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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed1973

The distribution between gamma-glutamylhydrozamate synthetase and L-glutamine-hydroxylamine glutamyltransferase activities in rat tissues. Studies in vitro.

Two common ways of measuring the potential for glutamine synthesis in a tissue are the rates of formation of gamma-glutamylhydroxamate either by synthesis from glutamate (the glutamylhydroxamate synthetase reaction) or by transfer from glutamine (the glutamyltransferase reaction); it has not been established, however, that either reaction is a specific measure of glutamine synthetase. By differential extraction of glutamylhydroxamate synthetase and glutamyltransferase activities from water homogenates of several rat tissues I obtained an extract, rich in glutamylhydroxamate synthetase activity but nearly devoid of glutamyltransferase activity, and a fraction, solubilized by deoxycholate from the pellet, which contained virtually no glutamylhydroxamate synthetase activity but most of the original glutamyltransferase activity. Synthesis of glutamine, quantitatively similar to the gamma-glutamylhydroxamate formed by glutamylhydroxamate synthetase, is catalysed in the water extract but not in the particulate fraction. gamma-Glutamylhydroxamate formation by glutamylhydroxamate synthetase and glutamyltransferase shows discrepant substrate and metal specificities and can be differentially inhibited by l-methionine sulphoximine, phosphate and adenine nucleotides. The concordance between the formation of glutamine and gamma-glutamylhydroxamate by glutamylhydroxamate synthetase but not by glutamyltransferase and the different solubilities of the glutamylhydroxamate synthetase and glutamyltransferase enzyme activities demonstrate that these two activities are not inextricably associated; they therefore cannot be catalysed exclusively by the same protein.

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed1979

Reactivities of hydroxylamine and sodium bisulphite with carbonyl-containing haems and with the prosthetic groups of the erythrocyte green haemoproteins.

The reactivities of alkaline NH(2)OH and neutral NaHSO(3) with carbonyl and olefinic groups conjugated with the tetrapyrrole nucleus of haems were studied. The reactions were carried out with 2-3nmol of haem a, spirographis haem, isospirographis haem, 2,4-diacetyldeuterohaem and protohaem. Vinyl side chains were found to be insensitive to the chemical action of both alkaline NH(2)OH and neutral NaHSO(3). The formyl-containing haems reacted rapidly with both reagents at room temperature, as evidenced by sizable hypsochromic shifts of the reduced pyridine haemochrome spectrum. In less alkaline solution, the reactions of these formyl-containing haems with NH(2)OH were much slower. 2,4-Diacetyldeuterohaem reacted with alkaline NH(2)OH, but not with neutral NaHSO(3). These rapid, simple and straightforward tests are readily usable in differentiating among formyl, acetyl and other electron-withdrawing side chains conjugated with the tetrapyrrole ring of haems. We applied these observations to an investigation of the two unique prosthetic groups of the bovine erythrocyte green haemoproteins. The prosthetic groups of these two proteins were isolated and spectrally characterized. Under the conditions used, the haems did not react with either NH(2)OH or NaHSO(3), but were altered by dithionite, suggesting that the previous interpretation that a formyl group was present [Hultquist, Dean & Reed (1976) J. Biol. Chem.251, 3927-3932] may have been premature. These studies also provide evidence that the alpha-hydroxyfarnesylethyl side chain of haem a affects the alpha-band maximum, but not the beta- or Soret bands of the reduced pyridine haemochrome spectrum of haem a.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Peroxygenase metabolism of N-acetylbenzidine by prostaglandin H synthase. Formation of an N-hydroxylamine.

Synthesis of prostaglandin H2 by prostaglandin H synthase (PHS) results in a two-electron oxidation of the enzyme. An active reduced enzyme is regenerated by reducing cofactors, which become oxidized. This report examines the mechanism by which PHS from ram seminal vesicle microsomes catalyzes the oxidation of the reducing cofactor N-acetylbenzidine (ABZ). During the conversion of 0.06 mM ABZ to its final end product, 4'-nitro-4-acetylaminobiphenyl, a new metabolite was observed when 1 mM ascorbic acid was present. Similar results were observed whether 0.2 mM arachidonic acid or 0.5 mM H2O2 was used as the substrate. This metabolite co-eluted with synthetic N'-hydroxy-N-acetylbenzidine (N'HA), but not with N-hydroxy-N-acetylbenzidine. The new metabolite was identified as N'HA by electrospray ionization/MS/MS. N'HA represented as much as 10% of the total radioactivity recovered by high pressure liquid chromatography. When N'HA was substituted for ABZ, PHS metabolized N'HA to 4'-nitro-4-acetylaminobiphenyl. Inhibitor studies demonstrated that metabolism was due to PHS, not cytochrome P-450. The lack of effect of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide, mannitol, and superoxide dismutase suggests the lack of involvement of one-electron transfer reactions and suggests that hydroxyl radicals and superoxide are not sources of oxygen or oxidants. Oxygen uptake studies did not demonstrate a requirement for molecular oxygen. When [18O]H2O2 was used as the substrate, 18O enrichment was observed for 4'-nitro-4-acetylaminobiphenyl, but not for N'HA. A 97% enrichment was observed for one atom of 18O, and a 17 +/- 7% enrichment was observed for two 18O atoms. The rapid exchange of 18O-N'HA with water was suggested to explain the lack of enrichment of N'HA and the low enrichment of two 18O atoms into 4'-nitro-4-acetylaminobiphenyl. Results demonstrate a peroxygenase oxidation of ABZ and N'HA by PHS and suggest a stepwise oxidation of ABZ to N'-hydroxy, 4'-nitroso, and 4'-nitro products.

Benzidines↗
PubMed1975

Mechanism of the mutagenic action of hydroxylamine. IX. The UV-induced cleavage of the N-O bond in N4-hydroxy-and N4-methoxycytidine and N6-methoxyadenosine.

The principal UV-induced (lambda = 2546nm) reaction of N4-hydroxy- and N4methoxycytidines and N6-methoxyadenosine in neutral aqueous solutions is cleavage of the exocyclic N-O bond with the respective formation of cytidine and adenosine. Quantum yields are 2.8x10(-3) and 2.2x10(-3) M/E for the first two compounds and 9.1x10(-3) M/E for N6-methoxyadenosine.

Adenosine↗