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PubMed1978

A look at mainstreaming in light of children's attitudes toward the handicapped.

Mainstreaming is a legislative reality, yet there is still a question as to whether non-handicapped students are prepared for it. In the present study 131 grade school students were each asked to select from the Personal Attribute Inventory for Children 15 adjectives which best fit three groups of handicapped children as well as normal children. The groups were described in a hierarchical fashion: "normal children" were rated most favorably, then "physically handicapped children," "learning disabled children," and "emotionally disturbed children.".

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Social distance and behavioral attributes of developmentally handicapped and normal children.

20 behavioral attributes predicting social distance were examined among 101 junior high school students in six classrooms. The sample included 8 developmentally handicapped students, of whom at least one of each was mainstreamed into each classroom. Subjects were predominantly white, middle-class, suburban midwesterners. A sociometric nomination measure was used to obtain behavioral attribute profiles of the students which were then used to predict a psychometric measure of social distance. Handicapped students were not more socially distant than their normal peers. Factor analysis of the 20 behavioral attributes yielded four factors, three of which were significant predictors of classroom social distance, accounting for better than half the variance in social distance. These were described as Incompetent/Unassertive, Positive/Active/Assertive, and Passive/Unassertive. Social rejection in mainstreamed classrooms is more a function of perceived behavioral attributes than the label developmentally handicapped.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Comparison of amount of speech by physically handicapped children in large or small groups on a ward.

From 25 preschool physically handicapped children, a large group of 16 (14 to 18) and small groups of five were formed and compared for amount of speech at snack time. The amount of speech was recorded from three children in a small group and then when in a large group. Four small groups were observed in three sessions each; 12 sessions were conducted. Children in small groups spoke more than when in the larger groups. Small groups seemed more facilitative of language development for the young handicapped children when their handicap was severe.

Cerebral Palsy↗
PubMed1989

Attitudes toward handicapped peers of mainstreamed and nonmainstreamed children in physical education.

The influence of contact (mainstreamed and nonmainstreamed) and sex on attitudes of fifth- and sixth-grade students toward handicapped children was examined. 143 mainstreamed students attended an integrated school, whereas 86 nonmainstreamed students had no handicapped children in their school. Mean responses to the Children's Attitudes Toward Handicapped Scale were subjected to a 2 x 2 analysis of variance which indicated no significant differences by contact or sex. Chi 2 analysis of individual items indicated some significant differences, favoring contact, on items "are fun" and "are interesting".

Attitude↗
PubMed1992

Rorschach movement responses and the TAT Transcendence Index in physically handicapped children.

It has been supposed that those who give many Rorschach movement responses and score high on the TAT Transcendence Index are more inhibited in their motor activity. In previous studies motor inhibition was investigated by experimentally preventing motor activity. In the present study the effects of long-term motor inhibition on movement perception and fantasy level were explored in 19 physically handicapped children, ages 11 to 15 years. Analysis showed that the physically handicapped children produced more (both human and animal) movement responses than the 19 normal children. Fantasy in the TAT was also higher in the former group. The theoretical basis of projective movement responses and fantasy in physical handicap needs more clarification. A more detailed approach in qualitative analysis of the movement responses is also important.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Attention checklist: a rating scale for mildly mentally handicapped adolescents.

A check list for attentional deficits without reference to hyperactive behavior observed in the classroom was constructed, and teachers' ratings were factor analyzed. The check-list rating was compared to a widely used rating scale for attention deficit-hyperactive disorder (AD-HD), the Abbreviated Conners Rating Scale. Both scales were given to 15 teachers to rate 100 mildly mentally handicapped adolescent students. Analysis showed that 33% of the mentally handicapped students were rated above 1.5 on the Conners Scale, which is the cut-off for hyperactivity. This is much higher than the prevalence of hyperactivity in regular classrooms. The two sets of ratings correlated strongly (.84). Check-list items were grouped under one factor explaining 70.7% of variance and so are recommended for use in discriminating attentional deficit in mentally handicapped as well as in regular class students. The high correlation with ratings on the Conners Scale suggests that AD-HD is a unitary syndrome with attention being most problematic for children labeled hyperactive.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Work and workload of nursing personnel in a nursery school and two institutions for handicapped children.

Work-related low back pain and cervicobrachial disorders have become increasingly common among nursing personnel with the increase in the number of social welfare institutions and workers. The aim of this study is to assess the burden on the low backs of personnel caring for children. We measured work content, working time, posture and muscular activity in 16 nursery workers in three different types of institutions for healthy and handicapped children. The working time and posture of 7 nursery teachers in a public nursery school for healthy children (A school), 7 nursing workers (4 nursery teachers and 3 nursery instructors) in a public daycare center for mentally and physically handicapped children (B center), and 2 nursery instructors in a private home for severely handicapped children (C home) were analyzed. The muscular activity of the erectores spinae muscle of three subjects was measured using a newly developed EMG monitor (portable EMG monitor, PEMM). The following results were obtained. The average length of a lesson or activity in A school was greater than that in B center and C home. The time required by care for meals was longest in C home. The arrangement and rearrangement times were longest in the classes of children aged 3-5 in A school. The time occupied for clerical work and other work was relatively longer, while recess including lunch time was approximately one hour. The most commonly observed posture was sitting on the floor in all kinds of classes, with this occurring most often in C home. Hazardous postures such as bending forward, squatting, and kneeling appeared in 11-18% (48-81 min) of a day's working time. The average muscular activity of the erectores spinae muscle of three subjects throughout a day was approximately 10% of the maximum isometric contraction (% maximum work load, %MWL), when muscular activities were measured by PEMM. The relatively high %MWL values (19-27%MWL) were obtained at a slightly bending posture and a kneeling posture, while lower (1-9%MWL) values were observed at a sitting posture. The %MWL values at a sitting posture varied according to such conditions as duration of sitting, back rest, weight on the arms, twisting of the trunk, and hip movement. The risky nature of the sitting posture are also discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Intellectual handicap in contemporary psychiatry.

OBJECTIVE: To apprise readers of the 'state of play' in the psychiatry of intellectual handicap. METHOD: A review was conducted of relevant journals and conference abstracts covering a range of scientific aspects of intellectual disability. Those developments considered to be most significant were summarised. In addition, consideration is given to issues relevant to the politics of disability affecting psychiatric practice in Australia. RESULTS: There have been considerable developments in our understanding of the pathogenesis of intellectual handicap in pharmacotherapy and the behavioural therapies, in the taxonomy of psychopathology, in epidemiology, in delineation of behaviour phenotypes, and in assessment and measurement of psychopathology. CONCLUSION: Intellectual handicap and psychiatry have had a chequered relationship in Australia, but the two fields are now clearly moving again to a closer and more productive collaboration. Recent scientific advances have provided a stimulating environment for this increased activity and interest.

Australia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Quantifying auditory handicap. A new approach.

This report describes a new audiovisual test procedure for the quantification of auditory handicap (QUAH). The QUAH test attempts to recreate in the laboratory a series of everyday listening situations. Individual test items represent psychomotor tasks. Data on 53 normal-hearing listeners described performance as a function of the message-to-competition ratio (MCR). Results indicated that, for further studies, an MCR of 0 dB represents the condition above which the task seemed too easy and below which the task appeared too difficult for normal-hearing subjects. The QUAH approach to the measurement of auditory handicap seems promising as an experimental tool. Further studies are needed to describe the relation of QUAH results (1) to clinical audiologic measures and (2) to more traditional indices of auditory handicap.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

The American Medical Association/American Academy of Otolaryngology formula for determination of hearing handicap.

The main problem in attempting to estimate auditory handicap from easily measured indices such as pure-tone sensitivity or intelligibility scores for numbers, words or sentences is that no criterion to establish validity has received wide acceptance. Even though few would disagree with the definition of handicap accepted by the American Medical Association: 'the disadvantage imposed by an impairment sufficient to affect the individual's efficiency in the activities of daily living', this definition is so vague that it is of little practical value. Consequently, all formulae to rate handicap are based on assumptions of a more or less arbitrary nature. A dozen such assumptions are shown to underly the formula of the American Medical Association/American Academy of Otolaryngology.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationships among psychoacoustic judgments, speech understanding ability and self-perceived handicap in tinnitus subjects.

Tinnitus is often a disturbing symptom which affects 6-20% of the population. Relationships among tinnitus pitch and loudness judgments, audiometric speech understanding measures and self-perceived handicap were evaluated in a sample of subjects with tinnitus and hearing loss (THL). Data obtained from the THL sample on the audiometric speech measures were compared to the performance of an age-matched hearing loss only (HL) group. Both groups had normal hearing through 1 kHz with a sloping configuration of < or = 20 dB/octave between 2-12 kHz. The THL subjects performed more poorly on the low predictability items of the Speech Perception in Noise Test, suggesting that tinnitus may interfere with the perception of speech signals having reduced linguistic redundancy. The THL subjects rated their tinnitus as annoying at relatively low sensation levels using the pitch-match frequency as the reference tone. Further, significant relationships were found between loudness judgment measures and self-rated annoyance. No predictable relationships were observed between the audiometric speech measures and perceived handicap using the Tinnitus Handicap Questionnaire. These findings support the use of self-report measures in tinnitus patients in that audiometric speech tests alone may be insufficient in describing an individual's reaction to his/her communication breakdowns.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Assessing aspects of auditory handicap by means of pupil dilatation.

The demand on extra effort and concentration during listening are notorious handicapping effects of hearing impairment as is shown by self-assessment studies. In an attempt to explore new ways of assessing hearing handicap, the present study focuses on an objective measure of mental effort during listening. Pupil dilatation is used as the index of mental effort. Results for 14 hearing-impaired and 14 normal hearing listeners show a relation between pupil dilatation and difficulty in speech reception in noise, as manipulated by the speech-to-noise ratio. In addition the study shows that, with regard to effort and concentration, hearing-impaired subjects benefit less than normals from easier listening situations (e.g. at 5 dB above the individual speech-reception threshold). The results show a significant correlation between self-rated handicap and pupil dilatation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The development of the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps in France.

Until recently there has been little satisfactory information about people with disabilities in France, partly due to reluctance by those framing legislation to formulate a definition of handicap. A preliminary translation of the ICIDH in 1981 stimulated interest in the problem, and the National Technical Centre on Handicaps issued a definitive translation in 1988. The word 'handicap' caused difficulties in French as it approximates to the global term disablement. This report describes how the difficulties were surmounted, and how the National Technical Centre then proceeded to undertake activities to extend awareness of the ICIDH. The impact of the classification is reviewed, and applications in social administration, rehabilitation and geriatrics, epidemiological surveys, and education and training are discussed. In 1989 the National Centre was appointed as a WHO collaborating centre for the ICIDH, and future aims are described.

Congresses as Topic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The assessment of physical independence handicap: experience in a community disablement survey.

Two approaches to the ascertainment of physical independence handicap have been explored using data from a survey of disablement in the population. The survey used a two-stage methodology with an initial postal shift to ascertain those with selected disabilities, a stratified random sample of whom were followed-up with an in-depth interview. The first approach to handicap was direct ascertainment of the scale categories by means of a question in the interview schedule. The second approach was to synthesize the scale categories from the answers to interview questions about disabilities in activities of daily living and other relevant factors. The final synthesized algorithm gave a 75% match within one scale point with the direct question and 85% agreement with receipt of attendance allowance, a state benefit paid to those meeting certain criteria for dependence on others. The lessons learned from the work have been incorporated in a revised and expanded scale, which is suggested as a starting point for revision of physical independence dimension of handicap.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A survey of disablement in a British population using an action-orientated measure, physical independence handicap: problems with activities of daily living and level of support.

A population survey with the aim of obtaining information to facilitate the planning of services for younger physically disabled people provided the opportunity to explore the use of physical independence handicap in this context. A Phase 1 sift questionnaire was sent to one in three (25,167) occupied households in Calderdale, a district in Yorkshire, England, with a final 87% response rate. A Phase 2 in-depth interview was carried out on a stratified random sample of those identified as disabled in Phase 1. Interviews were obtained with 570 individuals aged 16-64 years, 93% of those available. The measure of physical independence handicap was derived from data obtained in the interview indicating need for help at infrequent or short intervals and immediate-needs dependence. The estimated prevalence of dependent people aged 16-64 in Calderdale is 26.6 per 1000 population (95% CI: 24.9-28.3). Rates were higher in females, and both prevalence and level of dependence increased with age. Disability in activities of daily living and locomotion was linked to the level of physical independence handicap. Problems with housework and collecting (including shopping) were most frequent for those who needed help on an infrequent basis, while self-care needs were substantial for the short and immediate-needs dependence groups. Only a small proportion reported receiving services in their home during the previous 12 months; 20% received services from a nurse and 10% the services of a local authority home help. Overall, 91% reported contact with the primary health care team within the previous 12 months and 68% with hospital and rehabilitation services.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1978

Overcoming the feeding problems of the mentally and the physically handicapped.

Three centres in the South Manchester area for mentally and physically handicapped children were visited. The paper describes the feeding difficulties of mentally and physically handicapped children and the techniques developed to overcome them, with special reference to the cerebral palsied child. The problems of the adult handicapped person are considered, and the apparatus designed to assist feeding.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Transport handicap--its causes, its scale and its effect.

It has become clear during all stages of our research that transport plays a vital part in enabling disabled people to live independent lives and to be a full part of the community in which they live. All Change, a consumers study of public transport handicap in Greater London, published in 1986, sought to gather information about the scale, causes, and extent of transport handicap in the Greater London area. The findings are based on interviews from people who define themselves as transport handicapped.

Automobiles↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An introduction to the concepts and classifications of the international classification of impairments, disabilities, and handicaps.

This paper aims to introduce the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps (ICIDH) and to set the scene for the forthcoming revision process. The consequences of diseases and disorders at the level of the body (impairment), the person (disability), and the person as a social being (handicap) are defined and described. Bearing in mind some of the controversies and confusions which have become apparent in attempts to apply the ICIDH since its publication in 1980, the distinctions between the different concepts are explored: namely, impairment--disability; impairment--functional limitation--disability; and between disability--handicap. The nature of the classification schemes for these concepts is described, together with some implications for methods of assessment. Finally, the contribution the ICIDH has made, and its potential uses are briefly reviewed.

Persons with Disabilities↗