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PubMed1987

Effect of a non-hygroscopic surfactant coating upon fluorescein absorption from the respiratory tract.

The influence of a hydrophobic coating upon the absorption of fluorescein from the canine respiratory tract has been evaluated. Lauric acid was adsorbed onto the surface of micronized disodium fluorescein powder suspended in non-aqueous solutions of the fatty acid. A 0.24 g lauric acid coating for each gram of dye was sufficient to prevent hygroscopic growth in a 40 sec period at 37 C at 97% relative humidity. When this powder was aerosolized and administered by inhalation to Beagle dogs, fluorescein absorption proceeded at similar rates to that of the uncoated dye.

Absorption↗
PubMed1986

[Angioid streaks and associated lesions: ophthalmoscopic and fluorescein angiographic interpretation].

Angioid streaks are characteristic and well known lesions of the fundus of the eye. They are frequently associated with other less known chorioretinal lesions. In order to investigate the incidence and the clinical importance of these latter lesions, the photographs and the fluorescein angiographies of the 24 fundi of 12 patients with angioid streaks were studied. The lesions associated with the angioid streaks are light areas along the streak, red paired spots, fundus peau d'orange, salmon spots, optic disc drusen and macular atrophic and exudative-hemorrhagic degenerations. The comparison between the photographs and the fluorescein angiographies of the fundus allows to deduce, in many cases, the anatomic lesion that causes the clinical appearance of the various kinds of angioid streaks and the associated lesions. Although the misinterpretation of these results sometimes led to inaccurate speculations about the nature and the pathogenesis of the angioid streaks and the associated lesions, it is important to point out that lacking histopathological reports that would clarify the true nature of the lesions associated with the angioid streaks, ophthalmoscopy and fluorescein angiography are the only methods helpful to reveal the basic lesions.

Angioid Streaks↗
PubMed1985

Serial fluorometric documentation of fluorescein dye delivery.

Since its introduction in 1980, fiberoptic fluorometry has improved the precision and objectivity of the fluorescein test as a means to delineate nutritive blood flow and predict tissue viability. This study was undertaken primarily to determine if fiberoptic fluorometry could be repeated reliably at close time intervals. Four injections of fluorescein dye were administered at varying dose and time schedules to determine what factors influenced the repeatability of this technique. The results confirm the high accuracy of fluorometric indices as a means to predict the ultimate fate of a skin flap. A method of scanning the flap within 2 minutes after injection of 1.5 mg/kg of fluorescein dye correctly predicted the fate of almost 100% of flap sections. Repeated injections of 1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 mg/kg of dye at 15-minute intervals provided virtually identical predictions of flap viability. Thus fluorometry is readily repeatable and should be of value in assessing the state of tissue perfusion as well as changes in perfusion caused by pharmacologic manipulation or surgical intervention.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[The clinical value of an oral test of pancreatic function with fluorescein dilaurate (author's transl)].

Exocrine insufficiency of the pancreas was identified by decreased splitting of the ester substrate and thus diminished excretion of fluorescein in the urine of persons with normal pancreatic function (test excretion). Unesterified fluorescein served to ascertain the standard excretion of fluorescein (= 100%). The relation of test excretion to standard excretion was expressed in %. Values of less than 20% in collected urine are pathologic. The range of 20-30% is questionable. Normal persons showed 30% or more. The method described is simple and without problems for the patient. The test was accurate in 93% of patients with a false negative in 1%. Practicability and results recommend the test as a screening method.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1979

[Fluorescein angiography of the optic disc in ocular hypertension and glaucoma (author's transl)].

A fluorescein angiography of the optic disc has been performed on 62 eyes in 41 patients suffering from ocular hypertension or glaucoma. The angiogram was abnormal in 32 eyes. 11 eyes showed an absolute hypofluorescence involving the whole optic disc. 15 eyes showed an absolute hypofluorescence limited to a part of the cup and the rim. 6 eyes showed a late hyperfluorescence of the fundus of the cup. Total hypofluorescence throughout all phases of fluorescein angiogram corresponds to filling defects. Absolute hypofluorescence involving the whole optic disc is associated with visual field loss in all cases. Absolute hypofluorescence involving only an area of the optic disc is associated with a normal visual field in a few cases. It is postulated that the limited filling defects without visual fields defects may be an indication of impending loss of the visual field. Therefore fluorescein angiography could be helpful in clinical assessment of visual prognosis of chronic ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Nevertheless wider experience and followup are necessary to confirm the value of the method.

Fluorescein Angiography↗
PubMed1981

Fluorescein angiography of optociliary shunt vessels.

Progressive loss of vision, optic disc pallor, and optociliary shunt vessels (the Hoyt-Spencer sign) constitute the clinical triad of optic nerve sheath meningiomas. However, optociliary shunt vessels may also follow central vein occlusions, and less commonly occur with a few other conditions. This report presents a comparative study of fluorescein angiograms performed on eight patients with optociliary shunt vessels. Four patients had optic nerve sheath meningiomas, and four patients had central retinal vein occlusions. The following differences in the fluorescein angiograms were noted in the two groups. In the optic nerve sheath meningioma group, the shunt vessels fill earlier (in the arteriovenous phase), the flow drains to central venous tributaries, and the late staining is hyperfluorescent to other veins. However, in the central vein occlusion group, the shunts fill later (in the venous phase), show a flow draining to the outer disc margin, and late staining is eufluorescent with other veins. Although optic nerve sheath meningiomas and old vein occlusions are usually rather easily differentiated by a complete examination, the fluorescein angiographic patterns are not only pertinent with regards to the pathogenesis of optociliary vessels, but in certain cases may be clinically helpful in making an important clinical differentiation.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Myeloperoxidase-dependent fluorescein chlorination by stimulated neutrophils.

Hypochlorous acid (HOC1) rapidly chlorinates fluorescein compounds forming, sequentially, the corresponding 4'-chlorofluorescein and 4',5'-dichlorofluoresceins. Chlorination by cell-free myeloperoxidase-catalyzed chloride peroxidation systems gives rise to these compounds as well as variable amounts of isomeric compounds chlorinated in the 2'- and 2',7'-positions. The fluorescence intensity of the dianionic form of the dye is partially quenched upon chlorination, and its proton equilibrium constants are shifted to more acidic values. Fluorescein covalently bound to zymosan (5-isothiocyanatofluorescein-zymosan) also formed these products when the unopsonized particles were incubated with phorbol myristate acetate- or N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-stimulated human neutrophils. This reaction was associated with a fall in fluorescence intensity, which was not observed when cells from individuals with chronic granulomatous disease or myeloperoxidase deficiency were used or when azide or catalase were added to the reaction medium. Fluorescent changes accompanying phagocytosis of serum-opsonized 5-isothiocyanatofluorescein-zymosan were also consistent with chlorination of the label; the changes were shown to be myeloperoxidase-dependent by use of myeloperoxidase-deficient or azide-treated cells. Oxidative bleaching of the structurally similar sulfonphthalein dyes by HOCl also occurs at rates which parallel the dye basicities. Results are discussed in relation to the use of fluoresceinated particles and sulfonphthalein dyes in the measurement of intraphagosomal acidification.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1984

Fluorescein angiography in the evaluation of intestinal intramural haemorrhage after trauma.

Intramural hemorrhage of the intestines occur after different types of abdominal trauma. These haemorrhages may lead to secondary perforation and peritonitis. As the bleeding often is multifocal, radical resections would entail correspondingly many anastomoses, with increased risk of complications. A method for macroscopic recognition of perforation risk was described in a previous report. The macroscopic criteria used in that classification have now been compared with a vital staining technique, involving intravenous injection of fluorescein. The fluorescence patterns of 'non-viability' accorded well with histologically observed damage to the muscular layer of the gut and with transmural devitalization. There was also good correlation with the macroscopic criteria in the previous classification, but the fluorescein method was higher predictive of transmural devitalization. When the methods were combined, the detection of dangerous lesions was still improved. Fluorescein staining is clinically applicable, and thus can be a valuable complement for discerning heightened risk of perforation in intestinal intramural haemorrhages.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed1982

[Acute neurological complications following intrathecal fluorescein injection (author's transl)].

This report describes two cases of grand mal seizures following intrathecal injection of fluorescein to delineate CSF-leakage. Recurrent phases of apnea necessitated artificial ventilation in one case. The results of CSF and serum investigations are discussed as well as EEG and EMG findings. As fluorescein has proved to be a potentially epileptogenic drug, its use for patients with a past history of seizures should be very carefully considered. All patients having received intrathecal fluorescein should be kept under observation for at least 4 to 6 hours.

Dura Mater↗
PubMed1981

[Diffusion of fluorescein molecules in muscle fiber. I. The determination of the coefficient of diffusion].

Two methods for measuring the diffusion coefficient of fluorescein molecules (molecular weight 376 D) micropipetted to frog muscle fibre are discussed. The first (photoelectric) method implies that the fluorescein intensity is determined at a known distance from the site of injection using a photometric probe. The time dependence of this intensity has a maximum. If to apply the equation of heat conductance in a cylinder with impermeable walls on supply of point heat impulse, a simple formula is obtained for calculating the diffusion coefficient. The second method consists in photographing a stained portion of the fibre in fluorescence light. After densitometry of the film, the diffusion coefficient is calculated from the Gaussian equation. As demonstrated by the measurements, the diffusion coefficient values for fluorescein are three-fold lower than for water.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Process for producing fluorescein for injection purposes (author's transl)].

The authors report of a process for producing high-purity fluorescein for injection purposes which is characterized by the fact that synthesis-induced by-products are separated from the raw fluorescein, obtained by any process, by means of a clean-up chain consisting in step-by-step monoacetylation in an aqueous-alkaline solution, subsequent diacetylation in pyridine or a pyridine-glacial acetic acid mixture, saponification of the diacetyl product by sodium methoxide in methanol, and precipitation of the fluorescein with anhydrous formic acid.

Drug Contamination↗
PubMed1995

[An analyzing system for fluorescein angiography of retinal blood flow using a high speed, high sensitivity camera].

We constructed a speedy and sensitive fundus camera system, and developed a new method to analyze retinal blood flow in rabbits and monkeys. The system is composed of a fluorescein fundus camera (TRC-50X, Topcon), a relay lens, an image intensifier (Ektapro-intensified-imager, Kodak), a digital recorder (Ektapro-EM, Kodak), an S-VHS analogue recorder, a picture analyzer (IMAGEnet, Topcon), and a CRT (cathode-ray tube) monitor. The speed of retinal blood flow in rabbits is calculated by measuring the time and distance between two points of an advancing illumined fluorescein dye front in a vessel. The speed in monkeys is obtained by analysis using an autocorrelative function, instead of the method used with rabbits, because of background fluorescein noise and vessel tortuousity.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Hyperbaric oxygen treatment for macular edema after retinal vein occlusion--fluorescein angiographic findings and visual prognosis].

It has been reported that hyperbaric oxygen treatment improves visual function in patients with chronic macular edema associated with retinal vein occlusion. This study was designed to investigate relationship between visual prognosis and characteristics of macular edema. From fluorescein angiography performed prior to the therapy, areas of capillary closure and fluorescein leakages were quantitatively evaluated within 1 disc diameter from the fovea. In 27 eyes for which good angiograms were available, 19 eyes were classified as having mild ischemia 1 (area of capillary closure < 25%) and 8 eyes were classified as having severe ischemia (closure area < or = 25%). Of the 27 eyes, 14 showed visual improvement after the therapy. While only one eyes (13%) had visual improvement in the severe ischemic group, 11 eyes (58%) showed visual improvement in the mild ischemic group. The degree of fluorescein leakage before the therapy had no effect on visual outcome. The degree of macular ischemia was found to be a more significant factor influencing visual prognosis after the treatment than the degree of macular edema.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Intravenous fluorescein for detection of perilymphatic fistulas.

It has been reported, in animal models and recently in human beings, that intravenous fluorescein is taken up in perilymph and may be useful as a tracer for the detection of perilymphatic fistulas. We attempted to reproduce the results of these animal experiments. Twenty-one middle ears of eight cats and four dogs were exposed. Fluorescein was given intravenously. Fluorescence was initially noted in transudates pooling in the oval and round window niches. Fistulas created with a straight pick produced a bright fluorescence in the leaking fluids, possibly from a ruptured small membrane vessel. Fistulas created with the carbon dioxide laser and with complete hemostasis demonstrated no fluorescence. We concluded that intravenously administered fluorescein causes dramatic fluorescence of vessels and transudates that may be interpreted falsely as fluorescence of perilymph. Fluorescence was not evident in perilymph when complete hemostasis was obtained.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Color-fluorescein relationship in glaucomatous optic nerve damage.

With the assistance of a computerized image analysis system, the author obtained a quantitative evaluation of the color of the optic disc (%R) and the fluorescein intensity (%F) in glaucomatous eyes. Patients in various stages of glaucoma were studied, including 23 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) (23 eyes), 22 patients with normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) (22 eyes), along with 11 normal controls (11 eyes). In both the POAG and NTG groups, %R was lower in eyes with more marked visual field defects. The correlation coefficient between %R and the stage of visual field defect was 0.794 (P < 0.001) in the POAG group and 0.652 (P < 0.001) in the NTG group. Fluorescein intensity also was lower in eyes with more marked visual field defects in both groups. The correlation coefficient between %F and the stage of visual field defect was 0.897 (P < 0.001) in the POAG group and 0.681 (P < 0.001) in the NTG group. In early-stage patients in both glaucoma groups, %R was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in %R between the NTG and POAG groups. In these patients, %F was also lower than that in the control group (P = 0.001), and was significantly lower in the NTG group than in the POAG group (P = 0.01). In addition, the pattern of correlation differed between the two groups. This difference in the pattern of the optic disk color-fluorescein correlation suggests that pathological backgrounds in the development of glaucomatous optic disc damage are also different between POAG and NTG.

Female↗
PubMed1996

[Aging changes in conjunctiva visualized by fluorescein angiography and histopathology].

In order to investigate the aging changes of the conjunctiva, we examined fluorescein-positive areas by fluorescein angiography. The deposition of melanin in basal cells, the degranulation of mast cells, and the lumens of capillaries were examined by light microscopy in 35 cataractous eyes without diabetes or hypertension. The fluorescein leakage increased with aging. The number of basal cells with deposition of melanin granules and mast cells with degranulation correlated significantly with aging. On the other hand, the narrowing of capillary lumens in conjunctival stroma was not observed with aging. Based on the above results, we conclude that the weakness of the conjunctival vessels without the narrowing of capillary lumens might be caused by functional disorder of the endothelium and pericytes. The increase of deposition of melanin granules in basal cells may be caused by the breakdown of the metabolic pathway of melanin. Long-time mechanical stimuli and metabolic disorders of active substances may increase the degranulation of mast cells.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Fluorescein angiography of angioid streaks].

Author observed two patients affected by Pseudoxanthoma elasticum with different extent of alternation on the eye background. The separate states of progression of this eye disease are observed by fluorescein angiography. Beside the finding of angioid streaks fluorescein angiography more precisely demonstrates extent of Bruch membrane abnormalities and alteration of pigmentary epithelium of the retina. This way fluorescein angiography significantly contributes to clarification of other accompanying pathology of this eye disease.

Angioid Streaks↗
PubMed1995

[Analysis of human DNA fingerprints by using fluorescein labelled probe JH12.6].

A method of analysis of human DNA fingerprints has been established by using fluorescein (Fl-11-dUTP) labelled probe JH12.6. The clear and high distinctive patterns of human DNA fingerprints were obtained with this method. The DNA fingerprints of 78 unrelated individuals living in Yunnan province of China were detected, and their probability of chance association between random individuals was calculated as 7.4 x 10(-11), and their mean allelic frequency as 0.09. Comparing of DNA fingerprints with labelling probe JH12.6 by using between radioactive 32P and fluorescein showed that the method by using fluorescein labelled probe JH12.6 was simple, fast, safe and economical. It can totally replace the method by using radioactive 32P labelled probe JH12.6, and it can be broadly applied in forensic medicine and other fields.

DNA Fingerprinting↗