology (ELISA and immunoblot) using native glycoproteins, affinity purified glycoproteins, and a recombinant antigen is known to be highly specific to Taenia solium cysticercosis in humans and pigs. These techniques were applied for dogs in the highly endemic area of cysticercosis in Papua (Irian Jaya), Indonesia. Analysis of dog sera by both ELISA and immunoblot revealed 7 of 64 dogs were highly positive. Examination of two sero-positive dogs revealed cysticerci of T. solium in the brain and heart of these dogs. Mitochondrial DNA analysis confirmed that they were the same as T. solium previously confirmed from pigs and biopsies from local people from Irian Jaya. It is suggested that the life cycle of T. solium may be completed not only between humans and pigs but also between humans and dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis in Papua, Indonesia in 2001: detection of human worm carriers.

A preliminary study to detect human worm carriers of Taenia solium in Papua (Irian Jaya), Indonesia was carried out using stool examinations for the detection of copro-antigens and adult proglottids after chemotherapy, and confirmation by mitochondrial DNA analysis using expelled proglottids and metacestodes developed in NOD/Shi-scid mice from eggs of expelled proglottids. Approximately 8.6% of the local population in Kama (5/58), 1 km from the local capital city centre, Wamena, were confirmed to harbour adult T. solium using these techniques.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The T76 mutation in the pfcrt gene of Plasmodium falciparum and clinical chloroquine resistance phenotypes in Papua, Indonesia.

The T76 mutation in the pfcrt gene has been linked to chloroquine (CQ) resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. PCR-based analysis of pfcrt alleles was performed on pre-treatment samples from 107 individuals who had P. falciparum infections and lived in Papua, Indonesia. The results of a 28-day, in-vivo test revealed clinical resistance to CQ in 79 (74%) of the samples. The crude sensitivity of the pfcrt T76 assay for detecting the CQ-resistant infections in the samples was 96% and the crude specificity 52%. Discordance between pfcrt genotype and in-vivo phenotype was analysed either by genotyping of the merozoite surface protein-2 (to distinguish re-infection from recrudescence) or by amplification of the P. falciparum-specific small-subunit ribosomal RNA (ssrRNA) gene, using nested PCR (to detect any sub-patent but resistant parasites in infections misclassified as sensitive by the in-vivo test). When adjusting for the results of these analyses, the sensitivity and specificity of the pfcrt T76 assay for detecting the CQ-resistant infections became 93% and 82%, respectively. Overall, the present results indicate that the pfcrt T76 assay may be used to forecast therapeutic failure caused by CQ resistance. Validation requires exploration of the phenotype classifications based on the results of in-vivo tests, using genetic analyses that distinguish re-infection from recrudescence and detect microscopically subpatent parasitaemias.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of a simple and rapid dipstick assay for the diagnosis of typhoid fever in Indonesia.

To support the clinical diagnosis of typhoid fever in Indonesia, where most hospitals and health centres have no facilities for culture, a rapid dipstick assay for the detection of Salmonella typhi-specific IgM antibodies was evaluated on serum samples from 127 patients clinically suspected of having typhoid fever. In a single blood sample collected on admission to hospital, the sensitivity of the dipstick assay was 69.8% when compared with bone marrow culture and 86.5% when compared with blood culture. The specificity as calculated for the group of patients with suspected typhoid fever but a negative culture result was calculated to be 88.9%. Of 80 patients with febrile illnesses other than typhoid fever, reactivity was observed in only three patients with dengue haemorrhagic fever. The assay uses stabilised components that can be stored outside the refrigerator, does not require special equipment, and may be of use in remote health facilities that have no culture facilities.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1996

Hepatitis C virus variants from Jakarta, Indonesia classifiable into novel genotypes in the second (2e and 2f), tenth (10a) and eleventh (11a) genetic groups.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) isolates from 126 hepatitis patients in Jakarta, Indonesia were genotyped by PCR with genotype-specific primers deduced from the HCV core gene. Fifty-five isolates (44%) were classified as genotype II/1b, 15 (12%) as 1c, 33 (26%) as III/2a, and 1 (1%) as V/3a, while the remaining 22 (17%) were not classifiable into any of the five common genotypes (I/1a, II/1b, III/2a, IV/2b and V/3a) or 1c. Sequences of a part of the NS5b region [1093 bp (nucleotides 8279-9371)] of the 22 isolates of unclassifiable genotype were subjected to pair-wise comparison and phylogenetic analysis along with those of 62 isolates of 25 genotypes in nine genetic groups. Seven of the isolates were classified into 2e and two into 2f, representing novel genotypes in genetic group 2, while ten and three were classified into two new genetic groups, 10 and 11, respectively, and their genotypes were provisionally designated 10a and 11a. The isolates of genotype 10a (JK049) and 11a (JK046) were sequenced in full. Comparison of 24 HCV genomes including those of JK049 and JK046, over the entire genome and subgenomic regions, supported the classification of HCV into 11 genetic groups.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1986

Age-sex class differences in the positional behaviour of the Sumatran orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) in the Gunung Leuser National Park, Indonesia.

During a three-year field study of the socio-ecology of Sumatran orang-utans, their use of the canopy was investigated in the Gunung Leuser National Park, Indonesia. This paper concerns the positional behaviour of different age-sex classes of orang-utans. Adolescents and females with infants differed significantly from an adult male in the following respects: the use of locomotion types (more 'quadrumanous scrambling' and perhaps also 'quadrupedal walking' and less 'tree swaying'); substrate use during resting, and travelling and resting heights. We suggest that large body size restricts the travel route options in higher forest strata and necessitates the use of the lower stratum. Here, 'tree swaying' is an efficient method of progression, particularly for heavy animals. Mothers with infants are forced to travel in the lower zones as well. The fact that they return to a greater heights when they go to rest might suggest that they travel lower in spite of a greater predation risk.

Aging↗
PubMed2003

Challenges in using geographic information systems (GIS) to understand and control malaria in Indonesia.

Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease of global concern with 1.5 to 2.7 million people dying each year and many more suffering from it. In Indonesia, malaria is a major public health issue with around six million clinical cases and 700 deaths each year. Malaria is most prevalent in the developing countries of the world. Aid agencies have provided financial and technical assistance to malaria-prone countries in an effort to battle the disease. Over the past decade, the focus of some of this assistance has been in the provision of geographic information systems (GIS) hardware, software and training. In theory, GIS can be a very effective tool in combating malaria, however, in practice there have been a host of challenges to its successful use.This review is based, in part, on the literature but also on our experience working with the Indonesian Ministry of Health. The review identifies three broad problem areas. The first of these relates to data concerns. Without adequate data, GIS is not very useful. Specific problem areas include: accurate data on the disease and how it is reported; basic environmental data on vegetation, land uses, topography, rainfall, etc.; and demographic data on the movement of people. The second problem area involves technology - specifically computer hardware, GIS software and training. The third problem area concerns methods - assuming the previous data and technological problems have been resolved - how can GIS be used to improve our understanding of malaria? One of the main methodological tools is spatial statistical analysis, however, this is a newly developing field, is not easy to understand and suffers from the fact that there is no agreement on standard methods of analysis.The paper concludes with a discussion of strategies that can be used to overcome some of these problems. One of these strategies involves using ArcView GIS software in combination with ArcExplorer (a public domain program that can read ArcView files) to deal with the problem of needing multiple copies of GIS software. Another strategy involves the development of a self-paced training package that can be used to train individuals

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Impact of two rounds of mass drug administration using diethylcarbamazine combined with albendazole on the prevalence of Brugia timori and of intestinal helminths on Alor Island, Indonesia.

BACKGROUND: Annual mass drug administration (MDA) using diethylcarbamizine (DEC, 6 mg/kg) combined with albendazole (alb, 400 mg) is recommended by the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF). This strategy has been shown to be efficient in the of control bancroftian filariasis, but data on brugian filariasis as well as on the positive side effects on intestinal helminths are lacking. METHODS: The effect of one selective treatment and two rounds of MDA using DEC and alb on the prevalence and intensity of Brugia timori infection were studied on Alor island using a cross-sectional and a cohort approach. Before the campaign and ten months after each treatment cycle microfilariae (mf) were assessed by filtration of night blood. Before and ten months after MDA, stool samples were collected and the prevalence of intestinal helminths were determined. RESULTS: In all, the mf-rate dropped from 26.8% before any treatment to 3.8% following the second MDA. Almost all mf-positive, treated individuals showed very low mf densities. The crude prevalence of hookworm dropped from 25.3% to 5.9%. The reduction of prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides (32.3% to 27.6%) and Trichuris trichiura (9.4% to 8.9%) was less pronounced. Within a cohort of 226 individuals, which was examined annually, the prevalence of A. lumbricoides dropped from 43.8% to 26.5% and of T. trichiura from 12.8% to 6.6%. The results indicate that this MDA approach reduces not only the mf prevalence of B. timori but also the prevalence of hookworm and to a lesser extent also of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura. CONCLUSION: The MDA using DEC and alb as recommended by GPELF is extremely effective for areas with brugian filariasis. The beneficial effect of MDA on intestinal helminths may strengthen the national programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in Indonesia and may set resources free which are otherwise used for deworming campaigns of schoolchildren.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

The training and development needs of nurses in Indonesia: paper 3 of 3.

BACKGROUND: Indonesia's recent economic and political history has left a legacy of widespread poverty and serious health problems, and has contributed to marked inequalities in health care. One means of responding to these challenges has been through a reconsideration of the professional roles of nurses, to enable them to deal with the range and complexity of health problems. However, there are currently a number of obstacles to achieving these aims: there is a serious shortfall in trained nurses; the majority of nurses have only limited education and preparation for the role; and there is no central registration of nurses, which means that it is impossible to regulate either the profession or the standards of care. This study aimed to establish the occupational profiles of each grade of nurse, identify their training and development needs and ascertain whether any differences existed between nurses working in different regions or within hospital or community settings. METHODS: An established and psychometrically valid questionnaire was administered to 524 nurses, covering three grades and coming from five provinces. RESULTS: Significant differences in job profile were found in nurses from different provinces, suggesting that the nature of the role is determined to some degree by the geographical location of practice. The roles of hospital and community nurses, and the different grades of nurse, were fairly similar. All nurses reported significant training needs for all 40 tasks, although these did not vary greatly between grade of nurse. The training needs of nurses from each of the provinces were quite distinct, while those of hospital nurses were greater than those of community nurses. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the role of the nurse is not as diverse as might be expected, given the different levels of preparation and training and the diversity of their work environments. This may reflect the lack of a central registration system and quality framework, which would normally regulate clinical activities according to qualifications. The differences in training needs between subsections of the sample highlight the importance of identifying skills deficits and using this information to develop customized post-registration education programmes. Together, these results provide a rigorous and reliable approach to defining the occupational roles and continuing education needs of Indonesian nurses.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

The training and development needs of midwives in Indonesia: paper 2 of 3.

BACKGROUND: There is a shortfall in midwives in Indonesia (an estimated 26 per 100,000 people), which means that the quality of antenatal, perinatal and postnatal care varies widely. One consequence of this is the high rate of maternal and perinatal mortality, which has prompted a number of health initiatives. The current study was part of a review of the existing complex system of midwifery training and the development of a coherent programme of continuing professional development, tighter accreditation regulations and clearer professional roles. Its aims were to identify the occupational profiles and development needs of the participating midwives, and to establish whether any differences existed between grades, geographical location and hospital/community midwives. METHODS: A psychometrically valid training-needs instrument was administered to 332 midwives from three provinces, covering both hospital and community staff and a range of midwifery grades. The instrument had the capacity to identify occupational roles and education/training needs of the respondents. RESULTS: The occupational roles of the midwives varied significantly by province, indicating regional service delivery distinctions, but very little difference in the roles of hospital and community midwives. The most educated midwives attributed more importance to 35 out of the 40 tasks, suggesting an implicit role distinction in terms of level of activity. All midwives reported significant training needs for all 40 tasks. The most-educated midwives recorded training needs for 24 tasks, while the less-educated had training requirements for all tasks, which suggests that new training programmes are effective. Few differences in training needs were revealed between hospital and community midwives CONCLUSION: The results from this survey suggest important regional differences in how the midwife's role is discharged and underline the importance of this sort of research, in order to ensure the suitability of basic and postbasic educational provision. The study also highlights the need for further development and training of midwives in a wide range of tasks. These results provide a systematic and reliable overview of current midwifery roles and development needs and could serve to inform future training.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Evaluation of a peer education programme for female sex workers in Bali, Indonesia.

The objective of this paper is to evaluate a peer education programme for female sex workers in Bali, Indonesia. Sex workers participated in face-to-face interviews and STD exams in August-September 1998. In October 1998 one woman from each of 30 clusters was selected to be a peer educator and received a 2-day training on AIDS, STDs, condom use, and condom negotiation. After training, the peer educators were visited twice a week by field workers to answer questions and offer support. All sex workers received group education every 2 months. In January-February 1999, the sex workers again participated in face-to-face interviews and examinations. One month after peer education training, only 50% of the peer educators were still working in the clusters where they were trained. To evaluate the impact of the peer educators, sex workers in clusters where a peer educator continued to work were compared with sex workers in clusters where women did not continue to work (n=189). In clusters where women continued to work, there were higher levels of AIDS knowledge (P < 0.05), STD knowledge (P < 0.05) and condom use (82 vs 73%, P=0.15). The prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection was also lower in clusters with a peer educator (39% vs 55%, P=0.05) than in clusters without a peer educator.

Female↗
PubMed2005

Dangers, delights, and destiny on the sea: fishers along the East coast of north sumatra, indonesia.

This article describes a collaborative project between the International Labour Organization's International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) and the Lowell Center for Sustainable Production, in identifying work hazards of fishers along the east coast of North Sumatra, Indonesia, in July 2004. The study employed qualitative investigation techniques: participant observations at fishing villages and harbors; and interviews with local fishers and skippers. Fishers work long hours in life-threatening conditions, often with low pay. It would be synergistic to incorporate fishing safety and health policies and advocacy efforts into reconstruction undertakings of fisheries devastated by the 2004 tsunami.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Isolation and characterization of halophilic lactic acid bacteria isolated from "terasi" shrimp paste: a traditional fermented seafood product in Indonesia.

Lactic acid bacteria from "terasi" shrimp paste, a highly popular fermented seafood in Indonesia were isolated and characterized. Viable cell counts were 10(4) to 10(6) cfu/g on MRS medium. All the isolates were catalase-negative, gram-positive cocci and were able to grow at 15% NaCl. Numerical phenotypic analysis showed that the isolates clustered into one group. However, they could be classified into two types: the Tetragenococcus halophilus group and the T. muriaticus group as revealed by a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. This study is the first to show that both species of Tetragenococcus are distributed in Indonesian fermented foods.

Colony Count, Microbial↗