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PubMed1992

Interactive query workstation: a demonstration of the practical use of UMLS knowledge sources.

The Interactive Query Workstation (IQW) has been developed to provide clinicians with a uniform program interface for retrieving medical-related information from various computer-based information resources. These resources can vary in content (bibliographic databases, drug information, general medical text databases), function (article retrieval, differential diagnosis, drug interaction detection, or drug dosage and administration information), and media formats (local hard disk, CD-ROM, local area network, or distant telecommunication link). IQW allows modular addition of new resources as well as extension of previously installed resources. The National Library of Medicine's three Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) Knowledge Sources, the Metathesaurus (Meta), the Semantic Network, and the Information Sources Map (ISM) have been incorporated into many aspects of IQW. Meta provides information about medical terminology and aids IQW in isolating the basic concepts from a clinician's question. The Semantic Network provides information about the categorization of concepts and possible relations between concepts. It also assists IQW in determining which queries are appropriate for a set of concepts contained in the clinician's question. The ISM provides information about the content available from a computer-based resources and aids IQW in selecting an appropriate resource from which to collect information. The computer-based resource selection is performed without user intervention. This interactive demonstration shows an environment which increases the accessibility of medical information to clinicians by utilizing the three UMLS Knowledge Sources.

Information Storage and Retrieval↗
PubMed2004

Evidence-Based Medicine: What Is It and How Does It Apply to Athletic Training?

OBJECTIVE: To introduce the concept of evidence-based medicine (EBM) to athletic trainers. This overview provides information on how EBM can affect the clinical practice of athletic training and enhance the care given to patients. DATA SOURCES: We searched the MEDLINE and CINHAL bibliographic databases using the terms evidence-based medicine and best practice and the online Index to Abstracts of Cochrane Reviews by group (injury, musculoskeletal injuries, and musculoskeletal) to identify reviews on topics pertinent to athletic training. DATA SYNTHESIS: Evidence-based medical practice has 5 components: defining a clinically relevant question, searching for the best evidence, appraising the quality of the evidence, applying the evidence to clinical practice, and evaluating the process. Evidence-based medicine integrates the research evidence, clinician's expertise, and patient's preferences to guide clinical decision making. Critical to this effort is the availability of quality research on the effectiveness of sports medicine techniques. Athletic training outcomes research is lagging behind that of other health care professions. RECOMMENDATIONS: Athletic trainers need to embrace the critical-thinking skills to assess the medical literature and incorporate it into their clinical practice. The profession should encourage more clinically related research and enhance the scientific foundation of athletic training. Evidence-based medicine provides an important next step in the growth of the athletic training profession.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Paper2sequences: retrieval of sequences listed in a publication.

Our web-based tool simplifies the often laborious procedure of retrieving a set of biosequences in a publication or webpage. As a front-end to the Bioperl toolkit, it accepts as an input a list of identifiers. They are specified in an ASCII table (copy-pasted from the publication's PDF or HTML page) and give rise to queries in multiple databases for the protein/nucleic acid data specified. Currently, GenBank, PIR (Protein Information Resource) and Swiss-Prot are supported. For any sequence accession code listed, the database can be specified and, if retrieval fails, automatic lookup for the same code in other databases can be requested. Sequence length information (if specified) and heuristic rules are used to drive the lookup if multiple protein coding sequences (CDS) are part of a single accession. Warnings are issued in cases of ambiguities and inconsistencies. An advanced option enables the user to format the output in whatever format they wish.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Topical treatments for seasonal allergic conjunctivitis: systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and effectiveness.

BACKGROUND: Evidence for the effectiveness of topical treatments, in providing symptomatic relief from ocular allergy, remains uncertain. AIMS: To assess the effectiveness and relative efficacy of topical treatments for the management of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. DESIGN OF STUDY: A systematic review and meta-analysis. SETTING: A literature search of the Cochrane Library, Medline, and EMBASE bibliographic databases. METHOD: Double-masked randomised controlled trials were identified, that compared the use of topical mast cell stabilisers (sodium cromoglycate, nedocromil, lodoxamide) with placebo, topical antihistamines with placebo, and topical mast cell stabilisers with topical antihistamines. RESULTS: A meta-analysis of six trials showed that patients using sodium cromoglycate were 17 times (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4 to 78) more likely to perceive benefit compared with those using a placebo, although this estimate may be partially influenced by publication bias. Five trials indicated that those patients using nedocromil were 1.8 times (95% CI = 1.3 to 2.6) more likely to perceive their allergy to be moderately or totally controlled than those using a placebo. Four trials showed that those using antihistamines were 1.3 times (95% CI = 0.8 to 2.2) more likely to perceive a 'good' treatment effect than those using mast cell stabilisers, although this beneficial effect was not statistically significant. Limited evidence suggests that antihistamines might have a faster therapeutic effect compared to mast cell stabilisers. CONCLUSION: Overall, these findings confirm the benefit of topical mast cell stabilisers and antihistamines over placebo for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. There is, however, insufficient evidence to recommend the use of one type of medication over another. Treatment preferences should therefore be based on convenience of use (with reduced frequency of instillation for some preparations), patient preference, and costs, especially as important side effects were not reported with any medication.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2004

[The effectiveness and complications of ovarian transposition in young women with cervical cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the indications, effectiveness, and complications of ovarian transposition before pelvic irradiation for cervical cancer. DESIGN: A review article. SETTING: Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, University Hospital, Olomouc. SUBJECT AND METHOD: A review from literature and bibliographic databases. CONCLUSION: Ovarian transposition gives an option for preserving ovarian function in patients treated by radiosurgical combination. In young women preservation of ovarian function by means of ovarian transposition brings them some positive benefits compared to conventional HRT. The main risk of ovarian transposition--a possibility of ovarian or distant metastasis--increases particularly depending on clinical stage and histopathological type of the tumor. However the risk of ovarian metastasis is very low for patients with squamosus cell carcinoma of the cervix in stages IA-B.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Doppler blood flow velocity in the evaluation of fetal anemia].

OBJECTIVE: To review (summarize), in maternal red blood cell alloimmunization, the diagnostic value of Doppler blood flow velocity in the evaluation and prediction of fetal anemia. DESIGN: A review article. SETTING: Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, University Hospital, Olomouc. SUBJECT AND METHOD: A review from literature and bibliographic databases. CONCLUSION: Invasive techniques such as amniocentesis and cordocentesis traditionally are used for diagnosis and treatment in fetuses at risk for anemia due to maternal red-cell alloimmunization. Middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity is a highly sensitive non-invasive means for determining the degree of anemia. The interval of seven days between two Doppler tests is recommended. The widespread use of the Doppler method will minimize fetal complications associated with amniocentesis and fetal blood sampling and may significantly lower health care cost.

Anemia↗
PubMed2004

Academic health sciences library Website navigation: an analysis of forty-one Websites and their navigation tools.

BACKGROUND: The analysis included forty-one academic health sciences library (HSL) Websites as captured in the first two weeks of January 2001. Home pages and persistent navigational tools (PNTs) were analyzed for layout, technology, and links, and other general site metrics were taken. METHODS: Websites were selected based on rank in the National Network of Libraries of Medicine, with regional and resource libraries given preference on the basis that these libraries are recognized as leaders in their regions and would be the most reasonable source of standards for best practice. A three-page evaluation tool was developed based on previous similar studies. All forty-one sites were evaluated in four specific areas: library general information, Website aids and tools, library services, and electronic resources. Metrics taken for electronic resources included orientation of bibliographic databases alphabetically by title or by subject area and with links to specifically named databases. RESULTS: Based on the results, a formula for determining obligatory links was developed, listing items that should appear on all academic HSL Web home pages and PNTs. CONCLUSIONS: These obligatory links demonstrate a series of best practices that may be followed in the design and construction of academic HSL Websites.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2004

Biomedical science journals in the Arab world.

Medieval Arab scientists established the basis of medical practice and gave important attention to the publication of scientific results. At present, modern scientific publishing in the Arab world is in its developmental stage. Arab biomedical journals are less than 300, most of which are published in Egypt, Lebanon, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Yet, many of these journals do not have on-line access or are indexed in major bibliographic databases. The majority of indexed journals, however, do not have a stable presence in the popular PubMed database and their indexes are discontinued since 2001. The exposure of Arab biomedical journals in international indices undoubtedly plays an important role in improving the scientific quality of these journals. The successful examples discussed in this review encourage us to call for the formation of a consortium of Arab biomedical journal publishers to assist in redressing the balance of the region from biomedical data consumption to data production.

Arab World↗
PubMed2004

Research synthesis and dissemination as a bridge to knowledge management: the Cochrane Collaboration.

In the current information age, research synthesis is a particularly useful tool for keeping track of scientific research and making sense of the large volumes of frequently conflicting data derived from primary studies. The Cochrane Collaboration is a global initiative "to help people make well-informed decisions about health care by preparing, maintaining and promoting the accessibility of systematic reviews of the effects of healthcare interventions". In this paper we set the work of the Cochrane Collaboration in historical perspective, explain what a Cochrane review is, and describe initiatives for promoting worldwide dissemination of synthesized information. We also consider emerging evidence of the Cochrane Collaboration's impact on health-care practice, policy, research and education. Finally, we highlight the need for increased investment in the preparation and maintenance of Cochrane reviews, particularly those that address health issues that are relevant to people living in low- and middle-income countries.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed2004

[Information explosion in a better light after fifty years].

The phenomenon of "Information explosion" emerged in the professional and later also in the unprofessional community in the middle of the twentieth century. It expresses feeling of an unexpected general congestion with increasing number of published articles and books, which are not possible to go through, process and use in the real time. Unexpected development of the science after the Second World War resulted in unusually high production of new data and information. Their fast release was enabled by modernization of the publication process together with an increase of the number of scientific journals. Despite the relative information isolationism during the totalitarian regiment, this worldwide process soon emerged also in our region. However, the overload in information was not balanced by modernization of methods in the bibliographic and librarian systems, which could bring the new information to the scientific community. The turning point in the transfer of information was the development of worldwide interconnection - the word wide web or the Internet. For the processing of new information it was possible to introduce gradually still more powerful information technologies based on computers with on-line connection to the Internet. To solve the information explosion it was necessary to possess such technology and necessary programs and to master the elements of information and computer know-how. Contemporary modern technology with various user-friendly search engines, catalogues, repositories, and with voluminous bibliographic databases enable the use of full-text sources and give a better view on the formerly catastrophically looking information explosion. Along with that it is necessary to find financial sources to cover the access to the system. Information support of the scientific work based on such possibilities represents in the brim of modern information society the only possibility of effective activity in any field. It is also a good way how to precede the possible next information overload.

Informatics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Robin sequence: a single treatment protocol].

OBJECTIVE: To present a single protocol that might cover both the respiratory and feeding difficulties of neonates and infants with Robin sequence. SOURCES OF DATA: The article was prepared on the basis of the most recent publications available in bibliographic databases and in books that discuss the treatment of Robin sequence, especially the studies conducted at the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies of Universidade de São Paulo (HRAC/USP). SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: We present the morphological and genetic aspects of Robin sequence and concepts about nasopharyngoscopy and its clinical implications; we discuss the treatment of respiratory and feeding difficulties, and we present a single protocol for the treatment of all Robin sequence cases regardless of their severity and complexity. CONCLUSIONS: Robin sequence is not only an anatomic obstructive disorder to be treated with surgical procedures, but knowledge about children s growth and development must be applied by a multidisciplinary team, since this permits the maintenance of airway permeability and of the ability to feed orally, often without the need of surgical procedures and their risks, especially when applied to neonates and small infants.

Clinical Protocols↗
PubMed2005

PRIME: automatically extracted PRotein Interactions and Molecular Information databasE.

With the exponentially increasing amount of information in the biomedical field, the significance of advanced information retrieval and information extraction, as well as the role of databases, has been increasing. PRIME is an integrated gene/protein informatics database based on natural language processing. It provides automatically extracted protein/family/gene/compound interaction information including both physical and genetic interactions, gene ontology based functions, and graphic pathway viewers. Gene/protein/family names and functional terms are recognized based on dictionaries developed in our laboratory. The interaction and functional information are extracted by syntactic dependencies and various phrase patterns. We have included about 920,000 (non-redundant) protein interactions and 360,000 annotated gene-function relationships for major eukaryotes. By combining the sequence and text information, the pathway comparison between two organisms and simple pathway deduction based on other organism interaction data, and pathway filtering using tissue expression data, are also available. This database is accessible at http://prime.ontology.ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp:8081.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2005

[Actinomycin D and its mechanisms of action].

Actinomycin D is a well-known antibiotic of the actinomycin group that exhibits high antibacterial and antitumor activity. Actinomycin D has been widely used in clinical practice since 1954 as an anticancer drug for treating many tumors and it is also a useful tool in biochemistry and molecular biology. According to the Internet bibliographic database -- MEDLINE, actinomycins, and mainly actinomycin D, have been the subject of about 3300 science papers so far, and this paper is a review of the information concerning the mechanisms of action of actinomycin D. There are several mechanisms of its action that are responsible for its cytotoxic and antitumor action, these being associated with DNA functionality, leading to RNA and, consequently, protein synthesis inhibition. The two main mechanisms are intercalation to DNA and the stabilization of cleavable complexes of topoisomerases I and II with DNA, in which a phenoxazone ring localizes between GpC base pair sequence in DNA and polypeptide lactones rings occupy a position in the minor groove of the DNA helix or the drug penetrates to a place in the DNA structure where topoisomerase binds with DNA, respectively. Moreover, the slow dissociation of actinomycin D from DNA complexes, its photodynamic activity and free radical formation, as well as other biochemical effects of activity of actinomycin D may be, as suggested, important factors that influence the biological activity of this drug. In the literature not enough convincing evidence has been proposed that could indicate one particular mechanism of action as responsible for the biological activity of actinomycin D.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

A meta-analysis of interventions to improve care for chronic illnesses.

OBJECTIVE: To use empirical data from previously published literature to address 2 research questions: (1) Do interventions that incorporate at least 1 element of the Chronic Care Model (CCM) result in improved outcomes for specific chronic illnesses? (2) Are any elements essential for improved outcomes? STUDY DESIGN: Meta-analysis. METHODS: Articles were identified from narrative literature reviews and quantitative meta-analyses, each of which covered multiple bibliographic databases from inception to March 2003. We supplemented this strategy by searching the MEDLINE database (1998-2003) and by consulting experts. We included randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials of interventions that contained 1 or more elements of the CCM for asthma, congestive heart failure (CHF), depression, and diabetes. We extracted data on clinical outcomes, quality of life, and processes of care. We then used random-effects modeling to compute pooled standardized effect sizes and risk ratios. RESULTS: Of 1345 abstracts screened, 112 studies contributed data to the meta-analysis: asthma, 27 studies; CHF, 21 studies; depression, 33 studies; and diabetes, 31 studies. Interventions with at least 1 CCM element had consistently beneficial effects on clinical outcomes and processes of care across all conditions studied. The effects on quality of life were mixed, with only the CHF and depression studies showing benefit. Publication bias was noted for the CHF studies and a subset of the asthma studies. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions that contain at least 1 CCM element improve clinical outcomes and processes of care--and to a lesser extent, quality of life--for patients with chronic illnesses.

Chronic Disease↗