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PubMed2002

Rethinking homosexuality: what it teaches us about psychoanalysis.

This presentation, written ten years after the American Psychoanalytic Association adopted a nondiscrimination policy with regard to sexual orientation, discusses the evolving relationship between psychoanalysis and homosexuality. The paper is in three sections: (1) the process of policy change and the overturning of injustice; (2) the excursion after Freud's death into analytic bias and extreme pathologizing of homosexuality, the struggle to overcome those distortions, and the lessons to be learned from this history; and (3) the search, in the coming decade, for new understanding of homosexuality and all aspects of sexuality.

Female↗

PubMed1998

Female homosexuality: classical psychoanalytic theory reconsidered.

The psychoanalytic theory of female homosexuality occupies an unusual position in modern psychoanalytic thought because it continues to be influenced by models of the mind that have largely been discarded in other areas of psychoanalytic psychology. Psychoanalytic ideas regarding female homosexuality are considered here from an historical perspective. It is suggested that modern psychoanalytic theory about sexual orientation in women must include recent contributions on the psychological development of women, the psychoanalytic psychology of male homosexuality, and relevant extraanalytic observations.

Female↗

PubMed1998

A new analytic dyad: homosexual analyst, heterosexual patient.

The paradoxical thesis is presented that the extraordinary aspect of the analytic experience of a homosexual male analyst and his heterosexual male analysand is that it was ordinary, that the fundamental processes of transference, countertransference, and analysis of defense and resistance were determinative. The unique variations of these processes with this particular patient are explored. The patient entered treatment unaware of the analyst's homosexuality, which he discovered during the analysis. The course of this discovery, its transformations, its defensive uses, its transference meanings, and its fate in the termination are delineated. Through viewing the patient's reactions to the analyst's homosexuality as potential entry points to the transference, the analytic process was enhanced and facilitated.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Attitudes toward homosexuality: a cross cultural analysis of predictors.

An accepting attitude toward homosexuality was studied in Spain, England, and Germany using samples of 2160, 1167, and 1296 respectively rendering a total sample size of 4623. A multiple regression analysis was used to demonstrate that approval of homosexuality could be predicted from basic demographics, family background, religious and political values. A causal model is introduced with demographic and family variables thought to first influence religion and political values and that these values would then directly impact on the acceptance of the belief that homosexuality can be justified.

Attitude↗

PubMed2006

Essentialist beliefs about homosexuality: structure and implications for prejudice.

The structure of beliefs about the nature of homosexuality, and their association with antigay attitudes, were examined in three studies (Ns = 309, 487, and 216). Contrary to previous research, three dimensions were obtained: the belief that homosexuality is biologically based, immutable, and fixed early in life; the belief that it is cross-culturally and historically universal; and the belief that it constitutes a discrete, entitative type with defining features. Study 1 supported a three-factor structure for essentialist beliefs about male homosexuality. Study 2 replicated this structure with confirmatory factor analysis, extended it to beliefs about lesbianism, showed that all three dimensions predicted antigay attitudes, and demonstrated that essentialist beliefs mediate associations between prejudice and gender, ethnicity, and religiosity. Study 3 replicated the belief structure and mediation effects in a community sample and showed that essentialist beliefs predict antigay prejudice independently of right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and political conservatism.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Homosexual panic: a review of its concept.

This paper traces the origin of the term "homosexual panic" when it was first described in 1920 to the Freudian bisexual theory of sexual development and the concepts of repressed and latent homosexuality, and questions the appropriateness of this term when used to diagnose as well as to describe different situations. Concerns are raised especially when dealing with conditions ranging from violent behaviour to outright psychotic episodes. Homosexual panic is also compared with pseudohomosexuality, and finally correlated with society's homophobic attitudes.

Adjustment Disorders↗

PubMed1976

Is a homosexual orientation irreversible?

In four studies homosexual patients were randomly allocated to receive either different forms of aversive therapy; or aversive therapy or a positive conditioning procedure. Before and after therapy the patients' sexual orientation was determined by measuring their penile volume responses to moving pictures of nude men and women. The aversive therapies produced reduction in homosexual feelings and behaviour. In the fourth study the reduction was significantly greater following the aversive compared with the positive conditioning procedure. No significant change in measured sexual orientation occurred in the patients who received aversive therapy compared with those who received positive conditioning. The measured sexual orientation of the homosexual patients after treatment differed significantly from that of heterosexual patients who received aversive therapy for sexual anomalies.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1981

Neuroendocrine mechanisms and the aetiology of male and female homosexuality.

Theories on the classification and aetiology of male homosexuality are reviewed, particularly recent hypotheses on the role of prenatal hormonal influences on brain sexual differentiation and subsequent sexual object choice in the male. Female as well as male brain sexual differentiation may be hormonally determined, and so primary homosexuality in both sexes may be due to abnormalities in foetal exposure to hormones, leading first to physical mis-differentiation and later to homosexual behaviour in genetically and phenotypically normal men and women.

Androgens↗

PubMed1975

Female homosexuals' concepts of self, men, and women.

Twenty-four female homosexuals and 24 female heterosexuals matched for age and education were given the Draw-A-Person Test (DAP) and, on the Gough-Heilbrun Adjective Check List (ACL), were asked to describe themselves, men in general, and women in general. Results indicated that homosexuals, relative to the heterosuxual controls: (a) sexualized their drawings (p smaller than .02) and embellished the female figure more (p smaller than .05); (b) showed no evidence of confusion in gender identity on the DAP or ACL; (c) scored sifnigicantly higher on Autonomy, Change, and Exhibition on the ACL; and (d) scored significantly lower on Abasement, Defensiveness, Deference, Endurance, Order, Personal Adjustment and Self-control on the ACL. It was concluded that the female homosexual may be more independent, changeable, and sexually preoccupied and less well adjusted than her heterosexual counterpart.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected homosexual men.

Serum total testosterone, total 17 beta-estradiol, LH, FSH, and PRL concentrations were measured by RIA in 59 homosexual men infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (32 clinically healthy antibody-positive men (HH+), 20 men with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and 7 men with AIDS-related complex (ARC). The results were compared with those of 26 antibody-negative homosexual men (HH-) who served as controls. The mean serum total testosterone concentration was significantly lower in the men with AIDS [414 +/- 230 (+/- SD) ng/dL (14.5 +/- 8.0)] than in the HH- men [550 +/- 172 ng/dL (19.0 +/- 6.0 nmol/L); P less than 0.05]. The mean serum LH level was significantly higher in the men with AIDS (26 +/- 14 vs. 14 +/- 4 IU/L in HH- men; P less than 0.01) and slightly but significantly higher in the men with ARC (19 +/- 8 IU/L; 0.10 greater than P greater than 0.05). Serum FSH also was significantly higher in the men with AIDS (P less than 0.05). Serum PRL was significantly higher in the men with ARC (10 +/- 2 micrograms/L; P less than 0.05) and AIDS (16 +/- 10 micrograms/L; P less than 0.001) than in the HH- men (8 +/- 3 micrograms/L). Serum sex hormone-binding globulin levels were similar in HH- men and men with AIDS as were serum T responses to hCG administration for 2 days. These results suggest that alterations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis indicative of primary hypogonadism accompany human immunodeficiency virus infection in homosexual men.

AIDS-Related Complex↗

PubMed2000

Sexually transmitted infection as a risk factor for homosexual HIV transmission: a systematic review of epidemiological studies.

Existing reviews suggest some sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are risk factors in heterosexual HIV transmission. This may not be so in homosexual HIV transmission, about which reviews make no specific conclusions. This paper reviews published studies which report on the relative risk of STIs in HIV seroconversion in homosexually-active men in order to examine this matter. Papers obtained via various searches were judged adequate if they were prospective cohort or cohort-nested case-control studies; used HIV seroconversion as the outcome; assessed STI exposure objectively; and controlled for potential confounding from age and sexual behaviour. Sixteen papers were obtained, of these 3 were judged adequate. Adequate papers reported little association. Inadequate papers were more likely to report association. Evidence from adequate studies does not suggest STIs are risk factors in homosexual HIV transmission. Some caution is needed in interpreting the results because of the paucity of adequate studies.

HIV Infections↗

PubMed1998

Anal cytological abnormalities in HIV-infected homosexual men.

This study aimed to examine the prevalence of anal cytological abnormalities in groups of HIV-infected and non-infected homosexual men, and to monitor changes with time. Dyskaryosis suggestive of anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) was noted in 24 (30%) of the 80 satisfactory anal smears from 66 HIV-seropositive homosexual men; such changes were found in only 7 (4.7%) of the 149 satisfactory smears from 181 HIV-seronegative homosexual men (P < 0.005), and in none of 34 satisfactory preparations from 51 HIV-seronegative heterosexual men. In the follow-up of 20 HIV-seropositive men, the severity of the cytological abnormalities found in 2 men increased, with the most recent smear showing changes suggestive of AIN III; one of these men subsequently developed anal cancer. Smears from 4 men showed apparent regression in the degree of dyskaryosis. Although the numbers of patients studied were small, there appeared to be a trend towards a more severe degree of dyskaryosis in those men with increasing immunodeficiency. There was no significant difference in the detection of human papillomavirus types 6b, 11, 16 and 18 between HIV-infected and non-infected men.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

PCR detection of Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus and human papillomavirus from the anal mucosa in HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative homosexual men.

This study aimed to examine the prevalence of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) in the anal and oral mucosa of homosexual men with and without HIV infection and to correlate these findings to CD4+ count and anal cytology. Anal and oral cell samples from 20 HIV-infected and 14 non-infected homosexual men attending the STD clinic at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goteborg were examined for EBV, HSV and HPV by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Proctoscopy was performed in all patients and swabs for cytology were taken. EBV was demonstrated in 32% (6/19) of anal cell samples from the HIV-positive group but in none from 13 HIV-negative men. Asymptomatic shedding of HSV type 2 from the anus was detected in 3 of 19 HIV-positive men, all with low CD4+ counts and abnormal cytology. No patient in the HIV-negative group shed HSV from the anus. HPV was demonstrated in 16 of 17 anal cell samples in the HIV-infected group and in 7 of 13 HIV-negative men. More than one HPV type was detected in 7 HIV-infected men. Five (29%) of 17 HIV-positive patients exhibited abnormal cytology whereas none did so in the HIV-negative group. Those with abnormal cytology all had CD4+ counts below 0.35 and were infected with multiple HPV types including HPV 16/18. In conclusion, our results demonstrate an enhanced expression of HPV as well as EBV from the anus in HTV-infected homosexual men. In this small number of patients EBV was not related to low CD4+ count or to abnormal cytology.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMed1976

Age-status labeling in homosexual men.

Ninety-five homosexual men between 25 and 68 years of age were asked to classify themselves as young, middle-aged, or old. Most men in their 20s and 30s described themselves as young; most men in their 40s and all men over 50 described themselves as middle-aged. The popular suggestion of accelerated aging in homosexual men was not supported. Homosexual men who anticipate such accelerated aging might possess poorer physical and or psychological health than those who do not.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Iatrogenic homosexuality: gender identity in seven 46,XX chromosomal females with hyperadrenocortical hermaphroditism born with a penis, three reared as boys, four reared as girls.

This paper describes seven chromosomal and gonadal females with the adrenogenital syndrome who were born with a penis as a result of extreme fetal androgenization. Four of them were reared as girls and differentiated a female gender identity with tomboyism. The other three were reared as boys, differentiated a male gender identity, and performed sexually as men with women partners. Even though these men are by no means homosexual in the everyday meaning of the term, the sexual relation is homosexual on the criteria of chromosomal and gonadal sex. The prenatal hormonal environment as well as the social experience of the rearing have thus demonstrated a formula for creating the perfect female homosexual.

Achievement↗

PubMed1976

A factor-analytic conceptualization of attitudes toward male and female homosexuals.

A wide spectrum of opinions and beliefs concerning homosexuals was sampled, compiled into a questionnaire format, and administered to a large group of heterosexual subjects. Factor analysis yielded six independent sets of attitudes that describe the variance in heterosexual reactions to homosexuals. The relationship of sex differences and familiarity with homosexuals to variations in response style is discussed.

Anxiety↗

PubMed1977

Self-concept and psychological adjustment differences between self-identified male transsexuals and male homosexuals.

Self-concept and adjustment data from anatomical males seeking sexual reassignment surgery were compared with that from a male homosexual group. Findings indicated that the homosexual group had a better self-image and was better adjusted than the sex change group. Other findings are presented that reinforce the view that the norm violations in homosexuality and transsexualism do not necessarily imply serious character damage.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1978

Nonreproduction, homosexuality, transsexualism, and intelligence: I. A systematic literature search.

The relationship between various forms of nonreproduction (especially homosexuality) and intelligence (as measured by IQ and other tests) is investigated by a systematic review of the literature, selecting studies without regard to the direction of their findings. Most studies found the more homosexual subject groups' scores to be higher than those of the more heterosexual controls, and all exceptions to this trend are concentrated in one subgroup: prisoners. Moreover, the more representative the sample studied, and the less subject to challenge the methodology used, the clearer and more statistically significant was the superiority in intelligence of the more homosexual over the more heterosexual group.

Female↗