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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Introduction into Japan of pathogenic Yersinia through imported pork, beef and fowl.

Yersinia was isolated from imported raw meat and fowl products by HeLa cell treatment and conventional KOH-treatment, to obtain information on the origin of pathogenic Yersinia in Japan. Forty-one strains of Yersinia enterocolitica and one strain of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, serotype 4b were isolated from 38 (3.0%) of 1278 samples of pork, two (0.3%) of 612 samples of beef and two (0.3%) of 615 samples of chicken. Y. enterocolitica isolates belonged to B:4/O:3 (biotype/serotype, 15 strains), B:3/O:3 (two strains) and B:3 variant/O:3 (17 strains) and B:3/O:5.27 (seven strains). The B:4/O:3 which is globally prevalent among humans and animals was isolated from pork samples from Denmark and the US and from beef samples from Australia, the B:3/O:3 from pork samples from Canada, the B:3 variant/O:3 from pork samples from Taiwan and from chicken samples from Thailand, the B:3/O:5.27 from pork samples from the US and Taiwan and Y. pseudotuberculosis, serotype 4b from pork samples from Canada. These findings suggest that pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains can be introduced into Japan by the import of pork from pig producing countries. The HeLa cell treatment was found to be superior to the conventional method.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Rates of eating by domestic fowls in relation to changing food deficits.

Rates of eating by immature female fowls declined in a curvilinear way in the 30 min after return of food after 0-4 h deprivation. Amounts eaten in the first 5-10 min were related positively to the length of deprivation and were greater with pelleted food than with mash. Times taken by birds to reach a presumed equilibrium between probabilities of feeding starting and stopping, at two consecutive minutes with less than 0.2 g eaten, were related positively to the deprivation period and were greater with mash than with pellets. At these times, however, more had been eaten with pellets than with mash, and none of the deprived birds had eliminated their estimated food deficits. Furthermore, in only one out of ten treatments did birds compensate imbalances completely by the end of the 90 min test. It is proposed that the observed changes in eating rate may reflect interactions between pecking success, increasing fatigue and decreasing hunger. It is also concluded that, while short-term adjustments in feeding may be limited by preabsorptive factors, eventual compensation of imbalances depends on postabsorptive control.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

A recombinant fowl adenovirus expressing the S1 gene of infectious bronchitis virus protects against challenge with infectious bronchitis virus.

The spike peplomer S1 subunit sequence from avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) Vic S strain was expressed in a plasmid under the control of the fowl adenovirus (FAV) major late promoter (MLP). Two recombinants were constructed in FAV serotype 8 (FAV 8) by inserting the expression cassette between the SnaBI and XbaI restriction enzyme sites (clone DA3) or between the SpeI sites (clone CA6-20). Expression of the S1 gene in the recombinants was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) by 20h post-infection. Commercial broiler chickens were orally vaccinated at day 0 or day 6 post-hatch and challenged at day 35 post-hatch. FAV antibody ELISA confirmed that maternal antibody directed against inclusion body hepatitis (serotype 8) had decayed in control birds and that FAV specific serum IgG responses were produced in vaccinated birds at the time of challenge. Further, an S1 specific antibody response was detected prior to challenge. Birds were challenged with either Vic S (serotype B) or N1/62 (serotype C) strains of IBV. The tracheas of challenged birds were analyzed by RT-PCR and re-isolation of virus. In birds vaccinated at day 6, 90-100% protection at the trachea was induced against either homologous or heterologous challenge. The construction of a recombinant FAV expressing S1 of IBV demonstrates the potential of an alternative vaccination strategy against IBV.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Protection of chickens against experimental fowl typhoid using a nuoG mutant of Salmonella serotype Gallinarum.

A nuoG mutation in NADH dehydrogenase I was introduced into a virulent strain of Salmonella serotype Gallinarum, the causative agent of fowl typhoid, using gene replacement with a nuoG open reading frame inactivated by insertion of DNA encoding a kanamycin resistance determinant. The S. Gallinarum nuoG mutant, named SG9NGK, was highly attenuated in chickens. SG9NGK colonized the caeca of chickens less efficiently than the S. Gallinarum parental strain, was less invasive and showed no evidence of multiplication in the liver or spleen. Using a single oral immunization with live bacteria SG9NGK reduced mortality in 2-week-old chickens following challenge with virulent S. Gallinarum from 75% to less than 8%.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Urinary protein excretion in red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus).

Urinary protein excretion by red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) was examined by measuring total protein concentrations in the ureteral urine and by comparing the proteins in the urine with plasma proteins. Protein concentration in the ureteral urine did not differ between males and females, and averaged 2.01 mg/ml. Gel electrophoresis showed many plasma proteins (30-149 kD) also present in the urine. Serum albumin is the most abundant protein, comprising approximately 50% of the total protein concentration in the plasma and 60% of the total protein concentration in the urine. Urinary protein, and particularly serum albumin, may be important in packaging uric acid in spheres, which facilitates excretion of uric acid without formation of large crystals that could block renal tubules.

Albuminuria↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of the efficacy of the crude extracts of Capsicum frutescens, Citrus limon and Opuntia vulgaris against Newcastle disease in domestic fowl in Tanzania.

Prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of a combination of Capsicum frutescens (red pepper), Citrus limon (lemon) and Opuntia vulgaris (prickly pear) against Newcastle disease (ND) in domestic fowl were evaluated. Eighty-eight broiler chickens were divided into five groups. Birds from three groups were inoculated with velogenic ND virus strain, whereas birds from two groups were left as controls. Two groups received a mixture of the plant extract three days prior to inoculation and birds from one group were given the plant extract for two days following development of clinical signs. Blood samples were collected for haemaglutination inhibition tests (HI) for detection of ND virus antibodies. Body weights were monitored during the experiment. Three birds died from the group that was inoculated with ND virus and treated with the plant extract; two died from the group that received the plant extract as a prophylaxis and inoculated with ND virus; and one bird died from the group that was inoculated with ND virus but not given the plant extract. No death was observed in any of the birds in the control groups. Antibody titers for ND virus rose four-fold in the inoculated birds but remained low in the un-inoculated groups. Mean body weights of birds in group B declined markedly compared to the other groups. The results indicated that there was no prophylactic or therapeutic value of the plant extract against ND. The plant extract showed a negative effect on body weights in birds with ND.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Suitability of the old fowl rectal caecum preparation for investigating the selectivity of beta-adrenergic drugs.

We tested alpha- and beta-adrenergic drugs on isolated strips of fowl rectal caecum from 14- to 16-week-old Warren hens. Basal tone and spontaneous motility were dose-dependently reduced by isoprenaline and all the selective beta-agonists tested (except xamoterol) with the following order of potency: isoprenaline=fenoterol=procaterol=clenbuterol>dobutamine> SR58611A. The results indicate that this tissue preparation consists almost entirely of beta2-adrenoceptors. This preparation may, therefore, be considered a suitable assay for discriminating beta1- from beta2-agonists according to their selectivity.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed2001

Angiotensin receptor(s) in fowl.

The cloning of the avian Ang II receptor shows that it is molecularly close to the AT(1)-type mammalian receptor. However, pharmacological characterization in transfected cells shows that, even though the avian receptor is coupled to the phospholipase C, as is the AT(1), its profile of specificity towards antagonists appears different from that of the two angiotensin II mammalian receptor types. The fowl Ang II receptor mRNA is expressed in classical adult target organs for Ang II and, interestingly, also in endothelial cells, but not in vascular smooth muscle cells. In the endothelial cells, it may mediate the peculiar vasorelaxation effect of Ang II already reported in the chicken. The recent description of the expression pattern in the chick embryo shows that the avian Ang II receptor is expressed in many different mesenchymal tissues, a feature which is the signature of the AT(2) mammalian receptor. Altogether, these data imply that the avian Ang II receptor is an atypical receptor that cannot be readily classified as either of the two mammalian Ang II receptor types and, therefore, reinforce the evidence for another Ang II receptor in the avian class.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Kinematic parameters of terrestrial locomotion in cursorial (ratites), swimming (ducks), and striding birds (quail and guinea fowl).

The importance of size, functional features and morphological features in adaptation for walking in birds were studied. The time and space kinematic parameters of locomotion were compared in two running birds, the ratites (rhea, kiwi, Paleognatiforms), in two swimming birds, (ducks) and two striding birds, (quail and Guinea fowl). The results showed that in the two phases, stance and swing, the time and space parameters worked in opposite ways: the duration of the swing was constant, but its length increased with speed. In contrast, the duration of the stance was correlated to speed, while its length was not (except in ducks). In all the birds, a higher speed was achieved by a decrease of the stance duration, and an increase of the swing length. The kinematic parameters were not used in the same way in all species: There is a size effect and large birds increase their speed mainly by increasing the frequency of their movements and the small species increase mainly their amplitude. Nevertheless, it is not the main factor and morphology, such as swimming adaptation features of the ducks, and behaviour, are important because they modify the mechanical constraints and influence the kinematics parameters.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Mineral status of embryos of domestic fowl following exposure in vivo to the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide.

Eggs of domestic fowl were given daily injections of vehicle (DMSO) or vehicle plus acetazolamide, a potent inhibitor of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, beginning on day 12 of incubation. Embryos were removed from eggs on days 16 and 18, and carcasses and yolks were analyzed for calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. Treatment with acetazolamide did not affect the quantity of calcium or phosphorus in carcasses and the effect, if any, on magnesium in carcasses was small. However, calcium content of yolk was reduced substantially by acetazolamide both on day 16 and day 18. The reduction in calcium content of yolk led, in turn, to a reduction in the total quantity of calcium in eggs on days 16 and 18. Embryos exposed to acetazolamide seemingly mobilized less calcium from the eggshell than did control embryos. When faced with a shortfall in the availability of calcium from the eggshell, embryos defended carcass calcium, and the shortfall was reflected in a reduction in the quantity of calcium deposited in yolk. The results of this study support the concept that the enzyme carbonic anhydrase plays a role in solubilization of the eggshell and provision of calcium to embryos.

Acetazolamide↗
PubMed1975

The development of a biotin deficiency in domestic fowl given wheat-based diets.

1. Studies were done of the possible development of a biotin deficiency in domestic fowl of various ages as a result of feeding with diets composed mainly of wheat, and meat-and-bone meal. The degree of deficiency was estimated from physical symptoms, liver and kidney composition and hepatic enzyme activities. 2. Only a mild biotin deficiency developed in 3-week-old chickens and no adverse metabolic effect were found for chickens reared to 7 or 15 weeks of age or maintained for 9 months in lay on these diets, which were suspected of producing fatty liver and kidney disease in young chickens. At 3 weeks of age the deficiency was more severe the heavier the strain of chicken and the greater the rate of body-weight gain. 3. The present results question the supposition that biotin deficiency is the sole factor responsible for the development of fatty liver and kidney syndrome in young chickens.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1982

A comparison of the effects of infection with Eimeria maxima and dietary restriction on weight gain, plasma metabolites and liver glycogen in the immature fowl, Gallus domesticus.

The effects of Eimeria maxima or restricted pair-feeding on weight gain, plasma concentrations of protein, glucose, free fatty acids (FFA) and uric acid and liver glycogen were compared in immature fowl. Food intake/kg body weight and weight gain decreased during the acute phase of infection (days 5-7) while weight loss was prolonged for an extra day compared with pair-fed birds. During recovery, food intake/kg body weight of infected birds was greater than that of non-infected controls but there was no evidence for an increase in growth rate compared with controls when body weight was considered. Growth rate of pair-fed birds was greater than that of infected birds during recovery, indicating their better use of ingested food. Liver glycogen and plasma protein concentration were decreased during the acute phase of infection but the concentrations of plasma glucose, free fatty acid (FFA) and uric acid were not affected. In pair-fed birds liver glycogen was depleted, concentrations of plasma glucose and uric acid decreased and FFA increased, and these changes persisted for the remainder of the experiment. The findings are similar to those in birds whose food has been withheld and were probably due to the pattern of food intake imposed by the experimental protocol. It is concluded that the metabolic differences between infected and pair-fed birds are of doubtful significance.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The cellular response of the fowl small intestine to primary and secondary infections of the cestode Raillietina cesticillus (Molin).

Infections of Raillietina cesticillus in the small intestine of the fowl caused a mononuclear leucocyte infiltration, which occurred in the tissues around the worm scolices and was especially prevalent in challenge infections. There was no evidence of vascular congestion or of a neutrophilic response, and the cellular reaction seemed to consist of a local proliferation of lymphoid tissue. Mast cell and pyroninophylic cell numbers increased in the intestinal mucosa of birds with longstanding primary infections and with secondary infections, but very little eosinlophil infiltration was detected and the globule leucocyte response was minimal. The infections had no effect on the numbers of theliolymphocytes and goblet cells. Challenge infections did not result in an increased level of serum antibodies, but more cells containing globulin seemed to be present in the intestinal mucosa of these birds. The interrelationships of the various cell responses to the cestode and the origin of the globule leucocyte are discussed in the light of previous work on helminth infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The oocyst sporulation time of Eimeria species from the fowl.

Freshly isolated oocysts were sporulated at 29 degrees C with constant aeration. Minimum sporulation time was determined by dosing the developing oocysts at intervals of 1 h to successive groups of chickens to assess the first occurrence of infective forms. Microscopic analysis of the sporulating oocysts allowed calculation of the time required for 50% of the oocysts to complete the process. This was considered to be the most accurate determination and the most useful for comparative purposes. For 7 species of coccidia in the fowl, the 50% sporulation times were as follows: Eimeria acervulina 11.4 h; E. brunetti 38.3 h; E. maxima 38.1 h; E. mivati 19.0 h; E. necatrix 19.7 h; E. praecox 24.8 h; E. tenella 21.2 h.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The diurnal migration of the fowl cestode, Raillietina cesticillus.

R. cesticillus was found to undergo a diurnal migration in both multiple and single worm infections of the fowl. This migration involved movement of both scoleces and strobilae and occurred in an anterior direction when the intestine was empty of food, and in a posterior direction when the intestine contained food. The relevance of the migration to the histological picture of the worm in situ is discussed and some possible explanations for the migration are suggested.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Eimeria tenella: localization of the sporozoites in the caecum of the domestic fowl.

When sporozoites of Eimeria tenella were inoculated into an isolated horn of the bicornuate caecum of the domestic fowl, replicating infections, culminating in the production of oocysts, were found, almost exclusively, in the inoculated horn. In contrast, sporozoites of E. tenella introduced into the bloodstream via a superficial vein induced infections of equivalent intensity in both horns of the caecum. These findings are discussed with reference to (1) the detection (by tissue transfer) of infective sporozoites in samples of cardiac blood and vascular tissues taken within 3 to 18 h of the oral inoculation of oocysts, and (2) the (previously published) observation that the sporozoites of E. tenella are transported from the superficial epithelium of the caecum (site of invasion) to the crypts (site of initial development) within host intra-epithelial lymphocytes. We suggest that a local inflammatory response to the invasion of sporozoites may be responsible for their re-location in proximity to the site of entry. This could act by directing the homing (or retention) of the parasite-bearing lymphocytes, and/or by providing a stimulus for the sporozoite to leave its transporting cell.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Synthesis and specific pressor activity of [1-aspartic acid,5-valine,9-serine]angiotensin I ("fowl angiotensin I").

[Asp1, Val5, Ser9]angiotensin I was synthesized by Merrifield's solid-phase procedure. The dansylated derivative of this angiotensin was cochromatographed on the TLC with the dansylated angiotensin decapeptide isolated from white leghorn fowl. Either angiotensin showed identical behavior. The per mole pressor activity of the synthetic decapeptide (in rats anesthetized with pentobarbital and treated with pentolinium) as compared to mammalian angiotensins, namely, [Ile5]angiotensin I, [Val5]angiotensin I, [Ile5]angiotensin II, and [Val5]angiotensin II, was 157, 181, 114, and 85%, respectively.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed2000

The hydropericardium syndrome and inclusion body hepatitis in domestic fowl.

Hydropericardium syndrome, an emerging disease of poultry, has recently been detected in some countries of Asia and America, particularly in broiler birds aged 3-6 weeks. The disease is characterized by its sudden occurrence with high mortality of up to 80% in broilers and low mortality of under 10% in layers, associated with hydropericardium. Its course is of 7-15 days under natural conditions. The causative agent is probably fowl adenovirus serotype 4, belonging to group I aviadenovirus genus of the family adenoviridae, which can be cultivated in primary cell cultures of chicken kidney and embryo liver cells. The transmission of disease occurs laterally by the oral-faecal route. The livers of affected birds show necrotic foci, and basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies fill the entire enlarged nucleus of some of the hepatocytes. The disease can be diagnosed from its gross lesions, histopathological changes in the liver and by serological tests, such as agar gel diffusion, counter immunoelectrophoresis, indirect haemagglutination and ELISA. It has been brought under control by inactivated liver organ vaccines (0.25 ml/bird) or inactivated cell culture vaccines (10(3.5) LD50/bird) given by the subcutaneous route at 10-15 days of age. The vaccine is effective in the face of an outbreak and significantly reduces the mortality.

Adenoviridae Infections↗