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PubMed1976

[Transsexuality-medical and legal aspects (author's transl)].

Transsexuals have a subjective conviction that they belong to the opposite sex and demand a change of sex. They suffer mainly from lack of understanding in their environment. In the German Federal Republic the legal problem of transsexuals has become a legislative one through the verdict of the Bundesgerichtshof of 21.9. 1971. By contrast, pragmatical solutions have been found in the United States during the last 10 years, particularly since Gender Identity Clinics came into existence. The etiology of transsexualism is unknown. The most reliable diagnostic test is the two-year test, living practically in the desired sex. Counselling, hormonal and surgical therapy do not constitute a cure, but rehabilitation. At the present time these are the only measures to help transsexuals.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1993

The absent father: his role in sexual deviations and in transference.

In this paper, sexual perversion is discussed and connected with the absence of the father and with the failure of a primary relationship with a mother who is incapable of leading the child to the threshold of Oedipus. Sexual perversion may be considered as the expression of a narcissistic personality organisation which makes massive use of splitting and projective identification as a defence against separation anxiety. This prevents homosexual perverts from dis-identifying from their mothers and from attaining a distinct gender identity. The clinical case of a homosexual male patient is presented, where the absence of the father underlay his resentment, conveyed in the transference by means of lamentations and boredom, with which the patient sadistically tormented the analyst, thus giving vent to his deep resentment over an absent and unreliable father and over a mother from whom he could only be separated at the cost of persecutory anxiety and feelings of jealousy.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The return of the projected: some thoughts on paranoia and a recent trend in horror films.

I have focused on two interrelated changes in horror films of the last twenty-five years: a tendency for the "horror" to become internalized; and the use of what I call "bubbling flesh" to signify the internalized horror. Taking two films--the 1958 Fly and its 1986 remake--and treating them as (paranoid) fantasies, I have explored what I take to be the unconscious meanings of these changes. Although both films present oedipal as well as pre-oedipal conflicts, and although both employ paranoid mechanisms of negation and projection of an unacceptable wish, the earlier film also makes greater use of repression to keep the preoedipal wishes farther from consciousness. The earlier film is also more successful in its projection: In the later film the projective mechanisms fail and the projected returns to its original locus. The particular unacceptable wish that I see as being fundamental to these two films (and perhaps to all horror films) is a radically passive wish for merger with the mother--a merger wish so radical that it can be seen in terms of Gun-trip's "return to the womb" wishes, and so passive that it can be seen as a nearly pure form o Freud's death drive--the drive toward total quiescence and dissolution. I have associated the differences between the two films with changes in society in the past decades, and especially with changes in traditionally conceived gender roles and their associated senses of gender identity. Finally, I have suggested that we view these historical changes not as signs of societal regression but as the beginnings of the failure of one set of defense mechanisms that can possibly allow an opening to try out new strategies.

Defense Mechanisms↗
PubMed1995

Venereology as a specialty in Australia.

The development of venereology as a medical specialty began in 1979-1981 with the formation of multidisciplinary venereology societies in each state, followed by annual convention of an advocacy body, the National Venereology Council of Australia, which also included governmental representatives. In 1988 the Australian College of Venereologists was incorporated as a professional training body, and in 1992, the first Chair in Sexual Medicine was established by the Universities of Sydney and New South Wales. In parallel, the role of the nursing profession as active participants evolved dramatically: nurses work within the context of the health care team, with clinical, teaching, and outreach responsibilities, and by collaborating or initiating research. Sexual and Reproductive Health nursing is recognised as a specialist area, and the Australian Sexual Health Nurses Association (ASHNA) was inaugurated in 1991. Sexual Health Counselors come from a range of disciplines which represent the shift in focus from disease control to education and prevention, and which encompass sexual dysfunction, gender identity issues, sexual assault, and the empowerment of clients. Within the repertoire of many health care workers in sexually transmissable disease services are skills in the ¿new¿ public health (particularly health promotion), and an understanding of cultural influences on sexuality. ¿Sexual Health¿ has become the preferred name for such services.

Australia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Psychiatric aspects of transsexualism].

Transsexualism is a mental disease in which gender identity goes contrary to corporal reality. Diagnostic is purely clinical and needs a prolonged observation. The actual experience concerning about 700 cases allow us to consider that one quarter of patients should get sexual conversion.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The place of endocrinology in the management of transsexualism].

Transsexualism is not a sexual perversion but rather a gender identity disorder. The patient claim for his personal and public image and condition. The diagnosis problems arise from the lack of clinical, biological or hormonal typical signs. The pathogenesis is unclear but works in progress suggest somatic alterations. These alterations might be pre or perinatal hormonal changes and/or alterations in cerebral structures involved in sexual differentiation. Transsexualism is not a treatable disease using currently available treatments. Only hormonal and surgical treatments with sex reassignment might answer to the patient's request and improve his mental condition. Hormonal treatment might only prescribed after a consensus statement of about the sex reassignment of the patient and under medical follow-up. An early and strict medical follow-up of the patients by a multi specialist medical team is required and have to warrant the etic aspects. This is mostly important for the approval for sex reassignment from the authorities.

Endocrinology↗
PubMed1997

Attitudes towards alcohol use among Bulgarians-Christians and Turks-Muslims.

The attitude towards drinking in a given culture plays a very important role in the use and abuse of alcoholic beverages. The purpose of our study was to examine and compare this attitude among the Bulgarians-Christians and Turks-Muslims in Bulgaria. The sample comprised 618 subjects--316 Bulgarians-Christians and 302 Turks-Muslims, selected by means of a randomized cluster design. The sample was stratified by ethnic identity, gender, age and place of residence (town vs. village). This methodology provided us with a way of controlling these confounding variables. The survey was conducted with a standardized questionnaire designed specifically for the study. The findings show that a greater percentage of Turks-Muslim than of Bulgarians-Christians (including those respondents who regularly use alcohol) are in favour of an official prohibition of alcohol in society and even moderate use on special occasions is inadmissible to them. Women, rural residents, people with lower educational status, senior citizens and those to whom religion plays an important part in their lives predominate in the social structure of the Turkish sub-sample favouring official prohibition. Their cultural readiness to say "No" to alcohol is viewed in the context of the abstinent Islamic culture.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Being female in a health care hierarchy. On the social construction of gender and leader identity in a work organization having a predominance of women.

The aim of this paper is to illuminate the situation of women working in hierarchical organizations--patriarchal systems where male values and characteristics are normative--especially when the majority of employees in the organization are female. Do organizations where women make up the majority of the work force offer specific opportunities for women? How does the predominance of women affect the social construction of gender and leader identity? These questions are examined from a feminist perspective. Two concepts, gender system and the logic of personal relationships, provide the point of departure. Empirical support is drawn from studies, primarily of health care institutions, one of them an ongoing study by the author. The conclusion is that the hierarchical system seems to be self-generating among both women and men. A more flexible and anti-authoritarian work organization gives greater opportunities for women to develop in their work and to accept leading positions. The benefits of certain female characteristics, summarized in the concept of responsible rationality, in organizational life are discussed.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed2005

Naming oneself criminal: gender difference in offenders' identity negotiation.

This qualitative research examines gender differences in offenders'ability to negotiate a positive identity once the pejorative labels of criminal, prostitute, drug dealer, and incompetent parents have been imputed onto them. In-depth semi-structured focused interviews were conducted with a purposeful information-rich sample of eight male and eight female offenders. Content analysis reveals that males were much more adept than female offenders at juggling with conventional and street norms to justify and/or resist stigmatizing labels in order to construct a favorable identity. Appeal to such personal strengths as know-how, competence, loyalty, and a code of honor allowed male offenders to challenge the boundaries between conventional and delinquent worlds. Concomitantly such an appeal gave rise to a sense of efficacy perception and an optimistic explanatory style. In contrast, even though female offenders were able to justify the labels of drug dealer, prostitute, and thief by appeal to higher loyalties and reject that of insane, all their justifications collapsed when having to negotiate the identity of incompetent mother. Female offenders' negative internal attributions and deprivation of the normative center-motherhood resulted in apathy, anomie, and lack of confidence in their ability to do something worthwhile. Rehabilitation guidelines would build female offenders' personal strengths while redirecting those exhibited by male offenders into lawful enterprises.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Career choice in nursing students: gendered constructs as psychological barriers.

BACKGROUND: Gendered views of nursing remain widespread. This study explores how such views may influence student nurses' career aspirations. METHOD: A group of preregistration student nurses completed a questionnaire distributed early in their first year of study of a 3 year Higher Diploma in Nursing. Data were gathered on career aspirations and the perceived gendered nature of a number of career options. Gender role orientation and occupational and academic self-efficacy were also measured using the Bem Sex Role Inventory and an adaptation of the Betz and Hackett Self-Efficacy Scale. RESULTS: The results document the relative popularity of each specialism within nursing and students' perceptions of the gendered nature of each of the various nurse careers. Differences in these perceptions as related to gender and gender role identity are also outlined. Gender and gender role orientation were found to be predictive of sex-typed career aspirations only. CONCLUSION: The psychological barriers that exist for both men and women as they pursue careers in nursing need to be addressed if the current shortage of nursing personnel across the United Kingdom (UK) is to be solved.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The structure of ethnic attitudes: the effects of target group, region, gender, and national identity.

The present study was an assessment of attitudes of 410 ethnically Dutch adolescents toward three ethnic minority groups living in the Netherlands. Stereotypes, symbolic beliefs, affective associations, and the evaluation of possible interactions were used to predict the global evaluation of ethnic outgroups and accounted for much of the variance in ethnic attitudes. The relative importance of the four predictors varied by target group and location. Gender differences were found in the structure of attitudes; symbolic beliefs played a greater role in the attitudes of boys, whereas emotions played a more central role in the attitudes of girls. The evaluation of Dutch identity was related to the favorability of ethnic attitudes and also to the underlying structure. Respondents with a positive national identity had less favorable ethnic attitudes, and emotions were more predictive of their attitudes, whereas symbolic beliefs were most predictive among respondents with a less positive national identity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Drug identity change processes, race, and gender. I. Explanations of drug misuse and a new identity-based model.

The present paper explores race and gender differences in a recent theoretical model (Anderson, 1994), consisting of several micro- and macrofactors, that helps explain the identity-related processes of drug misuse. The approach is qualitative, featuring in-depth interviewing with 45 self-identified drug addicts. The study uncovered support for the general concepts of the identity-based model across four subgroups: Black females, White females, Black males, and White males. However, important race and gender differences emerged. Gender and race-related socialization and stratification explain most of the differences and suggest reconceptualization of the model. The investigation further demonstrates the promise of identity-based approaches in extending our knowledge of the etiology of drug misuse and related intervention policies.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Relationship between self-confidence and sex role identity among managerial women and men.

The self-confidence and sex role identities of 437 American female and male managers were examined by using three subscales of the Adjective Check List. Results showed that, contrary to stereotypes and older research, female and male managers were strikingly similar. Women and men with cross-sex role identities showed lower levels of self-confidence than those did with androgynous orientations; high self-confidence was linked with masculine and androgynous orientations. The managers were not significantly different in self-confidence when demographic variables and sex role identity were held constant. Sex role identity (but not gender) was a major factor in the level of self-confidence.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Identity formation for lesbian, bisexual, and gay persons: beyond a "minoritizing" view.

There is considerable controversy regarding the means by which lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons achieve a sense of sexual identity. In this paper, the concepts of identity and sexual identity are reviewed, and the literature on lesbian and gay "coming out" processes are critiqued. Major limitations of these studies include their narrow samples, their narrow focus on sexuality, their linear nature, and their lack of attention to the larger sociohistorical context. They tend to "minoritize" sexual identities. A more comprehensive cyclical model of identity development would put sexual identity into a context that includes other important facets of identity such as gender, race, and class-a more universalizing approach.

Bisexuality↗
PubMed2003

Gender differences in implicit weight identity.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined gender differences in explicit and implicit attitudes toward overweight and explicit and implicit weight identity. METHOD: Normal weight women (n=22) and men (n=20) and overweight women (n=20) and men (n=21) completed the Implicit Association Test and portions of the Eating Disorders Questionnaire. RESULTS: Although explicit and implicit anti-fat attitudes were ubiquitous, gender differences emerged for weight identity. Both men and women provided accurate explicit appraisals of their weight status. However, men implicitly identified themselves as light regardless of actual weight status. Women's implicit weight identity was associated with their actual weight status, explicit weight appraisal, and implicit self-esteem. DISCUSSION: These findings may provide additional insight into why men are underrepresented among those seeking weight loss and why women are at increased risk for developing eating disorders.

Adult↗