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AIDS and cultural practices in Africa: the case of the Tonga (Zambia).

The fight against AIDS in Africa is often presented as a fight against "cultural barriers" that are seen as promoting the spread of the HIV virus. This attitude is based on a long history of Western prejudices about sexuality in Africa, which focus on its exotic aspects only (polygamy, adultery, wife-exchange, circumcision, dry sex, levirate, sexual pollution, sexual cleansing, various beliefs and taboos, etc.). The article argues that those cultural aspects are a wrong target of AIDS prevention programs because they are not incompatible with a safer behavior, and because their eradication would not ensure the protection of people. To fight against them might alienate the people whose cooperation is necessary if one wants to prevent the spread of AIDS. The major problems of AIDS prevention in Africa are not specifically African, but are similar to the problems existing in Europe or America. Therefore, anti-AIDS projects should not fight against one local African culture in order to impose another (Western), but should rather try to make behavior and practises safer in a way that is culturally acceptable to people.

Condoms↗

The perceptual features of vocal fatigue as self-reported by a group of actors and singers.

Performers (10 actors/10 singers) rated via a self-report questionnaire the severity of their voice-related changes when vocally fatigued. Similar frequency patterns and perceptual features of vocal fatigue were found across subjects. Actors rated "power" aspects (e.g., voice projection) and singers rated vocal dynamic aspects (e.g., pitch range) of their voices as most affected when vocally fatigued. Vocal fatigue was evidenced by changes in kinesthetic/proprioceptive sensations and vocal dynamics. The causes and context of vocal fatigue were vocal misuse, being "run down," high performance demands, and using high pitch/volume levels. Further research is needed to delineate the perceptual features of "normal" levels of vocal fatigue and its possible causes.

Adult↗

Uncertainty by choice: anesthesia and the children of night.

Anesthesiologists sometimes have difficulty discussing uncertainties with patients. The widespread and deeply visceral uncertainty about sleep, dreams, and death--the daily terrain of the anesthesiologist--has its roots in the classical representations of these states as siblings, the children of the goddess Night. The symbolism of mythology can guide the practitioner by recognizing, through allegory, the range of our own and our patients' fears.

Anesthesia↗

A note on a phrase in Shakespeare's play King Lear: 'a plague upon your epileptic visage'.

In Shakespeare's play King Lear the word 'epileptic' appears (used in a derogatory manner). This is held to be the first appearance of the word in the English language (although we have found earlier English references to the word which Shakespeare may have read). Textual analysis of the lines following the use of 'epileptic' suggests that it is actually a reference to the pock-marks of syphilis, endemic in Elizabethan England, and is not actually a reference to epilepsy itself.

Drama↗

Depsidones from the endophytic fungus BCC 8616.

Three new depsidones (1-3) have been isolated from the endophytic fungus BCC 8616 and their structures analyzed on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation. Compound 1 exhibited weak cytotoxic activity against breast and epidermoid carcinoma cell lines.

Antineoplastic Agents↗

Dr. John Frederick May and the identification of John Wilkes Booth's body.

Shortly after President Abraham Lincoln's assassin was killed on April 26, 1865, a formal inquest was held to positively identify the body. Dr. John Frederick May, a leading surgeon in the District of Columbia, was summoned to examine the remains. Two years earlier, Dr. May had removed a fibroid tumor from the back of the assassin's neck and an identifiable large ugly scar resulted when the wound inadvertently opened and healed by granulation. Based upon the recognition of the scar made by his scalpel, Dr. May made a positive identification.

Autopsy↗

Shakespeare as a geneticist.

There are frequent allusions in Shakespeare's plays to physical and mental characteristics and qualities of individuals that often reflect genetic and related insights, ideas and implications with a bearing on the determination of these phenotypes. Quotations from the plays with comments are presented here to indicate varied perceptions in these regards that Shakespeare brilliantly conveyed some 400 years ago through many of his 'dramatis personae'.

Drama↗