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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Alterations in free radical tissue-defense mechanisms in streptozocin-induced diabetes in rat. Effects of insulin treatment.

We investigated the possible involvement of reactive oxygen radical-related processes in chronic (12-wk) diabetes induced in rats by streptozocin (STZ). Diabetes was associated with significantly increased activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GSSG-RD), and CuZn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the pancreas and of CAT and GSSG-RD in the heart. On the other hand, the liver of diabetic rats showed a generalized decrease in CAT, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and SOD as well as in the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH). Diabetic kidney also showed decreases in CAT and SOD, but the activities of GSH-PX were increased. Insulin treatment (9-12 U/kg body wt) that was started after 8 wk of diabetes and continued for 4 wk reversed all of the foregoing alterations in tissue antioxidant status. Our results suggest the presence of increased oxidative stress in uncontrolled diabetes as manifested by the marked alterations in tissue antioxidant enzyme activities, the magnitude of which increased with the degree of emaciation. The complex patterns of changes observed in the various tissues examined are believed to be the result of compensatory increases in enzyme activities (usually involving enzymes whose activity in control tissues is low) and direct inhibitory effects, possibly resulting from an increased tissue-oxidant activity. Our findings support the view that tissue antioxidant status may be an important factor in the etiology of diabetes and its complications.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Hemithyroidectomy in a horse with confirmed hyperthyroidism.

A 23-year-old Quarter Horse gelding was admitted to the hospital because of cachexia and hyperactive behavior of 1 year's duration. At admission the horse was severely emaciated, tachycardic with a grade V/VI diastolic murmur, pyrexic, polydipsic, enophthalmic, and alopecic. The right lobe of the thyroid gland was noticeably larger than typical. The horse was also hyperexcitable and had a ravenous appetite. A presumptive diagnosis of hyperthyroidism was made on the basis of clinical signs and high plasma thyroid hormone concentrations. Confirmation of the diagnosis was made on the basis of results of a triiodothyronine-suppression test. Following endocrine testing, the affected portion of the thyroid gland was removed and identified histologically as an adenoma. Return or plasma thyroid hormone concentrations to reference range values and resolution of the clinical signs of disease following hemithyroidectomy provided further conformation of the diagnosis. On the basis of finding in this horse, it appears that horses with hyperthyroidism may be successfully treated by hemithyroidectomy.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Heterosis for survival and dentition in Hereford, Angus, Shorthorn, and crossbred cows.

Records of 328 Angus, Hereford, Shorthorn, and first-cross cows produced from 1960 to 1963 were used to estimate heterosis (h) and individual (gI) and maternal (gM) average breed effects on cumulative survival (CS) by ages to 12 yr, longevity (L), and size (SI) and condition of incisors at 10 to 15 yr of age. Reasons for cow disposal were also studied. The 155 cows born in 1960 and 1961 first calved at 3 yr of age, and the 173 born in 1962 and 1963 first calved at 2 yr of age. Analyses for CS and L were done for both actual culling of cows open in two consecutive years (AC) and imposed culling of any open cow (IC). The model for CS and L included cow birth year-breed of cow's sire (Y-S), sires within Y-S, breed of dam (D), and D x Y-S. For SI, the model included breed of cow, year of recording, and quadratic effect of age. Linear contrasts were used to estimate h, gI, and gM for quantitative variables, and chi-square was used for discrete variables. Under both AC (P less than .05) and IC, crossbreds exceeded straightbreds in CS to 12 yr (16.7 and 8.5%) and L (1.36 and .99 yr). Estimates of gI and gM for CS and L were generally small, except for the low (P less than .05) gM of Shorthorn cows under IC. Mortality and culling for emaciation, cancer eye, or prolapse was less for crossbreds than for straightbreds and increased with age. Crossbreds had longer (P less than .01) and better (P less than .001) teeth than straightbreds. The longer productive life of crossbred cows reduces rearing costs for replacements and increases sales of calves and cull cows.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1991

Influence of nutrition and body condition on pituitary, ovarian, and thyroid function of nonlactating beef cows.

Nonpregnant Hereford cows (n = 70) were used to determine the effect of nutrient intake and body condition on reproductive and thyroid function. Body condition scores (BCS; 1 = emaciated; 9 = obese) of cows averaged 5.0 +/- .2 on July 1, and cows were fed for 4 mo either to lose weight and BCS (thin; n = 22), to maintain weight and BCS (moderate; n = 24), or to gain weight and BCS (fat; n = 24). After November 1, cows received a complete ration to maintain weight and BCS. Cows were slaughtered in December (six thin, eight moderate, and eight fat cows) or the subsequent March (16 cows per group). Before slaughter, cows were given two injections of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF) 11 d apart. Six days after the second PGF injection, cows were simultaneously treated with 100 micrograms of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH; i.m.) and 100 micrograms of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH; i.v.) and serum samples were obtained. The BCS of cows at slaughter (8 d after PGF) averaged 3.4, 5.3, and 7.1 (P less than .01) and carcass energy content averaged 243, 432, and 714 Mcal (P less than .01) for thin, moderate, and fat cows, respectively. Wet ovarian (P less than .001) and corpora lutea (P less than .01) weights were heavier for fat cows. Content of LH in the pituitary gland and concentrations of thyroxine (T4) in serum after GnRH/TRH were not influenced by nutrient intake or BCS. However, thin cows had greater concentrations (P less than .05) of LH in serum after GnRH/TRH than did moderate or fat cows. We conclude that nutrient intake and body energy reserves of beef cows influenced ovarian function and LH in serum after treatment with GnRH.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1994

Body energy reserves influence the onset of luteal activity after early weaning of beef cows.

The influence of body energy reserves on the onset of luteal activity and concentrations of LH and IGF-I in serum was evaluated in postpartum anestrous beef cows after early weaning. Multiparous Hereford and Hereford x Angus cows (n = 24) were fed during gestation to establish body condition scores between 3 and 6 (BCS, 1 = emaciated; 9 = obese) at parturition. Concentrations of progesterone in plasma were determined weekly for 5 wk postpartum (PP). Anovulatory cows and their calves (n = 19) were confined in stalls on d 40 +/- 3 PP. Jugular cannulas were inserted on d 44 +/- 3 PP, and calves were weaned (d 0) the following day. Blood samples were collected from all cows for 4 h (every 10 min) before weaning and on d 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 after weaning and LH was quantified. Progesterone was quantified in daily blood samples until d 10, and in samples taken twice weekly until d 46. Within 25 d after weaning, 100% of the cows with BCS < or = 5 at weaning (n = 7) had initiated luteal activity, whereas only 43% (P < .01) of the cows with BCS < 5 (n = 12) had luteal activity. Mean serum IGF-I concentrations were correlated with BCS (r = .50; P < .05). Frequency of LH pulses was influenced (P < .01) by body condition at weaning but was not influenced by day after weaning. The number of LH pulses at weaning, serum IGF-I, and the interval to the onset of ovarian activity after early weaning of anestrous beef cows were influenced by BCS.

Anestrus↗
PubMed1995

Reproductive responses and calf birth and weaning weights as affected by body condition at parturition and postpartum weight gain in primiparous beef cows.

Effects of body condition score (BCS) at parturition and postpartum weight gain on reproduction and production responses were evaluated using 240 primiparous (21 to 28 mo) beef cows calving in 60-d periods in three states over 3 yr. Cows were randomly allotted 90 d before parturition and fed to achieve BCS of 4, 5, or 6 (1 = emaciated, 9 = obese) at parturition. After parturition, one-half of these cows (within state) were group-fed to gain .45 kg/d (moderate) or .90 kg/d (high) until the start of a 60-d breeding season. Cows calving in BCS of 4, 5, or 6, respectively, had calves with progressively heavier (P < .05) birth weights, but dystocia score was not influenced by BCS at calving. Parturient BCS of cows had no effect on actual or 205-d adjusted weaning weights of calves. Birth weights, dystocia score, and actual and 205-d adjusted weaning weights were affected by location (P < .05). Cows with greater weight gains postpartum had calves with heavier (P < .05) actual and 205-d adjusted weaning weights than did cows with moderate weight gains. No significant interactions among location, BCS, or postpartum nutrition-group were observed for any of the production variables described above. Greater BCS at calving resulted in more (P < .05) cows in estrus and more (P < .05) cows pregnant by 40 and 60 d of a breeding season. Luteal activity by start of breeding, as well as estrus responses and pregnancy rates at 20, 40, or 60 d of a breeding season, were affected by location (P < .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Tissue swainsonine clearance in sheep chronically poisoned with locoweed (Oxytropis sericea).

Locoweed poisoning is seen throughout the world and annually costs the livestock industry millions of dollars. Swainsonine inhibits lysosomal alpha-mannosidase and Golgi mannosidase II. Poisoned animals are lethargic, anorexic, emaciated, and have neurologic signs that range from subtle apprehension to seizures. Swainsonine is water-soluble, rapidly absorbed, and likely to be widely distributed in the tissues of poisoned animals. The purpose of this study was to quantify swainsonine in tissues of locoweed-poisoned sheep and determine the rate of swainsonine clearance from animal tissues. Twenty-four crossbred wethers were gavaged with ground Oxytropis sericea to obtain swainsonine doses of 1 mg swainsonine x kg(-1) BW x d(-1) for 30 d. After dosing, the sheep were killed on d 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 14, 30, 60, and 160. Animal weights and feed consumption were monitored. Serum was collected during dosing and withdrawal periods, and tissues were collected at necropsy. Serum swainsonine concentrations were determined using an alpha-mannosidase inhibition assay. Swainsonine concentrations in skeletal muscle, heart, brain, and serum were similar at approximately 250 ng/g. Clearance from these tissues was also similar, with half-lives (T(1/2)) of less than 20 h. Swainsonine at more than 2,000 ng/g, was detected in the liver, spleen, kidney, and pancreas. Clearance from liver, kidney, and pancreas was about T(1/2) 60 h. These findings imply that poisoned sheep have significant tissue swainsonine concentrations and animals exposed to locoweed should be withheld from slaughter for at least 25 d (10 T(1/2)) to ensure that the locoweed toxin has cleared from animal tissues and products.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Influence of prepartum body condition score change on reproduction in multiparous beef cows calving in moderate body condition.

Multiparous, spring-calving beef cows (n = 250) were used to determine whether large changes in body energy reserves during mid- to late gestation influenced subsequent reproductive performance of cows calving in moderate body condition. In three states, cows were blocked by BW and body condition score (BCS; 1 = emaciated to 9 = obese) then allotted to receive either a high or low plane of nutrition from late summer to early winter over a 3-yr period. This generated an array of BCS by the beginning of the last trimester of pregnancy when cows were grouped by BCS as follows: Group 1, BCS < or = 4; Group 2, BCS of 5 or 6; and Group 3, BCS > or = 7. Each group was managed so that individual cows would calve with a BCS of 5 to 6. At the time of group assignment, mean BW and BCS differed (P < .01) among groups and were 480 kg and 3.6, 541 kg and 5.5, and 594 kg and 7.1 for Groups 1 to 3, respectively. Within 28 d before calving, BW and BCS were similar (P > .20) among groups averaging 555 kg and 5.1. Prepartum BCS changes averaged 1.4, -.4, and -2.0 units for Groups 1 to 3, respectively (P < .01). Cows were managed as a single group after calving in each state. Location effect was significant for the prepartum and postpartum BW and BCS changes but not for postpartum reproductive performance. Significant location x BCS group interactions were found for the 90-d prepartum BW, BCS at calving, and prepartum changes in BW, but were caused by differences in magnitude among locations. The percentage of cows with luteal activity at the start of a subsequent breeding season was not affected (P > .20) by either location or BCS group, and averaged 66%. Mean pregnancy rates at 20, 40, and 60 d of a subsequent breeding season were 55, 76, and 89% for Group 1; 51, 67, and 82% for Group 2; and 64, 79, and 89% for Group 3 (P > .30). Mean days to conception were 89, 87, and 85 for Groups 1 to 3, respectively (P = .70). Neither calf birth weight (x = 38.6 kg) nor adjusted 205-d weight (x = 223.6 kg) were affected by prepartum BW and BCS changes. We conclude that reproductive performance of cows calving in moderate body condition is not influenced by large changes in body energy reserves during the last trimester of pregnancy.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2002

Weight necessary to change body condition scores in Angus cow.

Weights and body condition scores (BCS) were measured and assessed on Angus females (n = 367) over 14 yr (1981 to 1994) to allow calculation of weight adjustments for different BCS. Data were collected at five time periods: prepartum, postpartum, prebreeding, postbreeding, and midgestation. Individual cows with multiple records were included in the analysis as repeated measures to yield 3,912 total observations. Body condition score was assigned on a scale of 1 = emaciated to 9 = obese. Only BCS 2 through 8 were analyzed, as there were zero recorded observations of BCS 1 or 9. The final model included age and the time period by BCS interaction as fixed effects. Year by animal within age interaction and a residual error term were treated as random effects. Animal was included to correct for repeated measures across time periods and years for individual animals. All these effects were significant (P < 0.0001). Weight adjustments for BCS were calculated for each time period. Cow weight and weight adjustments for BCS were not consistent for each time period. Overall weight adjustments to adjust cows to BCS of 5 were (kg +/- SEM) BCS = 2 (68 +/- 12), BCS = 3 (50 +/- 4), BCS = 4 (21 +/- 1), BCS = 5 (0), BCS = 6(-24 +/- 2), BCS = 7(-51 +/- 3), and BCS = 8 (-73 +/- 7).

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Peripheral neuropathy in allergic granulomatous angiitis.

A 61-year-old woman began to suffer bronchial asthma in 1985. She then developed low back pain and numbness along the lower extremities, eventually leading to bilateral drop foot in 1990. At that time, she was diagnosed as having lumbar disc hernia, and extirpation of the discs at the L3-4 and L4-5 was performed. However, her clinical condition showed little improvement. Six months later, she was emaciated and bedridden with distal dominant muscular atrophy in all four limbs, purpura in the left leg and hypereosinophils. Motor conduction velocity (MCV) was not detected in the peroneal nerves. The toes gradually became cyanotic, and a skin biopsy from the cyanotic region revealed necrosis in the vessels surrounded by infiltration of a large number of neutrocytes and lymphocytes. She was diagnosed as having mononeuritis multiplex due to allergic granulomatous angiitis (AGA), which is characterized by bronchial asthma, hypereosinophilia and necrotizing vasculitis. Thirty mg/day prednisolone was then administered. However, the toes and calcaneal areas gradually became necrosed. Finally, amputation of both feet was necessary. We concluded that an early diagnosis of this syndrome is most important, and corticosteroids should be administered early.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1978

The onset of anorexia nervosa.

In a retrospective study of case notes a number of experiential and psychological factors were discerned of possible importance to the psychogenesis of anorexia nervosa. These factors included issues of dependence and independence, sexual challenge, concern about obesity, and a variety of other, less specific stresses. Attempts to confirm the findings by means of a prospective study were impeded by difficulties in defining the onset of the illness. While in some patients the occurrence of anorexic type behaviour led immediately to weight loss, in others there was a significant delay between the onset of behavioural change and consequent emaciation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Asymmetric cognitive function in anorexia nervosa.

Three anorexics, one at normal weight, were examined, with a neuropsychological battery including the Halstead-Reitan tests. Their data were contrasted with that of 24 psychiatric controls matched for age, sex and IQ. Individually and as a group the anorexics showed above average verbal/academic scores and impaired spatial skills, whereas visual-motor and problem solving skills were equivalent to controls. Somatosensory recognition was impaired bilaterally in all three patients, and motor skills were low in the two emaciated patients. Other sensory tests and intermanual comparisons of sensory and motor skills were not impaired relative to controls. The findings suggest that a spatial reasoning deficit may be a predisposing or maintaining factor in this disorder. High verbal skills, in contrast, may reflect substantial left hemisphere contributions to the anorexic's cognitive style.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

The PBB episode in Michigan: an overall appraisal.

Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) were used as a fire retardant. In common with other halogenated hydrocarbons, PBBs are lipophilic and resistant to chemical and metabolic degradation. Cattle on about 25 Michigan farms were exposed to as much as 250 g per head of PBB when it was accidentally mixed in cattle feed in 1973 to 1974. Livestock exposures several orders of magnitude lower occurred on several hundred other farms because of carryover and equipment contamination in feed mills. Approximately 85% of the Michigan population received some exposure to PBB because dairy product marketing involves mixing milk from many farms. A few cases of high human exposure, which may have been as great as 10 g, occurred when residents of the more highly exposed farms consumed their own products. Although numerous clinical signs and pathological changes were reported in exposed cattle, only anorexia, lacrimation, emaciation, hyperkeratosis, and kidney damage were confirmed in controlled studies. The acute toxicity of PBB in laboratory animals is low, but a variety of subacute effects have been reported. Induction of microsomal enzymes, enlargement and histopathological changes of the liver, fetotoxicity, and immunosuppression are among the more significant. Epidemiological studies of exposed humans have revealed no pattern of clinical signs or symptoms that were related to PBB exposure. A complete evaluation of the human consequences of exposure to PBB await the conclusion of long-term epidemiological studies.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2002

Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar)'s description of verrucous malignancy of the colon (with an English translation from Arabic and notes on its Hebrew and Latin versions).

Ibn Zuhr (ca. 1091-1161) is the most important physician of Muslim Spain. His Kitâb al-Taysîr, translated into Hebrew and Latin, is principally a manual of therapeutics containing descriptions of clinical cases. His description "On Verrucae (tha'âlîl) that Occur in the Stomach [sic]," which deals with an emaciated Berber who evacuates a tumour the size of an apple in his stools, represents the first detailed report of a cancer of the colon. Latin and Hebrew translations of this report are close to the Arabic, but it is doubtful that the Latin text is based on the Hebrew. The possibility of an intermediate Judeo-Arabic text should be considered.

Arab World↗
PubMed2006

[How far should life-style be corrected in the elderly?].

To ensure a healthy elderly population, correction of life-style is one of the most important approaches. Smoking cessation, regulation of alcohol intake, prevention of obesity, improvement of nutrition, promotion of physical activity are key factors for prevention of bed-ridden and extension of healthy life span. Although corrections of life-style are essential in childhood, adolescence, and the middle-aged and elderly periods, the methods and purpose are different in each life stage. The risks of emaciation and malnutrition are more important rather than that of obesity in the elderly aged 75 years or over. As for the influence of smoking in cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, smoking can be a trigger for arrhythmia, peripheral vascular constriction, and irritation of the respiratory tract in the elderly. Smoking cessation is necessary even among elderly people. It is also necessary to decrease the amount of alcohol intake, because the ability of metabolize alcohol is limited in the elderly. Physical activity in the elderly people is fundamental not only to maintain the ability of daily living, but also to improve metabolic function and to prevent depression. Vigorous intervention to increase physical activity such as exercise class is recommended, especially in the elderly.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Genetic analysis of body condition score of lactating Dutch Holstein and Red-and-White heifers.

The aim of this study was to estimate phenotypic and genetic parameters for body condition scores (BCS) from the Dutch type classification system. Data included 108,809 Holstein (H) and 26,208 Red-and-White (R) heifers from 9701 herds that were scored once during lactation on a 1 to 9 scale (1 = emaciated and 9 = obese). Mean BCS for H and R data were 4.50 and 4.94, respectively. The BCS decreased as the percentage of Holstein genes increased. For both breeds, BCS after calving was about 5.6 and BCS was lowest around wk 11. For H heifers, mean BCS at drying off was about 0.8 lower than BCS at calving, whereas for R heifers BCS was at about the same level as at calving. Variance components were estimated using an animal model including the effects of herd x visit, classifier, age at calving, DIM, and genetic group. The random herd x visit effect explained about 10 to 15% of the phenotypic variation. Heritabilities ranged from 0.24 to 0.38, depending on breed and lactation period. Genetic correlations between BCS observations in bimonthly lactation periods were close to unity, especially for H. It was concluded that BCS data collected by type classifiers can well be used for genetic evaluation and that genetic variation between animals for BCS-change patterns is a small component of the overall variation in BCS.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1977

Effects of polybrominated biphenyls on health and performance of pregnant Holstein heifers.

The toxicity of a commercial blend of polybrominated biphenyls was determined in 24 pregnant Holstein heifers that were allotted randomly to one of four experimental groups given 0, .25, 250, or 25,000 mg/day of fire-Master BP-6. The polybrominated biphenyls were mixed with finely ground corn and given by bolus for 60 days or until the animal became moribund. Average body weight of heifers at onset of experiment was 381 kg. No clinical signs of toxicosis were evident in heifers fed 0, .25 or 250 mg/day. Toxicosis was induced in heifers fed 25,000 mg/day resulting in reduced dry matter intake, body weight, heart rate, and respiration rate. Clinical signs were anorexia, emaciation, dehydration, excessive lacrimation and salivation, diarrhea, depression, and abortion or fetal death. All heifers fed 25,000 mg/day became moribund within 33 to 66 days.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1984

Nutritional chloride deficiency in early lactation Holstein cows.

Beginning 1 wk postpartum, weekly changes of feed and water intake, body weight, milk production, and electrolyte concentrations in serum, saliva, urine, milk, and feces were observed for 8 to 11 wk. Three dietary treatments differing in sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate supplementation but containing equal sodium concentrations were used. Dietary chloride percents were low .10%, medium .27%, and high .45%. Consistently changes were significant for feed and water intake, body weight, milk production, and electrolyte concentrations in serum, urine, milk, and feces of cows fed the low chloride diet. By wk 8, body weight had declined from 575.0 +/- 56.7 to 476.7 +/- 54.3 kg, and daily milk production decreased from a peak of 27.7 +/- 2.4 to 19.2 +/- 3.9 kg for cows fed the low chloride diet. Serum chloride decreased from 106.0 +/- 2.8 to 75.5 +/- 6.7 meq/liter during the same time. Cows on the low chloride diet developed clinical signs of a deficiency characterized by depraved appetite, lethargy, hypophagia, emaciation, hypogalactiae, constipation, and cardiovascular depression. Metabolic alterations could be summarized as a severe primary hypochloremic, secondary hypokalemic, metabolic alkalosis.

Animals↗