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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Microbial contamination of antiseptics and disinfectants.

OBJECTIVE: To study the bacterial contamination of antiseptics and disinfections in-use and the risk factors for contamination. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Bacterial contamination of antiseptics and disinfectants was done by culturing in-use solutions. Eight commonly used solutions were studied: alcohol 70%, chlorhexidine 4%, and 0.5%, povidone iodine 7.5% and 10%, tincture iodine 1-2%, lysol 2% and sodium hypochlorite 0.5%. RESULTS: The following risk factors for contamination were found : preparation by unskilled personnel, improper containers and prolonged use. Contamination with bacteria were found in 1.8% of 16,142 samples tested Highest rate of contamination was found in Lysol 2%. There was no contamination of povidone iodine 10% and tincture iodine 1-2%. Bacterial contamination of antiseptics and disinfectants was highest in provincial hospitals and was not found in university hospitals. The rates of contamination correlated with the duration of use. Most bacteria isolated were those found in the environment. CONCLUSION: The contamination of in-use antiseptics and disinfectants was as high as 1.8%. Risk factors for contamination were improper preparation and prolonged use.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed2006

Waste water disinfection during SARS epidemic for microbiological and toxicological control.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the disinfection of wastewater in China. METHODS: During the SARS epidemic occurred in Beijing, a study of different disinfection methods used in the main local wastewater plants including means of chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, and ultraviolet was carried out in our laboratory. The residual coliform, bacteria and trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids were determined after disinfection. RESULTS: Chlorine had fairly better efficiency on microorganism inactivation than chlorine dioxide with the same dosage. Formation of THMs and HAAs does not exceed the drinking water standard. UV irradiation had good efficiency on microorganism inactivation and good future of application in China. Organic material and ammonia nitrogen was found to be significant on inactivation and DBPs formation. CONCLUSION: Chlorine disinfection seems to be the best available technology for coliform and bacteria inactivation. And it is of fairly low toxicological hazard due to the transformation of monochloramine.

Acetates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Disinfection efficiency of peracetic acid, alone and in combination with hypochlorite, against Mycobacterium avium in drinking water].

Peracetic acid (PAA) is a disinfectant with a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity, but little is known about the feasibility of using it in the field of drinking water treatment. The aim of this study has been assess disinfectant efficacy of PAA, alone or in combination with hypochlorite, against M. avium in drinking water M. avium is a common opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised subjects that is able to survive and grow in drinking water distribution systems. In this study PAA did not show appreciable activity against the greater number of tested strains (16/21) up to 5 ppm of PAA, a weak activity was seen on 4 strains, while a significant reduction in viable cells (about 50%) was seen only on 1 strain after 48 h of treatment with 5 ppm of PAA. We also evidenced that M. avium was unaffected by chlorine concentration usually present in drinking water distribution system. Finally, the combination of PAA and sodium hypochlorite did not promote enhanced antimicrobial efficacy respect to the single disinfectants. In conclusion, our result would indicate that PAA is an unlikely candidate for the disinfection of drinking water from M. avium and further strategies are required to eliminate M. avium from drinking water system.

Disinfectants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The use of warm solutions for more rapid disinfection of prostheses.

The barrier system of specific sequential steps for cleansing and disinfecting dental prosthesis as they enter and leave the laboratory was tested by comparing the use of room-temperature disinfectants for 10 minutes with warmed chlorine-based disinfectants at decreased immersion times. There were no statistically significant differences between 1- or 2-minute disinfection times using warmed 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, Alcide Expore, and Tetravalent Oxident, and using room-temperature Sporicidin for 10 minutes.

Dentures↗
PubMed1977

[Agents and methods for the disinfection of the integument of animals before slaughter].

Experiments were carried out to test the disinfection effect of some agents, such as chloramine B, chloramine B+ surface active substances, vofasteril (peracetic acid), perfumaric acid, and bradofen on a dry skin or when applied immediately after washing--in buffaloes, cattle, and swine. Parallel trials were conducted under conditions of the practice as well. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were used as model organisms. Results showed that best disinfection effect have 1.5 percent chloramine B and 0.5 per cent peracetic acid (for dry skins), and 3.0 and 0.8 per cent of the same agents when applied on wet skins (immediately after washing). The animals should be slaughtered not earlier than 10 min and not later than 30 min following disinfection. The effect of disinfection is read best on impression preparations of agar (in aluminum folio).

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1988

Endoscopic cleaning and disinfection procedures for preventing iatrogenic spread of human immunodeficiency virus.

With estimates as high as 1.8 million individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the United States, the majority asymptomatic, it is crucial that all physicians routinely use adequate disinfection procedures for medical instruments. The protosigmoidoscopic disinfection procedures used by US family physicians were evaluated for adequacy in inactivating HIV. Sixty-seven percent of 1,585 randomly selected American Academy of Family Physicians members completed a mail survey regarding these procedures. Comparing procedures used with those recommended by the Centers for Disease Control or documented to inactivate HIV, 32.4 percent were judged to be appropriate procedures; 54.4 percent of the procedures were not tested or recommended; and 13.2 percent used appropriate solutions but at inadequate concentrations or exposure times. Therefore, a substantial proportion of US family physicians performing endoscopic procedures use disinfection procedures that may not inactivate HIV. The ever-increasing prevalence of HIV demands that standardized adequate disinfection procedures be implemented by all physicians to prevent the potential nosocomial spread of HIV.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1986

Susceptibility of Acanthamoeba to soft contact lens disinfection systems.

Members of the genus Acanthamoeba are increasingly recognized as agents of indolent, chronic, infectious keratitis. Recently, Acanthamoeba corneal infection has been reported in some persons who wear soft contact lenses. In this study, three "heat" and three "cold" soft contact lens disinfection systems were tested according to the manufacturers' instructions against Acanthamoeba castellanii and Acanthamoeba polyphaga in separate trials, and with appropriate controls. Suspensions of Acanthamoeba cysts or trophozoites of each species were tested individually. Each of the three heat disinfection units killed all acanthamoebae in one cycle in all trials. A chlorhexidine 0.005%/thimerosal 0.001% solution killed A. castellanii trophozoites and cysts, but those of A. polyphaga survived. Trophozoites and cysts of both species survived an alkyl triethanol ammonium chloride 0.013%/thimerosal 0.002% solution and a hydrogen peroxide 3% preparation. Heat disinfection overall appears to be more effective in killing Acanthamoeba trophozoites and cysts as compared to cold disinfection methods.

Amoeba↗
PubMed1982

[Microbiological investigations with decentral dosing apparatuses for disinfectants. Part 2: Resistance-behaviour of isolated bacteria (author's transl)].

When bacteria were isolated from disinfectant solutions of dosing apparatuses their resistance observed in those solutions is rapidly lost during few passages on nutrient agar (Table 1). Bacteria in tap-water, too, show an increased resistance against that disinfectant (Table 2) but it could be reversed by EDTA (Table 3). Therefore, the resistance of bacteria observed in tap-water and disinfectant solution is not determined genetically but results from a temporary adaptation which may be caused by an increased secretion of slime. This resistance is only observed in solution but not after application of the disinfectant to surfaces; it is not dependent from the dosing apparatus but from the product used. Only one species (Corynebacterium rubrum) which occasionally was found showed a primarily increased resistance which is stable during isolation.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1981

[Methods for the control of disinfection in meat-packing plants].

Forty-eight series of experiments were carried out to establish the effect of disinfections with 2% septin, 1% tagonin, 2.5% chloramine and 2% chlorinated lime, all applied in the meat processing shops. Determined were the total count of bacteria and that of coliforms alone, employing the methods of washings and taking impression (contact) samples (Schothorst et al., 1966). It was found that these disinfection agents did not produce a complete disinfection effect. The contact method of determining the total count of bacteria proved readily applicable and suitable to investigate subjects having smooth surfaces. The combined use of the two methods to record the effect of disinfections is, however, suggested because of the diversity of the various subjects in the meat processing shops.

Bulgaria↗
PubMed1993

[Disinfection and sterilization: an overview for clinical practice].

The importance of disinfection and sterilization has increased in the past decade with the spread of HIV and Hepatitis B and C virus. Clear written instructions for sterilization and disinfection must be provided for all relevant items. The principles of sterilization and disinfection are reviewed with emphasis on clinical practice. Important examples and frequent clinical problems are discussed in detail by using the disinfection guidelines of the University Hospital of Basel.

Disinfectants↗
PubMed1995

[New antiseptics and disinfectants in surgery. I].

The efficacy of disinfectants and sterilizers made by Schulcke and Mayer (Germany), such as lysetol AF, gigasept FF, and TPH 5225 was studied in the laboratory and clinical settings. Their high activity was revealed when the agents were used in the clinical settings: lysetol for disinfection and presterilization cleansing of tools and medical equipment, gigasept FF for disinfection and sterilization of fine tools, endoscopic instruments in particular, TPH 5225 for disinfection of the surfaces of environmental objects under clinical conditions.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed1998

Evaluation of the efficacy of glutaraldehyde and peroxygen for disinfection of dental instruments.

The antimicrobial and sporicidal activities in vitro and in vivo of 1% peroxygen (Virkon) and 2% alkaline glutaraldehyde (Asporin) were evaluated on dental instruments before and after cleaning. The in vitro antimicrobial activity against vegetative bacteria, bacterial spores and fungi indicated that glutaraldehyde is more active against these organisms than peroxygen. Asporin killed all vegetative bacteria within 1 min after cleaning, whereas Virkon was active, in the majority of cases, within 15 min and obtained a greater than 10(5)-fold reduction in count before killing for the vast majority of instruments, and for all micro-organisms. The spores of Bacillus subtilis were killed by Asporin within 4-5 h after cleaning, whereas Virkon required almost 20 h. A meticulous instrument cleaning process followed by an appropriate disinfection treatment assures a shorter disinfection time. Asporin should be recommended for chemical sterilization or high-level disinfection of dental instruments, and Virkon, if only disinfection is required, would seem to be a possible alternative, even if used with a higher exposure time.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed1991

Use of tap water and disinfection practices in outpatient settings. A survey of otolaryngologists.

A survey of otolaryngologists belonging to the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery was conducted to estimate the frequency of tap water use during otologic examinations and to assess methods used for disinfection of otologic instruments in outpatient settings. Questionnaires were returned by 516 persons residing in 49 states. Tap water was used commonly for rinsing suction tips while suctioning patients even with tympanic membrane perforations (45%). Most respondents (87%) reported that their otologic instruments undergo either high-level disinfection or sterilization between patient examinations; however, only 63% to 67% of respondents reported adequate duration of treatment times (high-level disinfection, greater than or equal to 30 minutes; boiling, greater than or equal to 5 minutes; or autoclaving, greater than or equal to 20 minutes). The risk posed by the use of tap water during otologic examinations and the need for adequate disinfection of otologic instruments between patient examinations are presented.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed2003

Effect of disinfectants on the metabolism of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.

Antimicrobial activity of 19 commercially manufactured disinfectant substances on a Salmonella enteritidis strain was determined. The substances represented 8 quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) and 10 QAS combined with other additives. The antimicrobial efficacy was characterized by influencing the growth of bacterial cells expressed as MIC and ED50 values as well as by the inhibition of the incorporation rate of 14C-adenine and 14C-leucine. According to their efficacy the disinfectants were divided into three groups: (1) substances with strong inhibitory effect (MIC 6-45 micrograms/L) such as Diesin forte, Hexaquart plus, Neoquat S, Triquart, Almyrol, Hexaquart S, ID212, ID213 and Microbac forte; (2) substances with good antibacterial efficacy (MIC 90-780 micrograms/L); (3) substances with MIC values > 780 micrograms/L (up to 3120 micrograms/L). Cetrimide had very low activity (MIC 3.12-6.25 mg/L). The effect of disinfectants on the biosynthetic processes was expressed by R values (IC50(Ade):IC50(Leu)); all these values were < 1 except Benzalkonium chloride, FD312, Divoquat forte, 5P plus, Almyrol, Hexaquart S and Hexaquart plus. Low R values suggested interference of these substances with the synthesis of both nucleic acids and proteins. All substances except 5P plus caused an inhibition of endogenous respiration. The most effective were Almyrol, Diesin forte, Microbac forte and Neoquat which completely inhibited respiration at 190 mg/L. Kvart showed the lowest effect on the respiration over the whole concentration range. The disinfectants also suppressed growth of S. enteritidis, probably by interfering with energy-yielding and-requiring processes in the cells.

Adenine↗
PubMed2000

[Effect of various bone disinfection and sterilization methods on osteoblast function. A comparative in vitro study].

All sterilization and disinfection procedures for bone grafts are different in regard to influence of bone graft features, which may influence the function of different cell types. We used an in-vitro approach to assess the influence of bone matrix, which was sterilized or disinfected, on osteoblastic activities in-vitro by simulating a cell-transplant-interface. Primary bovine osteoblast cell cultures were established from periosteum. Bone graft specimens made of bovine cortical bone (O 15 mm, 300 microns thickness) were treated in 5 different ways: autoclaved, ethylene-oxide-sterilized, demineralized and low-temperature-plasma-sterilized (DEM-LTP), chemically sterilized (modified Tutoplast method), and 80 degrees C-temperature disinfected. The following cell function parameters were assayed: plating efficiency proliferation by measuring the DNA-content, and MTT-activity, soluble protein and extracellular matrix synthesis, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin expression. All disinfected bone grafts were biocompatible with primary periosteal osteoblasts. Measured cell activities upon bone specimens showed better results than cells of the plastic surface control. The DEM-LTP-bone showed better results in comparison to other groups, and stimulated the proliferation and differentiation.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

New technology for sterilization and disinfection.

Sterilization with low temperature steam and formaldehyde is a well-known process in many European countries, but little known in the United States. It sterilizes reliably and reproducibly at temperatures greater than or equal to 65 degrees C. With a well-designed cycle, it leaves residues of formaldehyde on sterilized items below 5 micrograms/cm2, measured on a standard filter paper. Formaldehyde levels in air near the autoclave are well below official exposure limits, if at all measurable. Occurrence of late growers in bioindicators, and penetration of the sterilizing media into long narrow lumina, should be validated for new processes. Automated cleaning and disinfection in closed washer-disinfectors and flushing disinfectors are likewise processes relatively little known in the United States. Disinfection is achieved by a final rinse with hot water or steam. Washer-disinfectors are used for surgical instruments, nondisposable anesthesia and other equipment, flushing disinfectors for nondisposable bedpans, wash-bowls, urinals, and similar equipment. They clean well, washer-disinfectors excellently so, and disinfect reliably. With the use of such equipment in wards, surgical departments, and other areas, reliance on chemical germicides can be dramatically reduced and disposables can be replaced by disinfectable nondisposables.

Disinfection↗
PubMed1989

The effectiveness of two disinfectants on denture base acrylic resin with an organic load.

This study compared the biocidal effectiveness of chlorine dioxide and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (diluted 1:10) on acrylic resin strips inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, or Escherichia coli in the presence of an organic load. Sterile acrylic resin strips were immersed in a solution containing 10% horse serum and 10(5) to 10(7) organisms/ml for each type of organism, then disinfected in chlorine dioxide, sodium hypochlorite, or 0.9 sterile saline for 30 seconds or 1, 2, or 4 minutes. After disinfection, the strips were neutralized and incubated for 72 hours. The results showed a difference between the ability of chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite to kill the test organisms on acrylic resin strips when organic matter is present. Chlorine dioxide achieved complete disinfection of all three organisms within 2 minutes. Sodium hypochlorite achieved complete disinfection of all three organisms within 4 minutes.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1990

Effect of disinfectant solutions on the wettability of elastomeric impression materials.

The wettability of impression material affects the number or volume of air bubbles generated during the pouring of gypsum casts. This study was done to determine the effect of various commercial disinfectant solutions on the wettability of elastomeric impression materials. The technique of measuring advancing contact angles of aqueous solutions of calcium sulfate was used to determine changes in the wettability of four types of impression material before and after immersion in one of five disinfectants. All disinfectant solutions that were tested increased the wettability of polysulfide. Chlorine dioxide produced the greatest increase in the wettability of polysulfide by decreasing the contact angle on polysulfide at least 48 degrees. All disinfectants decreased the wettability of hydrophilic addition silicone by increasing the contact angle up to approximately 30 degrees. The differences were significant as determined by paired Student t-tests. Addition silicone was the material most resistant to change in contact angle. Chlorine dioxide had the greatest beneficial effect on wettability.

Analysis of Variance↗