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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

[A serological survey of Legionnaires' disease in domestic fowls and animals in Chengdu area].

A serological survey of antibodies against Legionella pneumophila (Lp) serotypes in Chengdu area by microagglutination test showed that there were high levels of antibodies against serotypes Lp1 and Lp6 in healthy domestic fowls and animals (rabbits, pigs, chickens, ducks and geese). In rabbits, antibodies against serotypes Lp1-Lp6 were determined, showing positive rates (titer greater than or equal to 1:16) ranging 6.3-23.8%. Among them only the serotype Lp3 did not show any positive one. The highest positive rate was observed in pigs' anti-Lp6 (89.8%), significantly higher than those reported in America, Denmark and Nanjing, China. The results suggested that recessive infections of Legionnaires' Disease Bacterium might occur in domestic fowls and animals. So the epidemiological surveillance of Legionnaires' disease in animals, as well as in environment (water and soil) is of importance for the prevention in man.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Lactic bacteria in the digestive tract of poultry].

Lactic bacteria predominate in the microflora of the digestive tract of chicken and turkey. They are represented mainly by Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. salivarius, L. fermentum and L. buchneri. Streptococcus faecium is always isolated. L. ruminis, L. vitulinus, L. delbrueckii, L. coryniformis and L. viridescens were found in this ecological niche for the first time. S. faecium and S. faecalis prevail in the digestive tract of geese and ducks, while lactobacilli are detected in a lesser amount and are represented mainly by L. plantarum. L. salivarius cells isolated from the digestive tract of poultry are highly polymorphous. Most of the lactic acid bacteria found in the digestive tract of poultry can grow at 45-50 degrees C whatever is the species they belong to.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Immunotoxicology: environmental contamination by polybrominated biphenyls and immune dysfunction among residents of the State of Michigan.

In 1973, inadvertent contamination occurred in a special farm feed supplement for lactating cows. Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) were used in place of magnesium oxide resulting in serious harm to farm animals, including cattle, chickens, geese, ducks. Farm families, accustomed to eating their own products, were most heavily exposed. To study the impact of PBBs, 336 adult Michigan farm residents, 117 general consumers for comparison, 75 dairy farm residents in Wisconsin, who had not eaten PBB-contaminated food, were examined, as were 79 healthy subjects in New York City. Abnormalities in the Michigan groups included hypergammaglobulinemia, exaggerated hypersensitive response to streptococci, significant decrease in absolute numbers and percentage of T and B-lymphocytes, and increased number of lymphocytes with no detectable surface markers ("null cells"). Significant reduction of in vitro immune function was noted in 20-25% of the Michigan farm residents who had eaten food containing PBB. The decreased immune function detected among the PBB-exposed farm residents tended to affect families as a unit and was independent of exposed individuals' age or sex, pointing against the possibility of genetic predisposition.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influenza viruses and paramyxoviruses in ducks in the Atlantic flyway, 1977-1983, including an H5N2 isolate related to the virulent chicken virus.

From 1977 to 1983, waterfowl migrating along the Atlantic flyway were annually monitored for orthomyxoviruses and paramyxoviruses in an area in central New York State. A total of 168 influenza isolates were obtained from 1,430 waterfowl. Twenty-four combinations of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes were detected, with as many as 12 found in a single year. One combination, an H5N2 isolate in 1982, was closely related to the virulent chicken virus that appeared in Pennsylvania in 1983. The prevalence of influenza varied greatly among the common waterfowl species: mallards 42%, black ducks 30%, blue-winged teal 11%, wood ducks 2%, and Canada geese 0%. A total of 89 paramyxoviruses were also from these waterfowl. In contrast to findings with influenza virus, the prevalence of paramyxoviruses did not differ significantly among the duck species. Serotype 1 (Newcastle disease virus) was predominant; three other serotypes were also identified. These findings indicated that ducks in the Atlantic flyway continually harbor influenza viruses and paramyxoviruses. The viruses may be a source of infection for other species.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Dystrophic muscular fibers in the muscles of certain breeds of birds].

The occurrence of pathologically changed muscular fibers in some wild species of birds and in economically important domesticated species of birds is described. The hydrops of muscular fibers, necrosis and atrophy with connective tissue infiltration in muscular bundles were detected in breast and thigh muscles in wild birds, e. g. in raven, pigeon and pheasant. The same pathological processes were also found in domesticated species, e. g. in guinea fowl, less often in geese and duck. Their incidence in turkeys and laying types of fowl was more frequent, they were observed most often in muscles of broiler hens. Fission of muscular fibers, very thin, but also hypertrophic fibers and resorption of necrotic fibers were detected in hens besides the above changes. The described histological picture is confronted with the picture of hereditary myodystrophy in chickens.

Animals↗
PubMed1965

Amyloidosis in captive anseriformes.

During the period 1945-1962, percentage deaths of anserine birds (ducks, geese and swans) did not vary remarkably from year to year even though the population has more than quadrupled during the same period. The number of deaths with amyloidosis has increased significantly even though the death rate did not change. The number of deaths due to tuberculosis, mould, renal diseases, hepatitis and infection accompanied by amyloidosis also increased, especially during the second half the study period. Cases of known secondary amyloidosis accounted for 71.4% whereas 28.6% of the remaining cases were classified as "doubtfully" primary. Sites of deposition amyloid in the two categories were the same and it has never been observed in the heart. The amyloid deposits in the birds did not differ from those in man when examined by number of histochemical methods.

Amyloidosis↗
PubMed1983

A comparative study of postnatal growth and organ development in some species of birds.

An hypothesis has been formulated stating that the rate at which postnatal growth proceeds is at least partly determined by the distribution of growth between different organs. In order to test the hypothesis a series of studies of organ growth has been undertaken in some birds with widely varying growth rate capacities (geese, quail, turkeys, fieldfares and jackdaws). With regard to nidifugous birds the data show that the growth pattern of the goose, a species which has a high growth rate capacity, is characterized by a rapid early development of the digestive organs and the liver whereas that of the quail and the turkey, species which have low growth rate capacities, is characterized by a rapid early development of the pectorals and the feathers. The growth pattern of the nidicolous species, the fieldfare and the jackdaw which also show high growth rate capacities, is similar to that of the goose. These results are in close agreement with the hypothesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Isolation of Candida albicans and their sensitivity to antifungal agents.

During 1978 and 1979 outbreaks of candidiasis were encountered in about 500,000 broiler chickens on 30 farms, 30,000 guinea fowl on 4 farms, 500 geese on 1 farm, and 10 penguins in a zoo. This represents the first report of avian candidiasis in Taiwan. Diagnoses were based on typical gross and microscopic pathology consistent isolation of Candida albicans from crop and esophageal lesions, virulence of isolates in rabbits, identification of the isolates as C. albicans serotype A by chlamydospore and germ tube formation, fermentation tests, and agglutination by specific antisera, and the lack of any sign of fowl pox or trichomoniasis. The upsurge of candidiasis is attributed to the modernization stressors which interact deleteriously with opportunistic pathogens. In vitro sensitivity testing recorded the following order of effectiveness against 20 isolates: nystatin greater than gentian violet greater than copper sulfate = propionic acid = p-hydroxy benzoic acid greater than calcium propionate = propylene glycol.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Incidence and preliminary characterisation of a hitherto unreported, serologically distinct, avian paramyxovirus isolated in Hong Kong.

Twenty-seven apparent paramyxoviruses, unrelated to known avian paramyxoviruses, were isolated at a Hong Kong dressing plant from the trachea or cloaca of birds originating from Hong Kong and the People's Republic of China. A total of 2443 apparently healthy ducks, geese and fowls was sampled and isolation frequencies were 1.3%, 1.0% and 0.5% respectively. Twenty of the isolates were from the cloaca; 11 were obtained in association with Newcastle disease virus and one with an avian influenza virus. The majority of the isolations were made in the winter months. All 27 isolates were serologically related although 11 representative isolates differed slightly in haemagglutinin properties. A representative isolate was not pathogenic for chickens. A serological survey of poultry indicated a relatively low incidence of infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Newcastle disease virus surveillance in Hong Kong on local and imported poultry.

Surveillance of apparently healthy ducks, geese and fowl originating in Hong Kong and the People's Republic of China at a poultry dressing plant in Hong Kong yielded 67 isolates of Newcastle disease virus. More than twice as many viruses were isolated from the cloaca than from the trachea. Twelve representative isolates were examined in virulence tests--all six of the fowl isolates and two of five duck isolates behaved as velogenic strains, the other four were lentogenic.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Antigenic characterization of influenza A virus isolated from birds captured in Ontario, Quebec, and the maritime provinces during the 1977 season].

A total of 145 influenza A viruses were isolated from ducks, geese and passerine birds in Ontario, Québec and the Maritimes in July-August 1977. Antigenic characterization of these isolates included five hemagglutinin (Hsw1, Hav4, Hav5, Hav6, Hav7) and five neuraminidase subtypes (N1, N2, Neq1, Neq2, Nav1) in nine different combinations; one combination Hav7 Neq1 had not been previously reported. The majority of these viruses were Hsw1 N1, antigenically related to influenza viruses in pigs and humans. This large reservoir of influenza A viruses circulating in ducks may well be involved in the appearance of new viruses in other species, including humans.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed1976

Characterization of a calf diarrheal coronavirus.

A coronavirus-like agent isolated from feces of a calf with diarrhea and attenuated by consecutive passage in a fetal bovine kidney cell line was characterized as a coronavirus. Negatively stained virions were approximately circular, had a mean diameter of 120 nm, and were covered with wide-spaced, petal-shaped projections about 20 nm long. Virions in ultrathin sections of infected cell monolayers had a mean diameter of 80 nm, lacked surface projections, and were found within cytoplasmic vesicles. Viral antigen was demonstrated by immunofluorescence microscopy to occur only in cytoplasm. Growth of the virus was not inhibited by 5-iodo-2'- deoxyuridine and actinomycin D. The virus was sensitive to ether, chloroform, deoxycholate, and heat treatment. However, thermosensitivity was stabilized in the presence of 1 M MgCl2; at pH 3, the virus was stable. Hemadsorption and hemagglutination were observed with erythrocytes of hamsters, mice, and rats but not with erythrocytes of cats, dogs, goats, sheep, cattle, horses, turkeys, chickens, guinea pigs, rabbits, geese, pigs, and man (type O). However, hemadsorption and hemagglutination were shown to be virus specific, since this could be inhibited by specific antiserum. Both infectivity and hemagglutinating activity were maximal at a particle density of 1.18 g/ml by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, indicating that hemagglutinin was part of the virion.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

A host-parasite list of the haematozoa of domestic poultry in sub-Saharan Africa and the isolation of Plasmodium durae Herman from turkeys and francolins in South Africa.

An annotated host-parasite list of the blood parasites of domestic poultry in sub-Saharan Africa is presented. This list contains the haematozoa found in domestic waterfowl (ducks, geese and muscovies) and phasianids (turkey, fowl and peafowl). In South Africa Plasmodium durae was isolated from 4 out of 8 backyard turkeys, from 3 out of 26 Swainson's francolins and from 1 redwing francolin, but not from 20 helmeted guineafowls and 9 greywing francolins. This points at Swainson's and redwing francolins as being the main natural hosts of P. durae in South Africa. The increase in the period of prepatency after intramuscular subinoculation as compared with the intravenous route was found to correspond to that of a 1,000 fold dilution of an intravenous inoculum of parasitized blood. This delay was not due to an intervening cycle of exoerythrocytic schizogony, but to large numbers of the injected erythrocytes apparently not finding their way into the circulation of the new host.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[The problems of making birds unable to fly and questions of raising waterfowl in ponds from the viewpoint of animal welfare].

From the viewpoint of the current law on animal welfare, the methods of rendering birds flightless are described and evaluated. Besides the animal welfare, other law statutes are to be paid attention to obligatory when waterfowl is kept on ponds. The raising and fattening of ducks and geese without water to swim on, can also be advocated from the angle of animal welfare.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1999

Melanin-concentrating hormone-producing neurons in birds.

The peptidergic melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) system was investigated by immunocytochemistry in several birds. MCH perikarya were found in the periventricular hypothalamic nucleus near the paraventricular organ and in the lateral hypothalamic areas. Immunoreactive fibers were very abundant in the ventral pallidum, in the nucleus of the stria terminalis, and in the septum/diagonal band complex, where immunoreactive pericellular nets were prominent. Many fibers innervated the whole preoptic area, the lateral hypothalamic area, and the infundibular region. Some fibers also reached the dorsal thalamus and the epithalamus. The median eminence contained only sparse projections, and the posterior pituitary was not labeled. Thus, in birds, a neurohormonal role for MCH is not likely. Immunoreactive fibers were observed in other regions, such as the intercollicular nucleus, stratum griseum periventriculare (mesencephalic tectum), central gray, nigral complex (especially the ventral tegmental area), reticular areas, and raphe nuclei. Although no physiological investigation concerning the role of MCH has been performed in birds, the distribution patterns of the immunoreactive perikarya and fibers observed suggest that MCH may be involved in functions similar to those described in rats. In particular, the projections to parts of the limbic system (ventropallidal ganglia, septal complex, hypothalamus, dorsal thalamus, and epithalamus) and to structures concerned with visceral and other sensory information integration suggest that MCH acts as a neuromodulator involved in a wide variety of physiological and behavioral adaptations (arousal) with regard to feeding, drinking, and reproduction.

Animals↗