Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “European Community”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Quality control in cytopathology applied to screening for cervical carcinoma.

When screening for cervical carcinoma became one of the priorities of the European Community (1992), the "European Guidelines for Quality Assurance in Cervical Cancer Screening" proposed an organisation of the screening program. In the following years, Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QC) was organized in many countries. The whole staff of the laboratory has to participate in the organization of Internal QC programs: errors must be detected in all categories of smears and the same terminology has to be adopted. External QC is well accepted when organized by the pathologists themselves. The French program is presented. In the near future, pathologists should take into account the evolution of QC, and the role of modern methods such as telecytopathology and computer-assisted screening devices.

Carcinoma↗
PubMed1994

[The future of ophthalmologic practice in Europe].

Building the single European market as part of the process that started with the Treaty of Rome and continues with the Treaty of Maastricht, creates several dangers in the short or long term for European ophthalmologists in the twelve European community countries, and also in neighboring EFTA countries and probable candidates to the European community. Free movement of people, goods, services and capital, mutual recognition of diplomas and freedom to practice will create problems that will sometimes be very difficult to solve for the regulation of our demography, the definition and defense of our field of activity, our quality control, changes in regulations, and to balance the financial, industrial and political groups that build our professional environment. The only way our specialty will be able to control its future is if there is coordination between professional ophthalmologist organizations in each of our countries capable of common studies and concerted actions.

Europe↗
PubMed2004

The precautionary principle and/or risk assessment in World Trade Organization decisions: a possible role for risk perception.

Risk analysis has been recognized and validated in World Trade Organization (WTO) decision processes. In recent years the precautionary principle has been proposed as an additional or alternative approach to standard risk assessment. The precautionary principle has also been advocated by some who see it as part of postmodern democracy in which more power is given to the public on health and safety matters relative to the judgments of technocrats. A more cynical view is that the precautionary principle is particularly championed by the European Community as a means to erect trade barriers. The WTO ruling against the European Community's trade barrier against beef from hormone-treated cattle seemed to support the use of risk assessment and appeared to reject the argument that the precautionary principle was a legitimate basis for trade barriers. However, a more recent WTO decision on asbestos contains language suggesting that the precautionary principle, in the form of taking into account public perception, may be acceptable as a basis for a trade barrier. This decision, if followed in future WTO trade disputes, such as for genetically modified foods, raises many issues central to the field of risk analysis. It is too early to tell whether the precautionary principle will become accepted in WTO decisions, either as a supplement or a substitute for standard risk assessment. But it would undermine the value of the precautionary principle if this principle were misused to justify unwarranted trade barriers.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Content of toxic and essential metals in canned mussels commonly consumed in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.

Concentrations of three toxic heavy metals (Hg, Pb, Cd) and six essential heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni) were determined in mussel conserves (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Bivalvia, Mollusca) consumed habitually by individuals in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). A total of 600 samples were analyzed, corresponding to six different commercial brands and four different processing types: pickled sauce (mixture of olive oil, vinegar, red pepper, laurel, and salt), coquille St. Jacques sauce (coquille St. Jacques broth), nature (water and salt), and bionature (water, salt, and soluble vegetal fiber). Samples were collected weekly from markets in Santa Cruz de Tenerife during a 12-month period. All values for toxic metals were lower than the permitted maximum for human consumption as proscribed in European Community Directive 2001/22/CE (1,000 microg/kg wet weight for Pb and Cd) and European Community Decision 93/351/EEC (500 microg/kg wet weight for Hg). For the six essential heavy metals, mussels are a very good source, contributing high percentages of the recommended daily allowance.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

An evaluation of recent population scenarios for the EEA and Switzerland.

"This article will review the quality of the national long-term population scenarios [for the EEA and Switzerland] compiled by Eurostat in Spring 1991 (former European Community) and Spring 1993 (former European Free Trade Association). By means of a limited number of figures it will be shown how close these projections were for the period 1990-1994. Each item will be briefly explained."

Developed Countries↗
PubMed1994

Confirmatory analysis for spiramycin residue in bovine muscle by liquid chromatography/particle beam mass spectrometry.

To ensure that residues of veterinary drugs, above their respective maximum residue limits, do not reach the human food supply, European Community regulations specify requirements for detection, quantification and confirmation analytical methods and control procedures. The European Community member states base meat controls on these protocols. A liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis of spiramycin in calf muscle is presented as a confirmatory method for this compound. A particle beam interface was used, with negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry, using methane as the reagent gas. Samples (2 g muscle were prepared by liquid/liquid extraction followed by solid-phase extraction clean-up. On-line liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry of extracts was carried out on a C-18 bonded silica column. The specificity required for a regulatory confirmation procedure was achieved by monitoring five fragment ions with m/z 304, 330, 475, 683 and 684. Variation of the relative ion abundances was less than 20% at the maximum limit of residue, 50 micrograms kg-1. The method specificity was tested for three related compounds: neospiramycin, erythromycin and tylosin. The detection limit based on ion chromatogram peaks areas obtained with control samples was determined to be 20 micrograms kg-1.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Structuring strain data for storage and retrieval of information on fungi and yeasts in MINE, the Microbial Information Network Europe.

A distributed Microbial Information Network Europe (MINE) is being constructed by a number of major microbial culture collections in countries of the European Community, with the support of the Biotechnology Action Programme (BAP) of the Commission of the European Community. The representatives of the collections participating in MINE have agreed to adopt a general format for the computer storage and retrieval of strain data. This uniform format will facilitate the electronic combination and exchange of data from different collections in order to produce integrated catalogues and the use of identical commands to search the different databases. It is recommended to other collections who may wish to contribute data to the MINE network or between themselves. Three kinds of records can be linked to the leading 'species records': strain records, synonym records, and alternative morphonym records. A minimum data set of 30 fields (similar to the fields used for producing catalogues) is defined that facilitates the exchange of data between the national nodes and serves as a directory to strains available at other nodes. It is suggested that the full strain record comprise 99 fields, grouped in 12 blocks: internal administration--name--strain administration--status--environment and history--biological interactions--sexuality--properties (cytology, biomolecular data)--genotype and genetics--growth conditions--chemistry and enzymes--practical applications. Several fields are divided into subfields of different ranks. Delimiters are used either to separate a range of entries that have to be indexed or to divide an entry from the reference to its source or remarks that should not be indexed. The contents and structure of the fields proposed for filamentous fungi and yeasts are described and in some cases illustrated by examples. Uniformity of input is essential for indexed fields and desirable for non-indexed fields. Seven thesaurus files are envisaged to ensure consistency.

Data Collection↗