[Fungus infections of the paranasal sinuses].
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Disease↗
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Systemic fungal infections: diagnosis and treatment. I. Paracoccidioidomycosis.
Paracoccidioidomycosis is the designation for the disease caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. It is a disease of great importance in Latin America and constitutes an important diagnosis for consideration in patients from endemic areas who have pulmonary or systemic disease compatible with fungal infection. In the laboratory, basic work has uncovered important interactions between the fungus and the human sex steroid system. These studies may have important implications in our approach to this and other infectious diseases.
Antifungal Agents↗
Ganoderma diseases of perennial crops in India--an overview.
The species of Ganoderma recorded from India as causing diseases of perennial crops are listed, and their host range and taxonomy discussed. Four new hosts of G. lucidum are also reported. A decline in productivity and the death of trees are the main economic impacts due to Ganoderma diseases, and the fungus is identified as a serious pathogen of cash crops, forest plantations and trees in natural forests in the country. Ganoderma diseases have been recorded on 144 hosts in India, the major pathogens being G. lucidum and G. applanatum. G. lucidum has been recorded on 91 hosts, and appears to cause the most widespread diseases. Identification has largely been made from morphological and cultural characters, and the names currently in use should therefore be treated with caution. Cultural methods of disease control are largely inefficient in minimising inoculum pressure and in reducing the disease incidence. Chemical methods in combination with soil amendments form short-term solutions for managing the disease and improving productivity. The immediate priorities for developing an efficient management system for Ganoderma diseases in India are: (1) a thorough understanding of the etiology and epidemiology of the diseases on different hosts, (2) clarifying current ambiguity in species names, (3) assessing the inter-relationships between populations of Ganoderma on different hosts and (4) developing tools for early detection of diseases in important crops.
Ganoderma↗
Aspergillus-related lung disease.
Aspergillus is a ubiquitous dimorphic fungus that causes a variety of human diseases ranging in severity from trivial to life-threatening, depending on the host response. An intact host defence is important to prevent disease, but individuals with pre-existing structural lung disease, atopy, occupational exposure or impaired immunity are susceptible. Three distinctive patterns of aspergillus-related lung disease are recognized: saprophytic infestation of airways, cavities and necrotic tissue; allergic disease including extrinsic allergic alveolitis, asthma, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, bronchocentric granulomatosis and chronic eosinophilic pneumonia; and airway and tissue invasive disease -- pseudomembranous tracheobronchitis, acute bronchopneumonia, angioinvasive aspergillosis, chronic necrotizing aspergillosis and invasive pleural disease. A broad knowledge of these clinical presentations and a high index of suspicion are required to ensure timely diagnosis and treatment of the potentially lethal manifestations of aspergillus-related pulmonary disease. In the present report, the clinical, radiographic and pathological aspects of the various aspergillus-related lung diseases are briefly reviewed.
Aspergillosis↗
Rhinocerebral mucormycosis with cerebral extension successfully treated with adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is a devastating fungal disease with a high mortality rate. Extensive surgical débridement and amphotericin B are currently the mainstays of therapy. When cerebral extension of the fungus occurs, the disease is almost invariably fatal. Two patients with rhinocerebral mucormycosis had progression of their infection to brain abscesses despite aggressive débridement surgery and amphotericin B therapy. Both patients showed marked clinical improvement with the addition of adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Both patients remained free of their disease 21 months after hospital discharge.
Adult↗
Ascosphaera aggregata contamination on alfalfa leafcutting bees in a loose cell incubation system.
The alfalfa leafcutting bee, a solitary bee used to pollinate alfalfa seed crops, is seriously affected by chalkbrood, a larval disease caused by the fungus Ascosphaera aggregata. One attempt to control the disease includes removing nests from the nesting boards (the "loose cell" system). We report here that adults emerging from the loose cells are heavily contaminated with A. aggregata spores. The contamination levels are not as high as previously reported for bees emerging directly from the boards, but they are still a likely focus for disease spread and may need to be targeted in chalkbrood control strategies.
Animals↗
Otomycosis: a common problem in north Iraq.
Otomycosis is a common disease in North Iraq. Of the 219 cases diagnosed clinically in Mosul Teaching Hospital seen during a 15 month period, 179 were due to fungus infection. The disease was more frequently encountered in young adults whose age was range from 16-30 years. The incidence of the disease was significantly higher in females (65.4 per cent), mainly housewives, than in males. Aspergillus species were the dominant isolated fungi (92.1 per cent).
Adolescent↗
Genetic dissection of fusiform rust and pitch canker disease traits in loblolly pine.
Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) exhibits genetic resistance to fusiform rust disease (incited by the biotrophic fungus, Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme) and pitch canker disease (incited by the necrotrophic fungus, Fusarium circinatum). In this study, a total of 14,015 loblolly pine cuttings from 1,065 clones were screened in controlled greenhouse conditions to identify phenotypes of clones, families, and parents that guide a genetic dissection of disease traits associated with pitch canker and fusiform rust. A total of 23,373 phenotypic data points were collected for lesion length (pitch canker) and gall score, gall length, and gall width (fusiform rust). We verified heritable fusiform rust and pitch canker traits and calculated parental, clonal, and full-sib family rankings for both diseases. Genetic correlations revealed that traits associated with fusiform rust are genetically distinct from one another, and that the genetic mechanisms underlying pitch canker and fusiform rust resistance are independent. The disease phenotyping described here is a critical step towards identifying specific loci and alleles associated with fusiform rust and pitch canker resistance.
Analysis of Variance↗
Possible role of phytocassane, rice phytoalexin, in disease resistance of rice against the blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea.
In addition to momilactone, phytocassanes A through E (diterpene phytoalexins) were detected in rice leaves in fields suffering from rice blast. Furthermore, phytocassane accumulation was most abundant at the edges of necrotic lesions, indicating that the phytoalexins prevent subsequent spread of the fungus from the infected site. In pot experiments the pattern of phytocassane accumulation in rice leaves in an incompatible interaction (infection with an avirulent race of Magnaporthe grisea) was more rapidly induced than in a compatible interaction (infection with a virulent race of M. grisea).
Anti-Infective Agents↗
Pseudomonas cepacia suppression of sunflower wilt fungus and role of antifungal compounds in controlling the disease.
In a field experiment, Pseudomonas cepacia J82rif and J51rif increased sunflower emergence in the presence of the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Pyrrolnitrin, aminopyrrolnitrin, and monochloroaminopyrrolnitrin were isolated from J82 and identified by using thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and electron impact-mass, UV, and infrared spectroscopy. In growth chamber experiments, two antibiosis-negative mutants were not different from the parent strain in protecting the seeds from the fungus.
Antifungal Agents↗
The endopolygalacturonase gene Bcpg1 is required for full virulence of Botrytis cinerea.
Botrytis cinerea, a fungus that causes diseases in over 200 plant species, secretes a number of endopolygalacturonases that have been suggested to be involved in pathogenesis. However, so far the corresponding genes have not been isolated from this fungus. We cloned Bcpg1, encoding endopolygalacturonase, with the pgaII gene from Aspergillus niger as a heterologous probe. The Bcpg1 gene is expressed to similar levels in liquid cultures of B. cinerea containing either 1% polygalacturonic acid or 1% sucrose, and is expressed during infection of tomato leaves. The Bcpg1 gene was eliminated by partial gene replacement, and the resulting mutants were tested for virulence on tomato leaves and fruits, as well as on apple fruits. Although the mutants were still pathogenic and displayed similar primary infections when compared with control strains, a significant decrease in secondary infection, i.e., growth of the lesion beyond the inoculation spot, was observed on all three host tissues. These results indicate that the Bcpg1 gene is required for full virulence.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Recognition specificity and RAR1/SGT1 dependence in barley Mla disease resistance genes to the powdery mildew fungus.
A large number of resistance specificities to the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei map to the barley Mla locus. This complex locus harbors multiple members of three distantly related gene families that encode proteins that contain an N-terminal coiled-coil (CC) structure, a central nucleotide binding (NB) site, a Leu-rich repeat (LRR) region, and a C-terminal non-LRR (CT) region. We identified Mla12, which encodes a CC-NB-LRR-CT protein that shares 89 and 92% identical residues with the known proteins MLA1 and MLA6. Slow Mla12-triggered resistance was altered dramatically to a rapid response by overexpression of Mla12. A series of reciprocal domains swaps between MLA1 and MLA6 identified in each protein recognition domain for cognate powdery mildew fungus avirulence genes (AvrMla1 and AvrMla6). These domains were within different but overlapping LRR regions and the CT part. Unexpectedly, MLA chimeras that confer AvrMla6 recognition exhibited markedly different dependence on Rar1, a gene required for the function of some but not all Mla resistance specificities. Furthermore, uncoupling of MLA6-specific function from RAR1 also uncoupled the response from SGT1, a protein known to associate physically with RAR1. Our findings suggest that differences in the degree of RAR1 dependence of different MLA immunity responses are determined by intrinsic properties of MLA variants and place RAR1/SGT1 activity downstream of and/or coincident with the action of resistance protein-containing recognition complexes.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Structure-based design of inhibitors of the rice blast fungal enzyme trihydroxynaphthalene reductase.
Rice Blast Disease, caused by the fungus Pyricularia oryzae, is one of the most important diseases of rice. Several enzymes in the melanin biosynthetic pathway have proven to be valuable targets for development of rice blast fungicides. In particular, inhibitors of trihydroxynaphthalene reductase (3HNR), which catalyzes the conversion of trihydroxynaphthalene to vermelone, have yielded commercially useful rice fungicides. The X-ray structure of 3HNR has been published recently, presenting an opportunity to use this information in the de novo design of novel 3HNR inhibitors that may exhibit useful rice blast activity. We used the LeapFrog program to develop a docking model for interaction of ligands with the active site of THNR. The final model gave a good correlation between calculated binding energy and log Ki and was used to design novel ligands and score compounds for synthesis. Using this as a tool, we synthesized inhibitors in the nanomolar range and also developed several inhibitors that did not conform to the properties of the THNR active site. Leapfrog was able to locate a previously unrecognized binding pocket that could accommodate these otherwise anomalous regions of structure.
Ascomycota↗
[Epidemiology & clinical studies on onychomycosis; observations on Berlin's fungus flora, 1954-1956].
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Berlin↗
[Mycogenic allergy. Mould and fungus spores as cause of allergic respiratory disease].
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Allergens↗
A genetic survey of the pathogenic fungus Ophiostoma ulmi across a Dutch elm disease front in western Canada.
The natural population structure of the Dutch elm pathogen Ophiostoma ulmi was determined from isolated collected from across a Western Canadian disease front through an analysis of restriction-site polymorphisms in the ribosomal DNA repeat, length mutations in the mitochondrial genomes, and through DNA fingerprinting of the nuclear genomes using a minisatellite DNA probe. The 8.8-kbp rDNA repeat was selected from a genomic library, and restriction-site and genic maps were constructed for the nonaggressive and aggressive subgroups of O. ulmi. There were only three restriction-site differences that distinguished these two subgroups and no intrasubgroup variation was detected. All of the isolates collected from the disease front were of the aggressive subgroup and were represented by two distinct nuclear and four mitochondrial genotypes. The minority of the isolates were of a single genotype (type A nuclear DNA; type I mtDNA), indicating the presence of a single very large clone extending across much of Manitoba and into Saskatchewan.
Ascomycota↗
[FUNGUS INFECTIONS IN THE FRAMEWORK OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES].
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Dermatitis, Occupational↗
Multiple lung abscesses due to Ochroconis gallopavum, a dematiaceous fungus, in a nonimmunocompromised wood pulp worker.
An occurrence of multiple chronic lung abscesses managed by lobectomy is described. These abscesses were present for 13 years in the patient, a nonimmunocompromised wood pulp worker. The patient had hemoptysis at presentation. The organism isolated was Ochroconis gallopavum, a dematiaceous fungus known to cause disease in immunocompromised patients and epidemic encephalitis in poultry. The fungus is typically found in warm environments and in decaying compost; for this reason, we postulate that his illness was occupationally acquired.
Adult↗