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PubMed1986

[3H]dipyridamole binding to nucleoside transporters from guinea-pig and rat lung.

Membranes from guinea-pig lung exhibited high-affinity binding of [3H]dipyridamole, a potent inhibitor of nucleoside transport. Binding (apparent KD 2 nM) was inhibited by the nucleoside-transport inhibitors nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR), dilazep and lidoflazine and by the transported nucleosides uridine and adenosine. In contrast, there was no detectable high-affinity binding of [3H]dipyridamole to lung membranes from the rat, a species whose nucleoside transporters exhibit a low sensitivity to dipyridamole inhibition. Bmax. values for high-affinity binding of [3H]dipyridamole and [3H]NBMPR to guinea-pig membranes were similar, suggesting that these structurally unrelated ligands bind to the NBMPR-sensitive nucleoside transporter with the same stoichiometry.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Dipyridamole in the treatment of schizophrenia: adenosine-dopamine receptor interactions.

OBJECTIVE: There is growing interest in investigating the adenosine-dopamine interaction in the ventral striatum. Adenosine plays a role opposite to dopamine in the striatum and adenosine antagonists, like caffeine, produce similar effects to increased dopaminergic neurotransmission in the striatum. In particular, a strong antagonistic interaction between adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors takes place in the striopallidal GABAergic neurones. Therefore, adenosine agonists or uptake inhibitors provide a potential new treatment for schizophrenia. We undertook a pilot trial to investigate whether the combination of haloperidol with dipyridamole, an uptake inhibitor of adenosine, was more effective than haloperidol alone. METHODS: Thirty patients who met the DSM IV criteria for schizophrenia completed the study. Patients were allocated in a random fashion, 16 to haloperidol 20 mg/day plus dipyridamole 75 mg/day and 14 to haloperidol 20 mg/day plus placebo. RESULTS: Although both protocols significantly decreased the score of the positive, negative and general psychopathological symptoms over the trial period, the combination of haloperidol and dipyridamole was significantly better than haloperidol alone in decreasing positive and general psychopathology symptoms as well as PANSS total scores. CONCLUSION: Dipyridamole may be of therapeutic benefit in treating schizophrenia in combination with neuroleptics. However, a larger study to confirm our results is warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The use of dipyridamole to wean from inhaled nitric oxide in congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

A full-term neonate with a left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) was ventilated mechanically by high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV). Despite inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) at a dose of 15 ppm, the neonate had severe respiratory acidosis and was placed on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for 2 days. On day 7 of life, surgical repair of the CDH was performed. After the intervention, iNO (20 ppm) had to be restarted because of severe pulmonary hypertension (PHT). Ventilatory support and iNO then were weaned progressively. However, each daily attempt to discontinue iNO (from 2 ppm to 0 ppm), led to severe desaturation with significant right-to-left shunting. At the age of 33 days, dipyridamole (persantin) was administered intravenously at a dose of 0,4 mg/kg/min over 10 minutes and repeated every 12 hours for a total of 3 doses. After the second administration of dipyridamole, iNO could be stopped without rebound of PHT, and the neonate was extubated 1 week later. The authors report the use of dipyridamole for successful withdrawal of iNO. By inhibition of phosphodiesterase type 5, dipyridamole has the potential to increase the level of cyclic guanosine monophosphate in vascular smooth muscle cells, permitting vasodilation and restoration of endogenous NO. J Pediatr Surg 36:1864-1865.

Dipyridamole↗
PubMed2002

Dipyridamole body surface potential mapping: noninvasive differentiation of syndrome X from coronary artery disease.

Up to 20% to 30% of patients with angina and abnormal stress test have normal coronary arteries at angiography or syndrome X (Sy X). We tested whether body surface potential mapping (BSPM) with intravenous dipyridamole could differentiate patients with Sy X from patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). We compared the effects of intravenous dipyridamole (0.28 mg/kg over 4 min) on BSPM in 17 healthy volunteers (controls) and in 2 groups of patients with angina and abnormal ergometric tests who were referred for angiography: 27 patients with obstructive disease (> or =70% diameter stenosis) in the CAD group, and 17 patients with Sy X. Control subjects were easily differentiated from patients with CAD or Sy X by markedly smaller baseline BSPM DeltaST-T < or = LSD departure areas (P <.001), but the Sy X and CAD groups had similar ST-T departure areas. The average potential integral difference after dipyridamole (APID) differentiated Sy X and CAD patients: the mean APID increased in patients with Sy X and trended negative in the CAD group. The APID(20%-40%) (integrated over 20% to 40% of the ST-T interval) mean value was 0.59 +/- 0.67 microVs in the Sy X group and -0.18 +/- 0.59 microVs in the CAD group (P <.01). At a threshold APID(20%-40%) > 0.17 microVs, the sensitivity and specificity for Sy X was 71% and 78%, respectively; the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.79 (95% CI 0.64, 0.93). Dipyridamole BSPM is a promising noninvasive diagnostic modality to differentiate patients with Sy X from those with CAD.

Body Surface Potential Mapping↗
PubMed1984

[Sensitivity of the dipyridamole test. A placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study].

The sensitivity of the dipyridamole test was examined with the double-blind crossover technique in 30 patients with 2 or 3 coronary vessels disease, treatment-refractory stable angina and positive exercise ECG tests. On two successive days, according to a randomized code, patients received either 0.5 mg/kg dipyridamole or a placebo, both given intravenously. The test was judged to be positive if during or immediately after the injection typical angina occurred which regressed after the subsequent intravenous injection of 0.24 g aminophylline within 3 minutes, or if the ECG showed signs of acute ischemia. The test was judged to be questionably positive if the anginal symptoms regressed spontaneously or later than 3 minutes after aminophylline injection. In a total of 13 of 30 patients (43%) the dipyridamole test was positive, while in a further 4 (13%) it was questionably positive. Ischemic repolarization abnormalities occurred in 9 patients; 5 of them also had positive test signs of angina, in 2 each the results were questionably positive or negative. In 13 patients there were neither anginal symptoms nor ECG changes. Thus the dipyridamole test with its low sensitivity is not suitable for the initial routine diagnosis of coronary heart disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Dipyridamole-thallium-201 scintigraphy in the prediction of future cardiac events after acute myocardial infarction.

To evaluate the safety and usefulness of serial thallium scanning immediately after intravenous dipyridamole, we studied 51 patients recovering from acute myocardial infarction. Eight patients experienced angina during the procedure, but there were no serious complications. Patients were followed for a mean period of 19 months after hospital discharge. Eleven of 12 patients who died during follow-up or had another infarction had shown transient defects (redistribution) on their predischarge scan, as had 22 of the 24 patients who needed readmission for management of angina. Among all the other clinical or scintigraphic criteria tested, the presence of redistribution on the dipyridamole-thallium scan was the only significant predictor of these serious cardiac events. Twenty-six patients were also given a submaximal exercise test before discharge, of whom 13 subsequently had serious cardiac events. The exercise test had been positive in only 6 of these 13 patients, whereas the dipyridamole-thallium scan had shown a redistribution pattern in 12 (P less than 0.001). We conclude from this preliminary study that dipyridamole-thallium scintigraphy after myocardial infraction is relatively safe. It appears to be a more sensitive predictor of subsequent cardiac events than a submaximal exercise test and may therefore prove useful in evaluating patients after recovery from a myocardial infarction.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dipyridamole myocardial SPECT with low heart rate response indicates cardiac autonomic dysfunction in patients with diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Because dipyridamole is used to assess heart rate (HR) variability, we investigated whether a low HR response during dipyridamole single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in patients with diabetes indicates the presence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN). METHODS AND RESULTS: Subjects were 61 non-insulin-dependent diabetes patients without perfusion defects, myocardial infarction, or arrhythmia who underwent thallium 201 SPECT imaging. The control group comprised 28 subjects without diabetes. HR was measured during infusion of dipyridamole at a rate of 0.14 mg/kg/min, and peak-baseline ratios of 1.20 or less were defined as low. CAN severity was classified by standard autonomic function tests as severe (n = 22), mild (n = 19), or none (n = 20). HR ratios were significantly attenuated in patients with diabetes compared with those in control subjects (1.22 +/- 0.12 vs 1.32 +/- 0.12, P <.001). Among the patients with diabetes, HR ratios decreased as CAN severity increased from none (1.32 +/- 0.10) to mild (1.23 +/- 0.12, P <.05) to severe (1.13 +/- 0.08, P <.005). There was good correlation between HR ratio and R-R interval ratio to deep breathing and to Valsalva, and patients with low HR ratios showed an attenuated response to both tests (all P <.001). The sensitivity and specificity of HR ratios in the detection of CAN were 77% and 74% for severe CAN and 63% and 90% for mild-to-severe CAN, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with diabetes who have normal dipyridamole SPECT results, an attenuated HR response observed during stress indicates a high likelihood of CAN. Further work that assesses these results in diabetes patients with coronary artery disease is warranted.

Autonomic Nervous System Diseases↗
PubMed1990

Comparison of ejection fraction and Goldman risk factor analysis to dipyridamole-thallium 201 studies in the evaluation of cardiac morbidity after aortic aneurysm surgery.

Associated coronary artery disease is the critical factor that influences early and late mortality after abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Dipyridamole-thallium 201 scintigraphy, left ventricular ejection fraction, and Goldman risk factor analysis have been suggested as preoperative noninvasive screening methods to detect significant coronary artery disease. In this series of 95 elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repairs dipyridamole-thallium 201 scintigraphy was highly predictive of the absence of perioperative cardiac morbidity (96% specificity, 44/46 normal scans, no cardiac morbidity), whereas ejection fraction (73% specificity, 31/42 normal ejection fraction, no cardiac morbidity) and Goldman risk factor analysis (84% specificity, 44/51 class I, no cardiac morbidity) were less. Furthermore, thallium redistribution on dipyridamole-thallium 201 scintigraphy leading to coronary angiography identified a significant number of patients with occult coronary artery disease who required preoperative coronary revascularization (8%, 8/95) and might have remained undetected on the basis of left ventricular ejection fraction or Goldman risk factor analysis. Finally, fixed thallium deficit, which some investigators have interpreted as a low probability finding for cardiac morbidity, was associated with a higher than expected incidence of cardiac complications. Forty-six percent (7/15) of all postoperative cardiac complications (three myocardial infarctions, three ischemic events, one death) occurred in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms with fixed deficits. This suggests that patients with fixed deficits on dipyridamole-thallium 201 scintigraphy should be considered for later "delayed" (4 hours) thallium images or coronary angiography or both.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Semiquantitative dipyridamole myocardial stress perfusion imaging for cardiac risk assessment before noncardiac vascular surgery: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Semiquantitative dipyridamole myocardial perfusion scintigraphy may provide better estimates of perioperative cardiac risk than nonquantitative scintigraphy. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to conduct a metaanalysis of semiquantitive dipyridamole myocardial perfusion scintigraphy for the prediction of perioperative myocardial infarction and cardiac death in patients undergoing noncardiac vascular surgery. METHODS: The data sources used were MEDLINE (from 1975 to 1999), citation lists, and correspondence with study authors. We included studies that evaluated preoperative semiquantitative dipyridamole myocardial perfusion scintigraphy in patients undergoing noncardiac vascular surgery. For each study, we calculated results on the basis of the proportion of myocardial segments with reversible perfusion defects. The complications of interest were cardiac death and nonfatal myocardial infarction. We calculated likelihood ratios (LRs) and areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for individual studies and for the combined data. DATA SYNTHESIS: We identified nine studies involving a total of 1179 patients with 82 cardiac complications (complication rate, 7.0%). Most studies were grade C in quality. Normal scans significantly reduced the likelihood of perioperative cardiac complications (LR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.88). Fixed defects reduced the likelihood of complications, but the effect was not statistically significant (LR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.24 to 1.1). Reversibility in less than 20% of myocardial segments did not change the likelihood of perioperative cardiac complications (LR, 1.3, 95% CI, 0.88 to 1.9). LRs for increasing extents of reversibility were: 20% to 29% reversibility (LR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.0 to 2.6), 30% to 39% reversibility (LR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.6 to 5.1), 40% to 49% reversibility (LR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.4 to 6.2), and 50% or more reversibility (LR, 11; 95% CI, 5.8 to 20). The pooled area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.78 (95% CI, 0.65 to 0.89). Heterogeneity was found among study results, but exclusion of heterogeneous studies did not significantly change the summary results. CONCLUSION: Reversible defects in less than 20% of myocardial segments do not significantly alter the risk of perioperative cardiac complications. Greater extents of reversibility on dipyridamole myocardial stress perfusion imaging increase the risk of perioperative complications after noncardiac vascular surgery, but the quality and amount of data regarding greater extents of reversibility are limited.

Dipyridamole↗
PubMed1984

Dipyridamole inhibits reversion by thymidine of methotrexate effect and increases drug uptake in Sarcoma 180 cells.

The combined effect of methotrexate (MTX) with dipyridamole, an inhibitor of nucleoside transport, was studied in ascitic Sarcoma 180 cells. It was determined that 10 microM MTX inhibits by greater than 90% deoxy[3H]uridine incorporation into DNA and that this MTX concentration inhibits DNA synthesis as revealed by deoxy[3H]cytidine but not [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA. Exogenous thymidine (greater than or equal to 1 microM) in the cell culture medium enhances DNA synthesis in nontreated cells and fully restores it in MTX-treated cells, whereas hypoxanthine has no appreciable effect on DNA synthesis. Dipyridamole inhibits deoxy[3H]cytidine and [3H]thymidine uptake by these cells (IC50 = 0.2 and 3 microM, respectively) and blocks the increase in TTP pool produced by 1 microM thymidine in MTX-treated cells (23.1 +/- 4.7 pmol per 1 X 10(6) cells vs. 80.4 +/- 18.9 pmol per 1 X 10(6) cells). Dipyridamole at 10 microM enhances [3H]MTX accumulation by Sarcoma 180 cells and diminishes the efflux of the drug in previously loaded cells. It is suggested that the combination of inhibitors of the de novo pathway for pyrimidine biosynthesis, such as MTX, with inhibitors of the salvage pathway, such as dipyridamole, may increase the cytotoxic activity of MTX alone.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Purine metabolism and clinical status of patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with dipyridamole.

The anti-inflammatory activities of methotrexate and sulphasalazine may be mediated by increases in endogenous adenosine levels. Since the vascular protective drug dipyridamole inhibits the uptake and metabolism of adenosine we have now tested this compound in patients with rheumatoid arthritis to assess its effects on their symptoms. Forty patients (aged 18-75 years) received dipyridamole 400 mg/day or placebo. The levels of adenosine and its major metabolites were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in blood samples taken at baseline and at monthly intervals during treatment for 6 months. After three months of treatment there was a significant reduction in the modified Health Assessment Questionnaire (mHAQ) score, but these effects were not maintained, and dipyridamole did not modify disease severity scores or the levels of adenosine and its metabolites. We conclude that the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis were not modified by treatment with dipyridamole.

Adenosine↗
PubMed2005

Long-term survival of patients with chest pain syndrome and angiographically normal or near-normal coronary arteries: the additional prognostic value of dipyridamole echocardiography test (DET).

AIMS: Patients with normal coronary arteries have a heterogeneous prognosis. Aim of this study was to assess whether dipyridamole stress echocardiography positivity identifies a prognostically less benign subset. METHODS AND RESULTS: We selected 457 patients (245 males; 56+/-10 years) who underwent stress high-dose dipyridamole echocardiography and had angiographically non-significant (<50% visually assessed) stenosis in any major vessel and preserved left ventricular function. All patients were followed up for a median of 7.1 years (first quartile 5 and third quartile 10.5). Dipyridamole echocardiography test (DET) positivity for regional dysfunction occurred in 43(9%) patients. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates showed a significant better outcome for those patients with negative dipyridamole echocardiography test compared with those with a positive test (90 vs. 75.7%, at 140 months of follow-up, P=0.0018). At multivariable analysis, mild or moderate irregularity on coronary arteriogram (HR=3.3, CI 95%=1.7-6.2), diabetes (HR=3.5, CI 95%=1.4-9.2), and wall motion score index at peak stress (HR=6.7, CI 95%=2.5-17.8) were independent predictors of all-cause death. CONCLUSION: DET adds incremental value to the prognostic stratification achieved with clinical and angiographic data in the subset of patients with normal or near-normal coronary arteries.

Coronary Angiography↗
PubMed1989

Prevention of aortocoronary vein-graft attrition with low-dose aspirin and triflusal, both associated with dipyridamole: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed in 209 patients to evaluate the efficacy of a low dose of aspirin plus dipyridamole or that of a new antiplatelet agent (triflusal) plus dipyridamole in the prevention of aortocoronary vein-graft occlusion. An angiographic control performed in 161 patients 9 days after surgery showed no significant differences between groups, but a new control on 138 of those patients 6 months later did show significant linear trends towards fewer distal anastomosis occlusions (P = 0.027) from the placebo (24%, 22/91) to the aspirin (16%, 17/106) and to the trifusal groups (12%, 10/86), and towards fewer new occlusions (P = 0.056) from 12% (9/78) to 10% (10/99) and to 2.6% (2/78), respectively, in the same groups. A multivariate logistic regression model, used to determine the effect of 33 variables on distal anastomosis occlusion at 6 months control, demonstrated that diameter of distal bed (P = 0.006), moderately to severely atherosclerotic distal bed (P = 0.003) and the interactions between poor distal bed and triflusal (P = 0.005) were independent predictors of occlusion. Thus, triflusal plus dipyridamole appeared superior to low-dose aspirin plus dipyridamole in the prevention of vein-graft occlusion, independently of coronary and vein-graft determinants of occlusion.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Intravenous dipyridamole thallium-201 SPECT imaging in patients with left bundle branch block.

Tl-201 exercise imaging in patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB) has proven to be indeterminate for significant left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery stenosis because of the presence of immediate septal perfusion defects with redistribution on delayed images in almost all cases. Tl-201 redistribution occurs regardless of the presence or absence of LAD stenosis. Nineteen patients having LBBB were evaluated with dipyridamole Tl-201 SPECT. Fourteen of these subjects had normal dipyridamole Tl-201 SPECT imaging. Three patients had normal coronary angiograms. None of the remaining 11 patients with normal dipyridamole Tl-201 SPECT images was found to have clinical coronary artery disease in a 5-11 month follow-up period. Five patients had abnormal septal perfusion. Four underwent coronary angiography. One had a significant LAD stenosis. The single patient with septal redistribution who refused to undergo coronary angiography died shortly thereafter of clinical coronary artery disease. This preliminary work suggests that dipyridamole Tl-201 SPECT may be more useful for excluding LAD stenosis in patients with LBBB than Tl-201 exercise imaging.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

How well does radionuclide dipyridamole stress testing detect three-vessel coronary artery disease and ischemia in the region supplied by the most stenotic vessel?

PURPOSE: This study was done to evaluate the accuracy of radionuclide dipyridamole stress imaging to detect multivessel disease and ischemia in segments of myocardium supplied by the most stenotic vessel. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of consecutive patients with known triple-vessel disease of at least 50% stenosis in each of the three major epicardial coronary arteries who had exercise (n=44) or dipyridamole (n=86) stress testing, or both, within 6 months of coronary angiography. RESULTS: The accuracy of dipyridamole stress testing to detect three-vessel disease was 52% and ischemia was detected in the region supplied by the most stenotic vessel in 67% of patients. The sensitivity and specificity rates of radionuclide imaging to detect ischemia in the region supplied by the vessel of tightest stenosis were 69% and 74% for the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), 61% and 78% for the right coronary artery (RCA), and 61% and 57% for the left circumflex coronary artery (LCX). Based on these values, in 39% of patients in whom the RCA or LCX was the most stenotic vessel and in 31% of patients in whom the LAD was the most stenotic vessel, perfusion defects were not present on their nuclear scans. CONCLUSIONS: These results have important implications for interventional cardiologists who perform angioplasty on the most stenotic vessel, because the regions supplied by these vessels may not be the most ischemic. Furthermore, dipyridamole stress imaging may significantly underestimate the number of patients with substantial three-vessel coronary artery disease when qualitative imaging is done.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Septal stunning by dipyridamole stress shown on quantitative gated perfusion SPECT in a child with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

PURPOSE: Myocardial ischemia is an important problem in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Stunning is an important mechanism in progressive dysfunction of the ischemic myocardium. In this report, the authors found prolonged myocardial stunning in a child with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy that was induced by dipyridamole stress on quantitative gated SPECT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 6-year-old boy with septal hypertrophy underwent rest and dipyridamole stress gated myocardial SPECT. Software was used to quantify automatically segmental perfusion and function at rest and after stress. RESULTS: Perfusion imaging showed a reversible perfusion decrease in the hypertrophic septum. Cine-gated imaging of the septum showed dyskinesia and a severe abnormality of systolic thickening during the poststress period, whereas it showed nearly complete recovery at rest. Quantified regional perfusion and function indices also showed this perfusion decrease and myocardial dysfunction after dipyridamole stress. CONCLUSION: In a child with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, myocardial stunning was induced by dipyridamole stress, in accordance with decreased perfusion reserve.

Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic↗
PubMed1985

Prevention of the adult respiratory distress syndrome with dipyridamole.

Because the formation of platelet thrombi has been incriminated in the development of the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), we tested the hypothesis that early administration of antiplatelet agents might protect the lungs in patients at risk to develop ARDS after circulatory shock. This double-blinded study included 40 patients treated with either 3 mg/kg . 24 h of dipyridamole or a corresponding dose of placebo after an episode of hemorrhagic, traumatic, or septic shock. Each patient also received 100 mg of aspirin daily. Arterial blood gases and chest x-rays were not significantly different between dipyridamole and placebo groups. Moreover, two patients receiving dipyridamole but none receiving placebo developed ARDS. This pilot study does not support a beneficial effect of dipyridamole in the prevention of ARDS after circulatory shock.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

First-pass evaluation of myocardial output during dipyridamole stress using turbo-FLASH magnetic resonance imaging.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the value of dynamically enhanced fast low-angle shot (FLASH) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in measuring cardiac output with and without dipyridamole pharmacological stress. METHODS: Ten subjects underwent rest and stress MR imaging. Rest images were acquired using electrocardiogram gated MR (turbo-FLASH: repetition time = 6 mseconds; echo time = 12 mseconds; flip angle = 12 degrees, inversion time = 100) 10 to 45 seconds after intravenous bolus of 0.04 mmol/kg gadolinium (Gd)-DTPA using a Siemens 1.0-tesla Magnetom SP. Stress was induced within the MR imaging scanner with 0.56 mg/kg dipyridamole over 4 minutes with stress MR images obtained after a second bolus of Gd-DTPA in exactly the same position and time intervals. Cardiac output was calculated with a least squares error analysis before and after dipyridamole stress for the left and right ventricles in all 10 patients, and comparison was made with cardiac output by Fick dilution technique during cardiac catheterization in seven patients. RESULTS: This MR analysis methodology shows reasonable correlation (r = 0.953) between left ventricular and right ventricular cardiac output with no effect on cardiac output during immediate dipyridamole stress. Fick dilution studies demonstrated a correlation of 0.96. CONCLUSIONS: Turbo-FLASH MR can demonstrate time-activity curves and cardiac output calculations consistent with theoretical predictions.

Aged↗