Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “FORESTRY”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

[Field studies: legal framework and implementation].

The Decree DL.vo no. 194/95 prescribes compliance with correctness and quality criteria in laboratory and field studies when experimental data on pesticides are to be submitted to the regulatory authority. The Decree requires that also field tests should be conducted in compliance with good experimental practice, by facilities officially authorized by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MIPAF) and regularly inspected to verify that the prescribed requirements have been implemented and the tests are conducted appropriately. The inter-Ministries Decree DM 37529/96 defines good experimental practice criteria and the requirements for authorization of field studies for the evaluation of pesticide efficacy and the collection of samples for subsequent laboratory tests on residues. The MIPAF has established a technical-scientific Committee named "Experimental field studies" (Decrees DM of 29 January 1997 and DM 36947/97) to deal with the complex issue of field studies and to examine the application for authorization made by test facilities performing field studies. On the basis of the work done by the Committee up to 30 April 2001, the MIPAF has issued 62 certificates of compliance to test facilities conducting field studies.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

[Spatial heterogeneity and forest regeneration].

The research on spatial heterogeneity is meaningful for forest regeneration dynamics, which is a critical part in the forest ecosystem dynamics. Traditionally, forestry scientists are mainly concentrated their attention to the studies on the process of regeneration. However forests are spatiotemporal heterogeneous. In regeneration, there exists an ecological dynamic process at temporal scale, but also a heterogeneous pattern at spatial scale. Almost of the factors influencing forest regeneration, including both botic and abotic environment, both natural and human disturbances, and both characteristics of tree species and response of tree species to different disturbance agents, are spatially heterogeneous. Discussion on spatial heterogeneity and its effect on regeneration is indispensable for the understanding of the pattern, process and mechanism of forest regeneration. Main research contents and viewpoints of spatial heterogeneity in forest regeneration were summarised on the basis of available literature, and sources of spatial heterogeneity in the process of regeneration were analysed. The response of species to spatial heterogeneity, small-scale spatial heterogeneity and regeneration dynamics, spatial heterogeneity of lights in stand and regeneration pattern, and correlative relationships between the scales of soil heterogeneity and regeneration heterogeneity were reviewed.

Trees↗
PubMed1990

"Ghana faces ecological disaster".

The rate of deforestation in Ghana is alarming and urgent steps need to be taken to reverse the trend, Robert D. Mann, a British tropical agriculturist, has warned. He says, "There will be further disintegration of the local climate, deterioration of soil fertility and reduced food-crop production, if the present trend of denudation by felling trees and uncontrolled bush fires is not halted and reversed." Mann, who has conducted research on "deforestation, drought and famine in Africa" was in Ghana recently to speak on the "role of the Church in West Africa in stimulating action to combat desertification". Representatives of protestant churches in Ghana, Togo, Liberia, Gambia, Nigeria, Cote d'Ivoire and Sierra Leone attended the 3-day conference which was organized by the Overseas Department of the British Methodist Church. It was to enable participants to share perspectives on the nature, scale and seriousness of the deforestation problem. Participants also exchanged experiences on village-based projects for promoting tree planting and agro-forestry, and developed strategies for the rural development programs. Robert Mann noted that Ghana was not only affected by its proximity to the Sahel, but also by its own deforestation. The situation in Ghana, once renowned for her extensive forests and woodland, has now drastically changed. By 1980/81 the area of closed forest had been reduced to 17,000 sq km from 47,9000 sq km in 1937/38. He said in 1939 the volume of wood exported from Ghana was 42,450 cubic meters but it rose to 1,471,600 cubic meters by 1987. Such activities, Mann said, put severe strain on the environment and affected both the economy and sociocultural basis of the country.

Africa↗
PubMed1992

Deaths from heart disease as analyzed according to occupation.

"In order to analyze the deaths from heart disease associated with various occupations, we examined [1985 vital statistics for Japan] and calculated the risk ratio as well as the attributable risk percent (ARP), for deaths from all forms of heart disease, from ischemic heart disease, [and] from heart failure. The risk ratio for all forms of heart disease was highest in Group E (agricultural, forestry and fisheries workers) and Group F (mining workers) in most age groups. The second highest ratio was seen in Group J (service workers), especially those in their 30s and over. The ratio was also higher in Group D (sales workers) in their 50s and over."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Law No. 86-844 relating to New Caledonia, 17 July 1986.

Among other things, this Law creates an Agency for Rural Development and Land Management in New Caledonia. The Agency is authorized to acquire by private sale or pre-emption land suitable for farming, livestock, and forestry in order to manage it in a more valuable way and grant it back to individuals or groups or grant use rights over it. If the land is granted to a local group, the group has the choice of holding it according to customary law. The Agency may also give a lifetime indemnity to any agricultural worker over 55 years old who stops using land situated in certain defined zones, or give persons using land in such zones a grant for relocation if they exchange that land for land outside these zones.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1988

Order No. 0020 for the establishment of methods of reforestation, 19 March 1987.

In light of the "Green Movement" policy and the development of the Colombia Major National Reforestation Plan, this Order establishes the following methods of promoting reforestation: 1) advice and guidance to those concerned with tree planting; 2) forestry planning for farms; and 3) grants of trees whenever possible in the proportions indicated in the Order. The Order classifies beneficiaries into small-size tree farmers (up to 20 hectares, and 80% of whose income derives from that activity); and medium- and large-scale tree farmers (more than 20 hectares). Other provisions of the Order deal with applications, dates of completion of requirements, and the actual methods of promoting reforestation.

Americas↗
PubMed1988

Decree No. 18105-RENEM-H of 28 April 1988.

This Decree amends certain articles of Decree No. 16986-MAG of 7 May 1986 to regulate more adequately all reforestation activities and to develop them through state incentives. Modified sections establish payments that can be solicited by persons after presenting a reforestation plan for land that they own. They also describe application procedures, steps that the Government of Costa Rica must take before approving plans, the manner in which payments are made on a yearly basis, amounts to be paid per hectare per year, requirements of compliance with general forestry laws, and special payments that can be made to the owners of small parcels of land whose income does not exceed a certain level.

Americas↗
PubMed1997

Agriculture: access to technology limited.

From country to country and even regionally, the roles of women in agriculture vary, but most of their labor is in unpaid subsistence production and their contributions tend to be underestimated, according to the results of the [UN] Secretary-General's report. Depending on circumstances, they have complementary roles with men, sharing or dividing tasks in the production of crops, care of animals, and forestry management. In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, women contribute 60-80% of labor in food production for both household consumption and sale, while in Malaysia the women account for only 35% of the agricultural labor force, and in Ireland the participation rate is only 10.4%. Although women make this important amount of labor contributions to agricultural production, "development policies tend to favor export crops to earn foreign exchange and the agricultural research tends to address the improvement of production and technologies for commercial production". This results in limited access for women to technical knowledge and innovations, including irrigation, machinery, farming techniques and extension services. This is strengthened by the fact that most of the extension services target farmers who own land and can obtain credit to invest in input and technology.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

The scientific development of the physiology of plants in the American tropics.

This paper is a research and journalistic work that summarizes and synthesizes the scientific development of the physiology of plants in the American tropics, also known as the Neotropics. It contains the contributions of numerous biologists interested in the physiology of tropical plants. The fabulous structural and functional diversity of tropical forests is still the major driver of research in this field. Classical physiological work involving tropical plants, such as the discovery of C4 photosynthesis in sugarcane, is invoked to exemplify the historical and current importance of physiological research in the tropics, and its applications in agriculture, forestry and conservation. An historical background describing the early and more recent development of a tradition on the physiological study of tropical plants is followed by a summary of the research conducted on the physiology of tropical crops. Common areas of interest and influence between the fields of crop physiology and plant ecophysiology are identified and exemplified with problems on the environmental physiology of crops like coffee and cassava. The physiology of tropical forest plants is discussed in terms of its contributions to general plant physiological knowledge in areas such as photosynthetic metabolism and plant water relations. Despite the impressive technical advances achieved during the past decade, the importance of continuous development of appropriate instrumentation to study and measure the physiology of plants in situ is stressed. Although the basic metabolic processes that underlie the mechanisms of plant responses to the environment are probably highly conserved and qualitatively similar among tropical and temperate plants, it is also apparent that tropical plants exhibit metabolic peculiarities. These include aspects of photosynthetic metabolism, phloem transport physiology, sensitivity to low temperatures, reproduction, responses to climatic seasonality, and a large variety of biotic interactions. Old and new paradigms are examined in light of recent evidence and comparative studies, and the conceptual and technical advances needed to foster the development of tropical plant ecophysiology are identified.

Crops, Agricultural↗
PubMed2002

[Plot analysis in the dark coniferous ecosystem using GPS and GIS techniques].

It is generally difficult to survey in primary forests located on high-altitude region. However, it is convenient to identify and to recognize plots accompanied by GPS and GIS techniques, which can also display the spatial pattern of arbors precisely. Using the method of rapid-static positioning cooperated with tape-measure, it is concluded that except some points, the positioning was relatively precise, the average value of RMS was 2.84, variance was 2.96, and delta B, delta L, and delta H were 1.2, 1.2, and 4.3 m with their variances being +/- 0.6, +/- 1.1, and +/- 21.1, respectively, which could meet the needs of forestry management sufficiently. Accompanied by some other models, many ecological processes under small and even medium scale, such as the dynamics of gap succession, could also be simulated visually by GIS. Therefore, the techniques of "2S" were patent for forest ecosystem management under the fine scale, especially in the area of high altitude.

Altitude↗
PubMed2001

Chemical control of perennial and annual weeds in herbicide resistant soybean crops.

In Romania, the first tests with Roundup Ready on soybean crops were performed in 1998, on 2 soil types: a) at Teleorman Station on chernozem containing 3.5% humus, 4.5% clay b) at Brăila Station placed in Danube Meadow on alluvial soil containing 3.90% humus and 46% clay. In every locality cultivated soybean cultivar S.2254 was resistant to glyphosate. During the three years of experiments (1998-2000) the crop of soybean was infested with various species of weeds (both annual and perennial) of which the most important are: Sorghum halepense (60-80%), Echinochloa crus-galli, Setaria glauca, Amaranthus retroflexus, Solarium nigrum, Yanthium italicum, Abutilon theoprasthi, Sinapis arvensis, Datum stramonium, Polygonum persicaria, Calystegia sepium, Cirsium arvense. In 3 years of experience the best weed control and the highest soybean production were obtained in the variants treated 2 times postemergent with Roundup Ready at a dose of 3 + 3 l/ha. Similar results were also obtained in the farms of the Academy of Agricultural Forestry Sciences, where GMO soybean was cultivated on 1500 hectares.

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗
PubMed2002

Preventing young worker fatalities. The Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE) Program.

During the period between 1992 through 1998, the Bureau of Labor Statistics identified an average of 67 work related deaths of individuals younger than 18 each year. This article describes the Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE) program and summarizes indepth data collected on 59 young worker fatalities in 26 states. These investigations were conducted between May 1986 and February 2002. Young workers ranged in age from 9 to 17 years, with a mean age of 15.3 years: 21 were working in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry; 12 in construction; 10 in manufacturing; 8 in services; and 8 in the retail industry. The majority worked as laborers. Ninety-three percent were young men. Each investigation resulted in the formulation and dissemination of strategies to help prevent future similar occurrences. As an example of state FACE activities, the article describes the Wisconsin FACE program's efforts to foster collaboration between regulatory agencies, researchers, educators, and occupational safety and health professionals, and to integrate efforts aimed at improving safety for young workers.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2000

[The somatic embryogenesis and establishment of transformation experiment system in Larix principis-Rupprechtii].

Larix principis-Rupprechtii is one of the superior afforestation forest trees growing in north China. Embryogenic cultures were initiated from immature zygotic embryos of Larix principis-Rupprechtii on S culture medium containing 2, 4-D 0-2.2 mg/L, KT and BA each at 0-0. 8 mg/L. Embryogenic calli were subcultured and multiplicated on S + B culture medium containing dropping off each hormone concentration. We set up 33 steady-going embryogenic cell lines; We studied on the growth stage and genotype differences of every embryogenic cell lines; and Finded more than 10 high-frequency somatic embryogenesis cell lines such as 2K, 2T, 2I, 2J, 3C etc.. The number of 2T somatic embryos reaches 314/per gram of embryogenic tissue and the number of 3C somatic embryos is 185/per gram of embryogenic tissue. The re-induction method of Larix principis-Rupprechtii from somatic embryos was used to produce renewable embryogenic cultures and steady-going embryogenic cell lines effectively. Mature somatic embryos can germinate and develop further into plantlets when they are isolated and cultured on a hormone-free WPM culture medium. The regeneration plantlets were obtained. Furthermore, the transformation with a truncated gene of Bacillus thuringensis (B. t) were carried out, the PCR showed positive results, because of this, embryogenic cell line of Larix principis-Rupprechtii can be used for transformation experiments to support further breeding in forestry.

Cell Line↗
PubMed2002

Occupational diseases in Poland, 2001.

The Central Register of Occupational Diseases keeps the records of all reported and certified occupational diseases in Poland. In this paper the incidence of occupational diseases in Poland in 2001 is discussed on the basis of the data provided by the Register. The changes in the incidence pattern over the recent 30 years are also shown. In 2001, 6,007 cases of occupational diseases were registered, with the incidence rate of 63.2 per 100,000 employees. The highest incidence rates were noted for seven categories of diseases: the vocal organ diseases, noise-induced hearing loss, pneumoconioses, contagious and invasive diseases, dermatoses, chronic diseases of bronchi, and vibration syndrome. Altogether these diseases covered 5,239 cases (87.2% of all registered cases). Mining and quarrying, agriculture, hunting and forestry, education, health and social works were the economy activities with the highest incidence of occupational diseases. The majority of occupational diseases (93.9%) have developed after a long-term (over 10 years) exposure to particular harmful factors. As much as 58.5% of cases were recorded in males. The predominant occupational diseases in males were occupational hearing lesions, while in females chronic vocal organ diseases, most common in teachers, were most frequently recognized. In Poland, the diseases of the vocal organ poses a serious problem from the medical and socio-economic points of view. These pathologies show the highest dynamics of the incidence among all registered occupational diseases. Over the last five years the vocal organ diseases have moved upwards to the top in the ranking, both with respect to the number of cases and the incidence rate. Since 1998, the incidence of occupational diseases has been continuously showing a downward tendency. Four categories of occupational diseases have accounted mostly for this decline: noise-induced hearing loss, chronic diseases of vocal organ, contagious and invasive diseases, and dermatoses (a decrease by 64%, 54%, 40%, and 51%, respectively). The decreased incidence has been also noted for "classical pathologies": chronic poisonings, pneumoconioses and vibration syndrome. At least three most important explanatory factors have to be pointed out: a) the decrease in employment and liquidation of industrial plants with the highest health risk; b) the modernization of plants and improvement of working conditions: and c) effective prevention.

Female↗
PubMed2002

[Advances in research on ecological land classification].

Land classification is the base of land evaluation, land planning and land management, and plays an important role in the sustainable development of forestry resource. Ecological land classification (ELC) is the main approuch and direction of land classification. Along with the development of landscape ecology and 3S techniques, developing of ecological classification system (ECS) becomes the keystone of ELC. The definition, history, basic characteristics of ELC, the theory of ECS and its' prospects were systematically reviewed in this paper. The prospects were also described for the development of ECS methodology and the application of ELC. The general direction of ecological land research, which was a multi-factors and multi-levels syntheses based on the multi-objects administration of resource (forest, land and waters), was the combination of quantificational and qualitative research. It is necessary to carry out relevant researches in China.

China↗
PubMed2003

Scope of potential bacterial agents of diarrhoea and microbial assessment of quality of river water sources in rural Venda communities in South Africa.

The microbial quality of several, usually untreated, surface domestic water sources, used by rural communities in the Venda Region of South Africa, was assessed to gauge their fitness for human consumption and to highlight the possible impact of waterborne diseases. The water sources studied were six points on the Levubu River and the rivers Mutale, Ngwedi, Tshinane, Makonde, Mutshindudi and Mudaswali. Total and faecal coliform, heterotrophic bacteria, enterococci and coliphage counts were used as indicators/surrogates to estimate the degree of bacterial and viral contamination respectively by standard methods. The presence of potential bacterial agents of diarrhoea such as Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Plesiomonas, Aeromonas and Vibrio was also determined. Results showed that the ranges of counts with regard to all the water sources investigated were 2.9 x 10(2) - 6.3 x 10(4) CFU/100 mL for faecal coliforms, 6.0 x 10(2) - 3.7 x 10(4) CFU/100 mL for total coliforms, 1.8 x 10(2) - 1.3 x 10(6) CFU/mL for heterotrophic plate count, 1.0 x 10(1) - 3.7 x 10(4) CFU/100 mL for enterococci and 0-13 PFU/100 mL for coliphages. These values are far higher than the acceptable maximum limits prescribed for South Africa by the Dept of Water & Forestry and the Water Research Commission - 0 CFU/100 mL, 5 CFU/100 mL, 1.0 x 10(2) CFU/mL, 0 CFU/100 mL and 1 PFU/100 mL for faecal coliforms, total coliforms, heterotrophic bacteria, enterococci and coliphages respectively. Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Aeromonas and Plesiomonas were isolated from several of the water sources investigated. The use of these water sources for drinking and domestic purposes poses a serious threat to the health and well being of the users and calls for urgent government intervention.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2003

Symptom complaints following aerial spraying with biological insecticide Foray 48B.

AIM: To investigate the effect of aerial Bacillus thuringiensis (Foray 48B) spraying on self-reported symptom complaints, health perceptions, and visits to healthcare providers. METHODS: Two hundred and ninety two residents within the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) West Auckland spray zone were recruited by a door-to-door survey of homes within the most intensively sprayed area ten weeks prior to the first aerial spraying. Participants completed a symptom checklist and a questionnaire measuring health perceptions. Three months after the start of spraying, 181 (62%) of the original participants responded to a similar postal questionnaire. Symptom reports, health perceptions and visits to healthcare providers were compared between the baseline and the follow-up questionnaire. Rates of symptom complaints in respondents with previously diagnosed asthma, hay fever, or other allergies were compared to those in respondents without these prior health conditions. RESULTS: Symptom complaints increased significantly following the aerial spraying, in particular: sleep problems, dizziness, difficulty concentrating, irritated throat, itchy nose, diarrhoea, stomach discomfort, and gas discomfort. Analyses showed a significant increase in symptoms in those participants with a previous history of hay fever. While overall self-ratings of health decreased following the spraying, most residents saw their health as unaffected by the spray programme, and there was no significant increase in visits to general practitioners or alternative healthcare providers. CONCLUSIONS: Aerial spraying with Foray 48B is associated with some adverse health consequences in terms of significant increases in upper airway, gastrointestinal, and neuropsychiatric symptoms, as well as a reduction in overall perception of health in the exposed population./

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Fragmented forest in tropical landscape--the case of the state of Selangor, Malaysia.

This paper presents the pattern and changes of fragmented forest in relation with changes of total forest cover in the state of Selangor in three decades. In this study, inventoried forest cover maps of Selangor in 1971/1972, 1981/1982 and 1991/1992 produced by the Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia were digitized to examine the changes in area and number of fragmented forest. Results showed that in 1971/1972, 16 fragmented forests were identified in Selangor. All fragmented forests were identified as dipterocarp forest. A decade later the number of fragmented forests increased by approximately 44% (23). Of the 23 fragmented forests, two were peat swamp forests whereas the remaining were dipterocarp forests. In 1991/1992 the number of fragmented forests (12) was reduced by 47.8%. Two of the fragmented forests were identified as peat swamp forest, seven dipterocarp forest and the other three was mixed of dipterocarp forests and plantation forests. Fragmentation of both dipterocarp and peat swamp forests occurred profoundly during the period between 1971/1972 and 1981/1982, which consequently increased the number of fragmented forests compared with before the period of 1971/1972 where fragmentation happened only at dipterocarp forests. However, many fragmented forests vanished between the 1981/1982 and 1991/1992 periods.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗